Update Regarding Imaging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. / Update Bildgebung neuroendokrine Neoplasien.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by the expression of typical proteins. A wide range of morphological and functional imaging methods is required in order to adequately assess the course of the disease and to optimally treat the patient. The spectrum of indications ranges from the detection of small primary tumors to the documentation of the metastasis pattern and the assessment of the suitability for certain invasive or noninvasive therapy methods. The exact recording and quantification of findings is indispensable. METHODS: This article is based on a comprehensive literature search on the different aspects of neuroendocrine neoplasm imaging. RESULTS: This article is intended to provide an overview of the available imaging procedures with their respective advantages and disadvantages for diagnostics and their value for the follow-up of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Recommendations for examination protocols, typical image findings, and an outlook regarding future developments are presented. KEY POINTS: · Neuroendocrine neoplasms are relatively rare and represent a complex and multiform disease group. Even in metastatic disease, long-term progression-free survival is not uncommon.. · Diagnostics in neuroendocrine neoplasms use a wide range of complementary morphological and functional imaging methods.. · Adequate selection of the imaging method, examination planning and preparation of the patient are essential for exact staging and reliable follow-up.. CITATION FORMAT: · Figiel JH, Viniol SG, Görlach J et al. Update Regarding Imaging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2020; 192: 171 - 182.

Current Technique and Application of Percutaneous Cryotherapy. / Aktuelle Technik und Anwendung der perkutanen Kryotherapie.

PURPOSE: Local ablative therapies have become an established treatment option in interventional oncology. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are a standard of care in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, there is an increasing interest in cryotherapy, one of the oldest ablation techniques. It has some unique characteristics with regard to technology and mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search using the terms cryotherapy, cryosurgery and cryoablation was performed. Selected studies are presented dealing with the mechanism of action, cryobiology and clinical use of percutaneous, image-guided cryoablation. Recent developments and perspectives are presented. RESULTS: Cryotherapy is increasingly used and has been included in guidelines for selected tumor entities such as renal cell carcinoma. Cryo-immunotherapy and combination treatments are future areas of interest. CONCLUSION: Cryoabalation may be used in many indications. Its major advantages are its unique visualization and the anesthesiologic effects of cold. While there are only a few prospectively randomized trials, the existing data on the use of cryoablation is promising. Its use appears to be justified in selected tumors, oligometastatic patients and for palliative indications. KEY POINTS: · Interventionalists need to know about the unique characteristics and advantages of cryoablation.. · Proper patient selection and optimal image guidance are essential for successful cryotherapy.. · Cryoablation offers unique advantages such as anesthesiologic effects and characteristic imaging features.. · The lack of prospective randomized trials is a key disadvantage of cryoablation.. CITATION FORMAT: · Mahnken AH, König AM, Figiel JH. Current Technique and Application of Percutaneous Cryotherapy. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2018; 190: 836 - 846.