Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) in Italian.

BACKGROUNDS: Rhinoplasty necessarily concerns functional and cosmetic aspects, and outcomes of both should be assessed in each patient. There has been a lack in the literature in Italian for a comprehensive tool for assessing both aspects of rhinoplasty. The objective is to translate and validate the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) into Italian. METHODS: Forward and back-translation was used. Content validity was evaluated by experts and by patient interviews. Internal consistency was assessed by a Cronbach's alpha. The structure validity was assessed by an exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: Cognitive interviews of 10 rhinoplasty patients resulted in a good overall comprehension of the SCHNOS. Of the 411 respondents, 281 (32%) were women, and the average age was 33.6 (11.3) years. The alpha was excellent for both the obstruction domain (SCHNOS-O) (0.90) and the cosmetic domain (SCHNOS-C) (0.94). All the correlations between repeated measures were moderate to very strong. The exploratory factor analysis demonstrated unidimensionality of both the SCHNOS-O and the SCHNOS-C scores. CONCLUSIONS: The SCHNOS was successfully translated and validated in Italian and can be recommended for a clinical use among rhinoplasty patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in COVID 19 Pandemic: Related Symptoms and Adverse Reactions in Healthcare Workers and General Population.

OBJECTIVES: To assess prevalence of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)-related symptoms and adverse reactions during Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemics. METHODS: We conducted an observational study among people exposed to various degree of infectious risk. Data were collected with a self-administered online questionnaire. RESULTS: The entire cohort complained about a wide range of adverse reactions: respiratory symptoms affected 80.3% of respondents, 68.5% referred pressure-related skin lesions, fewer manifested a dermatosis of different grade or ocular symptoms. Most of the affected individuals belonged to healthcare staff and manifestations were predicted by wearing time (more than 6 h/d). Moreover, symptoms were higher in the healthcare staff wearing N95/FFP2 respirator mask. CONCLUSIONS: Given the crucial role of PPE to contain the pandemic infection, more attention has to be paid to exposed categories, establishing preventive measure of side effects to ensure total safety.

Combination of Mustardè cheek advancement flap and paramedian forehead flap as a reconstructive option in orbital exenteration.

PURPOSE: To describe a combinatory technique made of Mustardè cheek advancement flap and paramedian forehead flap as a reconstructive option after orbital exenteration. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent orbital exenteration and subsequent reconstruction with this technique at our Head and Neck Department, Divisions of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, at San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy. RESULTS: Three patients were treated with the aforementioned technique, following orbital exenteration due to malignancies. All of them were affected by recurrent diseases arising from the ocular components or periorbital structures: one basal cell carcinoma and two squamous cell carcinomas. Excellent result was achieved considering skin texture and colour match, aesthetic results and intra and post-operative complications (only minor, surgically controlled haemorrhage and minimal dehiscence subsequent to defective healing occurred). CONCLUSION: The proposed technique can be considered by the head and neck reconstructive surgeon as a good option in extended orbital exenteration.