Nutritional risk and morbidity and mortality in intensive care unit patients with Coronavirus disease 2019.

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread rapidly, with 37 million cases and more than 699,000 deaths. Among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COVID-19, a high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been observed, ranging from 50 to 80%; furthermore, 85.9% were calculated to have high nutritional risk, which doubled their odds of death. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible associations between nutritional risk, acute kidney injury, and morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 admitted to an ICU. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of adult and older-adult patients hospitalized for >24 h in an ICU. The exposure was diagnosis of COVID-19, while the outcomes were mortality, acute kidney injury, dialysis, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor use. The association of nutritional risk with outcomes was evaluated. The sample consisted of two secondary datasets. Individuals aged <18 years, those with dialytic chronic kidney disease, pregnant women, and those diagnosed with brain death were excluded. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 192 patients: 101 in the exposure group (positive for COVID-19) and 91 in the control group (no COVID-19 diagnosis). The COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups differed significantly in the variables weight, body mass index (BMI), nutritional risk, mNUTRIC-S score, and length of ICU stay. Our results suggest that the optimal mNUTRIC-S score cutoff to predict nutritional risk is <5 points. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 has a significant impact on patients' kidney function, increasing the incidence of AKI and the likelihood of death. Nutritional risk is a major factor in the mortality of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, use of the mNUTRIC-S scale could contribute to assessment of prognosis in this patient population.

An International Survey of Peritoneal Dialysis Exercise Practices and Perceptions.

Introduction: Low activity levels and poor physical function are associated with technique failure and mortality in people receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Adequate levels of physical function are required to maintain independence for people choosing this predominantly home-based therapy. The objective of this study was to identify the exercise-related perceptions and practices of PD clinicians globally. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of PD clinicians from English-, Thai-, Spanish-, and Portuguese-speaking PD-prevalent countries exploring clinicians' perceptions and practices of swimming, activity following PD catheter insertion, lifting, and falls prevention. This study was convened by the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis and Global Renal Exercise Network between July and December 2021. Results: Of 100 of the highest PD-prevalent countries, 85 responded and were represented in the findings. A total of 1125 PD clinicians (448 nephrologists, 558 nephrology nurses, 59 dietitians, and 56 others) responded from 61% high-income, 32% upper middle-income and 7% lower middle-income countries. The majority (n = 1054, 94%) agreed that structured exercise programs would be beneficial for people receiving PD. Most respondents believed people on PD could perform more exercise (n = 907, 81%) and that abdominal strengthening exercises could be safely performed (n = 661, 59%). Compared to clinicians in high-income countries, clinicians from lower middle-income status (odds ratio [OR], 5.57; 1.64 to 18.9) are more likely to promote participation in physical activity. Conclusion: Clinicians know the importance of physical activity in people receiving PD. Exercise counseling and structured exercise plans could be included in the standard care of people receiving PD to maintain independence.

Análise do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa periférica e hipodermóclise em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas / Analysis of intravenous therapy and hypodermoclysis in hospitalized older adults* / Análisis de la terapia intravenosa y de la hipodermoclisis en ancianos hospitalizados

Objetivo: investigar prevalência e complicações do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa e por hipodermóclise em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em hospital de Porto Alegre com amostra de 202 pacientes ≥ 60 anos; terapia intravenosa em período superior a 48 horas de punção e/ou hipodermóclise, com prescrição medicamentosa compatível pelas duas vias. Na coleta utilizou-se um instrumento com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e relacionadas à terapia. A análise foi estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: predomínio do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa (95,5%), mediana de três medicamentos. As complicações foram apenas da terapia intravenosa, sendo a flebite grau II mais prevalente (54,3%) e infiltração grau I em 1% dos casos. Conclusão: a hipodermóclise, apesar de ser uma via segura, ainda é pouco utilizada na prática clínica. Houve alta prevalência do uso da via intravenosa, apesar de que os medicamentos utilizados também poderiam ser administrados por hipodermóclise.

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence and complications of intravenous and hypodermoclysis therapy in hospitalized older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, it included 202 patients ≥ 60 years old who received intravenous therapy > 48 hours and/or hypodermoclysis. An instrument was used to collect sociodemographic, clinical and therapy-related data. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were used. Results: Intravenous therapy predominated (95.5%), with a median of 3 medications. Complications only occurred in intravenous therapy, with grade II phlebitis being the most prevalent (54.3%) and grade I infiltration occurring in 1% of the cases. Conclusions: Despite its safety, hypodermoclysis is still little used in clinical practice. There was a high prevalence of intravenous use, although the same medications could have also been administered via hypodermoclysis.

