Interventions about physical activity and diet and their impact on adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: a Prisma systematic review.

PURPOSE: Over the past few decades, the incidence of cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYA) has been increasing. The impact of behaviors, such as physical activity (PA) and nutrition, on disease progression, prognosis, and overall health and quality of life for AYA cancer survivors is of significant importance. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PA and diet interventions for AYA cancer survivors and to critically evaluate existing literature, gaps, and limitations. METHODS: A search of literature was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar following the PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-two studies were included from online databases from 2012 to 2022, 13 of which were randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: Most interventions were related to PA, with only four studies including nutrition or Diet interventions. The interventions were generally feasible and acceptable to AYA cancer survivors, and digitally based PA interventions were commonly used. PA interventions mainly comprised aerobic and resistance training and were individualized. Overall, this review found various PA and diet interventions for AYA cancer survivors that were feasible and well-accepted, but gaps in knowledge and design still exist. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review underscores the importance of conducting more research on diet interventions for YCS. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#aboutregpage.

Evaluation of the human blood entropy production: a new thermodynamic approach.

In this paper, we follow the thermodynamic theory with internal variables of Kluitenberg evaluating the entropy production of red blood cell in saline solution and whole blood, respectively, when they are subjected to an ultrasound wave. From a thermodynamic point of view, blood is an open system; so to fully represent the entropy variation as function of frequency perturbation we employ phenomenological coefficients which allow us to qualitatively discriminate among classes of phenomena which cannot be observed in any other way. Therefore, a correlation between these coefficients and quantities experimentally measurable allows to a deeper knowledge of biological phenomena.

A novel disposable electrochemical sensor for determination of carbamazepine based on Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticles modified screen-printed carbon electrode.

An effective strategy to fabricate a novel disposable screen printing carbon electrode modified by iron doped tin dioxide nanoparticles for carbamazepine (CBZ) detection has been developed. Fe-SnO2 (Fe=0 to 5 wt.%) NPs were synthesized by a simple microwave irradiation method and assessed for their structural and morphological changes due to Fe doping into SnO2 matrix by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of carbamazepine at the Fe-SnO2 modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. Electron transfer coefficient α (0.63) and electron transfer rate constant ks (0.69 s(-1)) values of the 5 wt.% Fe-SnO2 modified SPCE indicate that the diffusion controlled process takes place on the electrode surface. The fabricated sensor displayed a good electrooxidation response towards the detection of CBZ at a lower oxidation potential of 0.8 V in phosphate buffer solution at pH7.0. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor showed fast and sensitive current response to CBZ over a wide linear range of 0.5-100 µM with a low detection limit of 92 nM. Furthermore, the practical application of the modified electrode has been investigated by the determination of CBZ in pharmaceutical products using standard addition method.

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase unfolding states in the presence of urea and guanidine hydrochloride.

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase folding/unfolding is a complex and not completely understood process. Our experimental results suggest that ornithine carbamoyltransferase interacts in a completely different way with urea and guanidine hydrochloride. In fact, we noticed that, increasing concentration from 0.0 to 8.0 M of the two additives, the enzyme follows a simple one-step transition mechanism in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride, with two macroscopic states (the native and the denatured one) significantly populated, whereas in the presence of urea a lot of different protein states can be detected and analyzed. Circular dichroism and UV-visible spectroscopy reveal a similar mechanism of perturbation at high temperature, with opening of hydrophobic core and a significant loss in α-helix structure in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride that cannot be found in the presence of urea.

Influence of gemfibrozil on sulfate transport in human erythrocytes during the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle.

The effects of gemfibrozil (GFZ), an antihyperlipidemic agent, on the anionic transport of the human red blood cells (RBC) during the oxygenation-deoxygenation cycle were examined. Gemfibrozil clearly plays a role in the modulation of the anionic flux in erythrocytes; in fact it causes a strong increment of anions transport when the RBCs are in the high-oxygenation state (HOS). Such an effect is remarkably reduced in the low-oxygenation state (LOS). With the aim of identifying the dynamics of fibrate action, this effect has been investigated also in human ghost and chicken erythrocytes. These latter, in fact, are known to possess a B3 (anion transporter or Band 3) modified at the cytoplasmic domain (cdb3) which plays a significant role in the metabolic modulation of red blood cells. The results were analyzed taking into account the well-known interactions between fibrates and both conformational states of hemoglobin i.e. the T state (deoxy-conformation) and the R state (oxy-conformation). The effect of gemfibrozil on anionic influx appears to be due to a wide interaction involving a "multimeric" Hb-GFZ-cdb3 macromolecular complex.

