Five years of advances in electrochemical analysis of protein biomarkers in lung cancer: a systematic review.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It represents a public health problem that must be addressed through the early detection of specific biomarkers and effective treatment. To address this critical issue, it is imperative to implement effective methodologies for specific biomarker detection of lung cancer in real clinical samples. Electrochemical methods, including microfluidic devices and biosensors, can obtain robust results that reduce time, cost, and assay complexity. This comprehensive review will explore specific studies, methodologies, and detection limits and contribute to the depth of the discussion, making it a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in lung cancer diagnosis.

Electrochemical microfluidic immunosensor with graphene-decorated gold nanoporous for T-2 mycotoxin detection.

T-2 is one of the most potent cytotoxic food-borne mycotoxins. In this work, we have developed and characterized an electrochemical microfluidic immunosensor for T-2 toxin quantification in wheat germ samples. T-2 toxin detection was carried out using a competitive immunoassay method based on monoclonal anti-T-2 antibodies immobilized on the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic central channel. The platinum wire working electrode at the end of the channel was in situ modified by a single-step electrodeposition procedure with reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-nanoporous gold (NPG). T-2 toxin in the sample was allowed to compete with T-2-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated for the specific recognizing sites of immobilized anti-T-2 monoclonal antibodies. The HRP, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalyzes the oxidation of 4-tert-butylcatechol (4-TBC), whose back electrochemical reduction was detected on the nanostructured electrode at -0.15 V. Thus, at low T-2 concentrations in the sample, more enzymatically conjugated T-2 will bind to the capture antibodies, and, therefore, a higher current is expected. The detection limits found for electrochemical immunosensor, and commercial ELISA procedure were 0.10 µg kg-1 and 10 µg kg-1, and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 5.35% and 6.87%, respectively. Finally, our microfluidic immunosensor to T-2 toxin will significantly contribute to faster, direct, and secure in situ analysis in agricultural samples.

Advances in Nanomaterials and Composites Based on Mesoporous Materials as Antimicrobial Agents: Relevant Applications in Human Health.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary research, marked by the advent of advanced technologies aimed at nanoengineering materials with diverse applications, particularly to address challenges in human health. Among these challenges, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has risen as a significant and pressing threat to public health, creating obstacles in preventing and treating persistent diseases. Despite efforts in recent decades to combat AMR, global trends indicate an ongoing and concerning increase in AMR. The primary contributors to the escalation of AMR are the misuse and overuse of various antimicrobial agents in healthcare settings. This has led to severe consequences not only in terms of compromised treatment outcomes but also in terms of substantial financial burdens. The economic impact of AMR is reflected in skyrocketing healthcare costs attributed to heightened hospital admissions and increased drug usage. To address this critical issue, it is imperative to implement effective strategies for antimicrobial therapies. This comprehensive review will explore the latest scientific breakthroughs within the metal-organic frameworks and the use of mesoporous metallic oxide derivates as antimicrobial agents. We will explore their biomedical applications in human health, shedding light on promising avenues for combating AMR. Finally, we will conclude the current state of research and offer perspectives on the future development of these nanomaterials in the ongoing battle against AMR.