Objetivo: investigar prevalencia y complicaciones del uso de medicamentos por vía intravenosa y por hipodermoclisis en ancianos hospitalizados. Método: estudio transversal realizado en hospital de Porto Alegre, Brasil, con una muestra de 202 pacientes ≥ 60 años sometidos a terapia intravenosa por más de 48 horas de punción y/o hipodermoclisis, con prescripción medicamentosa compatible por ambas vías. Para la recolección se utilizó un instrumento con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas a la terapia. El análisis fue estadístico, descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: predominio del uso de medicamentos por vía intravenosa (95,5%), mediana de tres medicamentos. Hubo complicaciones solamente en la terapia intravenosa, siendo flebitis grado II la más prevalente (54,3%), e infiltración grado I en 1% de los casos. Conclusión: la hipodermoclisis, aunque sea segura, es todavía poco utilizada en la práctica clínica. Hubo alta prevalencia de uso de la vía intravenosa, aunque los medicamentos utilizados también podrían administrarse por hipodermoclisis.

Evaluación del impacto de la fatiga en el grado de dependencia en pacientes en hemodiálisis

Background: Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) go through a number of physical and emotional symptoms that can interfere with their comfort and quality of life, a common symptom is tiredness, a condition which is conventionally called post dialysis fatigue (PDF). Therefore, the objective is to evaluate the relationship between fatigue and the degree of dependence in performing basic and instrumental activities of daily living on patients undergoing hemodialysis. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out at the hemodialysis unit of Hospital São Lucas da Pontificia Universidad Católica do Rio Grande do Sul.. The study reporting adheres to the STROBE checklist. Results: From the 101 patients interviewed, 63 (62.4%) had post dialysis fatigue, with a mean age of 59±7 years, where the majority were men with 66.3% (n=67). The presence of PDF was related to vintage on HD (p<0,041), session recovery time (p<0,000) and shift of the session (p<0.001). There was no association of PDF with the degree of dependence on basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusion: More than half of the patients on HD experience PDF, it is less frequent in patients dialyzing in the night shift and it is associated with dialysis vintage and with greater recovery time.

Introducción: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) pasan por una serie de síntomas físicos y emocionales que pueden interferir con su comodidad y calidad de vida; un síntoma común es el cansancio, condición que se denomina convencionalmente fatiga pos diálisis (PDF). Por lo tanto, el objetivo es evaluar la relación entre la fatiga y el grado de dependencia en la realización de las actividades básicas e instrumentales en la vida diaria de los pacientes en hemodiálisis. Método: Es un estudio transversal, realizado en la unidad de hemodiálisis del Hospital São Lucas da Pontificia Universidad Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. El informe del estudio se adhiere a la lista de verificación STROBE. Resultados: De los 101 pacientes entrevistados, 63 (62,4%) presentaron fatiga pos-diálisis, con una edad media de 59±7 años, siendo la mayoría hombres con un 66,3% (n=67). La presencia de PDF se relacionó con la antigüedad en HD (p<0,041), el tiempo de recuperación de la sesión (p<0,000) y el turno de la sesión (p<0,001). No hubo asociación de la PDF con el grado de dependencia en las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. Conclusión: Más de la mitad de los pacientes en HD experimentan PDF, es menos frecuente en los pacientes dializados en el turno de noche y se asocia a la antigüedad de la diálisis, y a un mayor tiempo de recuperación.

Assessment of the performance of vascular access for hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Life and quality of life on hemodialysis depends on adequate vascular access. An autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has the best performance, while the use of a central venous catheter (CVC) may have a negative impact on fistula performance and may be associated with increased systemic inflammation. Our objective is to evaluate the performance of vascular accesses in patients undergoing a chronic hemodialysis program. METHODS: This is an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study that included patients on chronic hemodialysis for more than 90 days. Patients with an acute systemic inflammatory disease and those with acute cardiovascular illness were excluded. Clinical data, dialysis session parameters, and serum levels of inflammatory markers were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients were evaluated, 59 (65%) had an AVF and 32 patients (35%) had a CVC. The adequacy rate was 67%; being 67.8% with AVF and 65.6% with CVC. Among the causes of AVF inadequacy, the ones that presented the highest prevalence ratio (PR) were non-mature AVF (PR: 4.055; 95% CI: 2.017-8.151), pseudoaneurysm (PR: 6.580; 95% CI: 3.723-11.629) and presence of hematoma (PR: 4.360; 95% CI: 2.125-8.946), p < 0.001. Among the catheter group, the causes of inadequacy with the highest PR were the presence of access thrombosis, indicating the use of thrombolytics (PR: 11.103; 95% CI: 4.746-25.977; p < 0.001) and infection (PR: 2.984; 95% CI: 1.293-6.889; p = 0.010). Median primary AVF patency was 72 months compared to 7 months of catheters (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in serum inflammatory markers between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Adequacy rates of vascular accesses did not differ between the groups, but the primary and functional patency of AVF is 10 times higher than that of catheters. Infection in dialysis catheters is associated with worse access performance. There was no association between systemic inflammation and vascular access.