Band 3 protein function in teleost fish erythrocytes: effect of oxygenation-deoxygenation.

During vertebrate evolution, structural changes in red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb), have probably resulted in the importance of blood carbon dioxide transport. The chloride/bicarbonate exchange across the RBC membrane, which is an integral part of the blood CO(2) transport process in vertebrates, has been examined on two different species of teleost fish, Euthynnus alletteratus and Thunnus thynnus, at several oxygenation states of erythrocyte HOS (high-oxygenation state, about 90 % of saturation) and LOS (low-oxygenation state, about 15 % of saturation). The results were compared with those observed in human RBC under the same experimental conditions and with the chicken (Gallus gallus) erythrocytes, which have particular modifications at the N-terminus of the band 3 protein (B3). In fish the kinetic measurements have shown a different anion transport in several oxygenation states of erythrocytes, indicating that also at lower levels of vertebrate evolution there exists a modulation of the anionic flow affected by oxygen. The functional correlation of anion transport to changes of parts of the hemoglobin sequence responsible for alterations in the interactions with the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 protein (cdb3) allowed us to suggest a hypothesis about fish physiology. The highest values of kinetic measurements observed in fish have been attributed to the metabolic need of the RBC in response to the removal of CO(2) that in teleosts is also of endogenous origin.

Role of polyols in thermal inactivation of shark ornithine transcarbamoylase.

The ability of activity modulators of ornithine transcarbamoylase (OCT) from the liver of the thresher shark Alopias vulpinus to stabilize the enzyme against thermal denaturation was investigated in the tri-buffer at pH 7.8, at temperatures ranging from 60 to 70 (o)C, in the presence of polyhydroxylic molecules such as glycerol and sugars. The study indicated that in the presence of 0.5 M sugars and 1.6 M glycerol in the preincubation medium the OCT activity increases. When trehalose is introduced directly in the reaction mixture in a range of concentration of 0.25-0.5 M, the activity is lower than that with maltose, glycerol and buffer alone. Kinetic data for carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine with and without maltose and glycerol are similar, whereas trehalose increases the kinetic values. Arrhenius plots show an increase of activation energy due to trehalose, whereas values obtained with maltose and glycerol are similar to the control.

Adult and fetal haemoglobin J-Sardegna [alpha50(CE8)His-->Asp]: functional and molecular modelling studies.

Haemoglobin (Hb) J-Sardegna [alpha50(CE8)His-->Asp] is a haemoglobin variant characteristic of subjects from the island of Sardinia. Here we report a study of the functional properties of both fetal and adult Hb J-Sardegna. The results indicate that adult Hb J-Sardegna displays an oxygen affinity that is higher than that of adult Hb only in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). On the contrary, at 20 degrees C, the oxygen affinity of fetal Hb J-Sardegna is identical to that of normal fetal haemoglobin, both in the presence and in the absence of 2,3-DPG. A significant difference between these two systems (i.e. a higher oxygen affinity of fetal Hb J-Sardegna) shows up very clearly only when temperature is increased to 37 degrees C. Hence in fetal Hb, the main effect of the amino acid substitution is a decrease in the overall enthalpy change of oxygenation. The results outline the role of the alpha(1)-beta(1) interface in assessing the thermodynamics of oxygen binding. The functional properties of both adult and fetal Hb J-Sardegna have been interpreted at the structural level in light of the results obtained by a computational modelling approach performed in comparison with HbA and Hb Aichi, a variant characterized by a different mutation [alpha50(CE8)His-->Arg] at the same position.

Bezafibrate as differentiating factor of human myeloid leukemia cells.

Bezafibrate belongs to the class of fibric acid derivatives usually used as antihyperlipidemia agents. From the biochemical point of view, these drugs show intriguing properties which leads one to think they may promote a differentiation process in tumour cells. This new pharmacological activity of fibrates could partially depend on the induction of an oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, the effect of bezafibrate, as well as of clofibric acid and gemfibrozil, on growth, functional and cytochemical characteristics of human leukaemia-derived cell lines HL-60, U-937 and K-562 has been studied in some details. The results show that bezafibrate, gemfibrozil and clofibric acid, do induce differentiation in human myeloid leukaemia cell lines as indicated by several differentiation markers. Moreover fibrates, in dose dependent manner, significantly alter the cell cycle distributions, mainly leading to G0/G1 phase increment and G2/M phase reduction. The differentiating activity of fibrates could have significant implications both for the pharmacotoxicological profile of this class of compounds and for the pathophysiology of neoplastic disease.