Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic effects in neurocysticercosis.

Despite being a leading cause of acquired seizures in endemic regions, the pathological mechanisms of neurocysticercosis are still poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the impact of anthelmintic treatment on neuropathological features in a rat model of neurocysticercosis. Rats were intracranially infected with Taenia solium oncospheres and treated with albendazole + praziquantel (ABZ), oxfendazole + praziquantel (OXF), or untreated placebo (UT) for 7 days. Following the last dose of treatment, brain tissues were evaluated at 24 h and 2 months. We performed neuropathological assessment for cyst damage, perilesional brain inflammation, presence of axonal spheroids, and spongy changes. Both treatments showed comparable efficacy in cyst damage and inflammation. The presence of spongy change correlated with spheroids counts and were not affected by anthelmintic treatment. Compared to white matter, gray matter showed greater spongy change (91.7% vs. 21.4%, p < 0.0001), higher spheroids count (45.2 vs. 0.2, p = 0.0001), and increased inflammation (72.0% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.003). In this rat model, anthelmintic treatment destroyed brain parasitic cysts at the cost of local inflammation similar to what is described in human neurocysticercosis. Axonal spheroids and spongy changes as markers of damage were topographically correlated, and not affected by anthelmintic treatment.

Miastenia gravis de tipo bulbar en niños: un caso de difícil diagnóstico / Bulbar Myasthenia Gravis in children: a case of difficult diagnosis

La miastenia gravis (MG) es un trastorno autoinmune caracterizado por debilidad y fatigabilidad de los músculos esqueléticos debida a la disfunción de la unión neuromuscular. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 11 años de edad, con diagnóstico de miastenia gravis de tipo bulbar. La paciente presentó dos crisis de MG previamente diagnosticadas de manera equivocada como crisis asmáticas. Recibió tratamiento con inmunoglobulina humana, corticoides, piridostigmina y timectomía. Se discute la evolución clínica y riesgos atribuibles a situaciones sociales que pueden retrasar el diagnóstico y su manejo efectivo.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of the skeletal muscles due to dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction. We report the case of an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with bulbar myasthenia gravis. The patient had two previous crises of myasthenia gravis erroneously diagnosed as asthma attacks. She received treatment with human immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, pyridostigmine and thymectomy. We discuss the clinical course and the risks attributable to social situations that can delay the diagnosis and its effective management.

Amitriptyline induces coenzyme Q deficiency and oxidative damage in mouse lung and liver.

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant commonly prescribed for the treatment of several neuropathic and inflammatory illnesses. We have already reported that amitriptyline has cytotoxic effect in human cell cultures, increasing oxidative stress, and decreasing growth rate and mitochondrial activity. Coenzyme Q (CoQ), a component of the respiratory chain and a potent antioxidant, has been proposed as a mitochondrial dysfunction marker. In the present work we evaluated lipid peroxidation, a consequence of oxidative stress, and CoQ level in liver, lung, kidney, brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and serum of mice treated with amitriptyline for two weeks. Lipid peroxidation was increased in a dose-dependent manner in all tissues analyzed. CoQ levels were increased in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and serum, and strongly decreased in liver and lung. The relation between amitriptyline, CoQ, and oxidative stress is discussed.

Acute oxidant damage promoted on cancer cells by amitriptyline in comparison with some common chemotherapeutic drugs.

Oxidative therapy is a relatively new anticancer strategy based on the induction of high levels of oxidative stress, achieved by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or by depleting the protective antioxidant machinery of tumor cells. We focused our investigations on the antitumoral potential of amitriptyline in three human tumor cell lines: H460 (lung cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and HepG2 (hepatoma); comparing the cytotoxic effect of amitriptyline with three commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs: camptothecin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate. We evaluated apoptosis, ROS production, mitochondrial mass and activity, and antioxidant defenses of tumor cells. Our results show that amitriptyline produces the highest cellular damage, inducing high levels of ROS followed by irreversible serious mitochondrial damage. Interestingly, an unexpected decrease in antioxidant machinery was observed only for amitriptyline. In conclusion, based on the capacity of generating ROS and inhibiting antioxidants in tumor cells, amitriptyline emerges as a promising new drug to be tested for anticancer therapy.