Development of an instrument to assess self-management capacity of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: CAPABLE.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of kidney failure with peritoneal dialysis (PD) at home implies that the patient and/or their caregiver develop a series of skills and basic knowledge about this therapy. There is not a specific inventory of the patient's abilities to safely perform the PD procedure at home. The objective of this study was to describe the development of an instrument that allows measuring the self-management capacity of patients receiving PD, locating the performance areas that justify the need for intervention by a caregiver. METHODS: This is a qualitative study developed in three phases: The first phase was the identification of performance areas through bibliographic search and validation of the results with focus groups of experts in PD. The second phase was the design of a system to measure self-management capacities. The third phase was a pilot test of the preliminary version of the instrument applied in 20 incident PD patients. RESULTS: Three domains were identified to evaluate the fundamental components of self-management capacity: cognitive and sensory, each one evaluated with four items and motor domain evaluated with eight items. After applying the instrument, we found that 15 patients (75%) did not require support from the caregiver in any of the items. PD patients and nurses found the tool valuable, easy to understand and applicable in the early evaluation of a PD patient. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an easy-to-administer instrument to measure the self-management capacity of patients receiving PD. This inventory could locate areas that require specific support from a caregiver. Planning an individualised and focused education and training process could result in better health outcomes.

High prevalence of biochemical disturbances of chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in a nation-wide peritoneal dialysis cohort: are guideline goals too hard to achieve? / Alta Prevalência de Distúrbios Bioquímicos Minerais e Ósseos na Doença Renal Crônica em uma coorte de diálise peritoneal nacional: as metas das diretrizes são muito difíceis de alcançar?

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) are common in dialysis patients. Definition of targets for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathormone (iPTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and their treatment recommendations, are provided by international guidelines. There are few studies analyzing CKD-MBD in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and the impact of guidelines on mineral metabolism control. The aim of our study was to describe the prevalence of biomarkers for CKD-MBD in a large cohort of PD patients in Brazil. Methods: Data from the nation-wide prospective observational cohort BRAZPD II was used. Incident patients were followed between December 2004 and January 2011. According to KDOQI recommendations, reference ranges for total Ca were 8.4 to 9.5 mg/dL, for P, 3.5 to 5.5 mg/dL, for iPTH, 150-300 pg/mL, and for ALP, 120 U/L. Results: Mean age was 59.8 ± 16 years, 48% were male, and 43% had diabetes. In the beginning, Ca was 8.9 ± 0.9 mg/dL, and 48.3% were on the KODQI target. After 1 year, Ca increased to 9.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL and 50.4% were in the KDOQI preferred range. P at baseline was 5.2 ± 1.6 mg/dL, with 52.8% on target, declining to 4.9 ± 1.5 mg/dL after one year, when 54.7% were on target. Median iPTH at baseline was 238 (P25% 110 - P75% 426 pg/mL) and it remained stable throughout the first year; patients within target ranged from 26 to 28.5%. At the end of the study, 80% was in 3.5 meq/L Ca dialysate concentration, 66.9% of patients was taking any phosphate binder, and 25% was taking activated vitamin D. Conclusions: We observed a significant prevalence of biochemical disorders related to CKD-MBD in this dialysis population.

Resumo Introdução: Os distúrbios minerais e ósseos da doença renal crônica (DMO-DRC) são comuns em pacientes em diálise. A definição de metas para cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), paratormônio (PTHi) e fosfatase alcalina (FA) e suas recomendações de tratamento são fornecidas por diretrizes internacionais. Há poucos estudos analisando o DMO-DRC em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) e o impacto das diretrizes no controle do metabolismo mineral. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi descrever a prevalência de alterações nos marcadores para DMO-DRC em uma grande coorte de pacientes em DP no Brasil. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da coorte observacional prospectiva nacional BRAZPD II. Pacientes incidentes foram acompanhados entre Dezembro de 2004 e Janeiro de 2011. De acordo com as recomendações do KDOQI, os intervalos de referência para Ca total foram de 8,4 a 9,5 mg/dL, para P, 3,5 a 5,5 mg/dL, para PTHi, 150-300 pg/mL, e para FA, 120 U/L. Resultados: A idade média foi de 59,8 ± 16 anos, 48% eram homens e 43% tinham diabetes. No início, o Ca era de 8,9 ± 0,9 mg/dL, e 48,3% estavam na meta do KODQI. Após 1 ano, o Ca aumentou para 9,1 ± 0,9 mg/dL e 50,4% estavam na faixa preferida do KDOQI. P basal era 5,2 ± 1,6 mg/dL, com 52,8% na meta, diminuindo para 4,9 ± 1,5 mg/dL após um ano, quando 54,7% estavam na meta. O PTHi basal mediano foi de 238 (P25% 110 - P75% 426 pg/mL) e permaneceu estável durante o primeiro ano; os pacientes dentro da meta variaram de 26 a 28,5%. No final do estudo, 80% estavam na concentração de 3,5 meq/L de Ca dialisato, 66,9% dos pacientes estavam tomando qualquer quelante de fosfato, e 25% estavam tomando vitamina D ativada. Conclusões: Observamos uma prevalência significativa de distúrbios bioquímicos relacionados ao DMO-DRC nesta população em diálise.

High prevalence of biochemical disturbances of chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in a nation-wide peritoneal dialysis cohort: are guideline goals too hard to achieve?

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) are common in dialysis patients. Definition of targets for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathormone (iPTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and their treatment recommendations, are provided by international guidelines. There are few studies analyzing CKD-MBD in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and the impact of guidelines on mineral metabolism control. The aim of our study was to describe the prevalence of biomarkers for CKD-MBD in a large cohort of PD patients in Brazil. METHODS: Data from the nation-wide prospective observational cohort BRAZPD II was used. Incident patients were followed between December 2004 and January 2011. According to KDOQI recommendations, reference ranges for total Ca were 8.4 to 9.5 mg/dL, for P, 3.5 to 5.5 mg/dL, for iPTH, 150-300 pg/mL, and for ALP, 120 U/L. RESULTS: Mean age was 59.8 ± 16 years, 48% were male, and 43% had diabetes. In the beginning, Ca was 8.9 ± 0.9 mg/dL, and 48.3% were on the KODQI target. After 1 year, Ca increased to 9.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL and 50.4% were in the KDOQI preferred range. P at baseline was 5.2 ± 1.6 mg/dL, with 52.8% on target, declining to 4.9 ± 1.5 mg/dL after one year, when 54.7% were on target. Median iPTH at baseline was 238 (P25% 110 - P75% 426 pg/mL) and it remained stable throughout the first year; patients within target ranged from 26 to 28.5%. At the end of the study, 80% was in 3.5 meq/L Ca dialysate concentration, 66.9% of patients was taking any phosphate binder, and 25% was taking activated vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant prevalence of biochemical disorders related to CKD-MBD in this dialysis population.

Conhecimento e Atitude: perfil de pessoas com diabetes em diálise / Knowledge and attitude: profile of diabetics in dialysis / Conocimiento y actitud: perfil de personas con diabetes en diálisis

Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento e o enfrentamento do diabetes junto a pessoas com diabetes em diálise. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A) e o Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). Resultados: participaram 71 pacientes, com idade média de 61,81±14,93 anos. A retinopatia diabética foi a complicação prevalente (81,69%); hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a comorbidade (83,09%). A glicemia em jejum apresentou mediana de 152 (124-228,5) mg/dl e a hemoglobina glicada de 7,5 (6,42-8,27) mg/dl. O DKN-A apresentou escore médio de 7,84±2,55 pontos; seu item com maior número de acertos foi a conduta em caso de hipoglicemia; enquanto o com menor número de acertos foi em relação à cetonúria e substituições alimentares. O instrumento ATT-19 obteve média de 50,26±11,7 pontos. Conclusão: pessoas com diabetes, em diálise, apresentam conhecimento deficiente em relação ao diabetes, assim como baixo enfrentamento da doença.

Objective: to identify knowledge of, and coping with, diabetes mellitus among diabetics undergoing dialysis. Method: in this cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes, the instruments used were the Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A) and Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). Results: mean age of the 71 participants was 61.81 ± 14.93 years. The most prevalent complication was diabetic retinopathy (81.69%), and the most prevalent comorbidity was systemic arterial hypertension (83.09%). Median fasting glycemia and glycated hemoglobin were 152 (124-228.5) mg/dl and 7,5 (6,42-8,27) mg/dl, respectively. Average DKN-A score was 7.84 ± 2.55; the highest success rate was on how to respond to hypoglycemia; the lowest was about ketones in urine and substitute foods. Mean ATT-19 score was 50.26 ± 11.7. Conclusion: the diabetics in dialysis showed deficient knowledge of diabetes and had negative attitudes to the disease.

Objetivo: identificar el conocimiento y el afrontamiento de la diabetes mellitus entre los diabéticos en diálisis. Método: en este estudio transversal de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Diabetes Knowledge Scale Questionnaire (DKN-A) y Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19). Resultados: la edad media de los 71 participantes fue de 61,81 ± 14,93 años. La complicación más prevalente fue la retinopatía diabética (81,69%) y la comorbilidad más prevalente fue la hipertensión arterial sistémica (83,09%). La mediana de la glucemia en ayunas y la hemoglobina glucosilada fueron 152 (124- 228,5) mg / dl y 7,5 (6,42-8,27) mg / dl, respectivamente. La puntuación promedio de DKN-A fue de 7,84 ± 2,55; la tasa de éxito más alta fue sobre cómo responder a la hipoglucemia; el más bajo fue sobre las cetonas en la orina y los alimentos sustitutos. La puntuación media de ATT-19 fue 50,26 ± 11,7. Conclusión: los diabéticos en diálisis mostraban un conocimiento deficiente de la diabetes y actitudes negativas hacia la enfermedad.

Good practices recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology to Peritoneal Dialysis Services related to the new coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic.

Considering the new coronavirus epidemic (Covid-19), the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, represented by the Peritoneal Steering Committee, in agreement with the and the Dialysis Department, developed a series of recommendations for good clinical practices for peritoneal dialysis (PD) clinics, to be considered during the period of the Covid-19 epidemic. We aim to minimize the disease spread, protecting patients and staff, and ensuring the quality of the treatment provided and adequate follow-up for PD patients. The recommendations suggested at this moment must be adapted to each clinic's reality and the conditions of the structural and human resources, dependent on the adequate financial provision of the public health system for its full implementation.

Letramento funcional em saúde na terapia renal substitutiva: revisão integrativa / Alfabetización funcional en salud en terapia de reemplazo renal: revisión integradora / Functional health literacy in renal replacement therapy: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os instrumentos disponíveis para a identificação do grau de letramento funcional em saúde dos pacientes submetidos a terapia renal substitutiva. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, CINAHL e Web of Science , entre outubro de 2017 a janeiro de 2018. Foram incluídos artigos originais completos, disponíveis a partir do ano de 2010 até o momento da busca e nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. Os descritores utilizados foram: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation, renal dialysis patient information e health literacy Resultados Dos 4.286 estudos encontrados na busca, 16 foram incluídos para análise. Doze instrumentos diferentes foram utilizados, sendo as ferramentas mais aplicadas o Rapid Estimate Adult Literacy of Medicine (REALM), utilizado em quatro pesquisas e o Newest Vital Sign (NVS), usado em três estudos. Doze instrumentos foram aplicados em pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise, três nos indivíduos em diálise peritoneal e foram encontrados três instrumentos específicos para transplantados renais. As ferramentas mais atuais têm avaliado aspectos sociais, autocuidado e capacidade de gerenciamento e entendimento dos pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva. Conclusão Os doze instrumentos para mensuração do letramento funcional em saúde para uso em pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva apresentam propriedades psicométricas boas, porém, apenas um está validado no Brasil. Ressalta-se a lacuna de uso de ferramentas que avaliem o letramento nos pacientes em diálise peritoneal.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los instrumentos disponibles para identificar el nivel de alfabetización funcional en salud de los pacientes que realizan terapia de reemplazo renal. Métodos Se trata de una revisión integradora, realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, CINAHL y Web of Science , entre octubre de 2017 y enero de 2018. Se incluyeron artículos originales completos, disponibles a partir de 2010 hasta el momento de la búsqueda, en los idiomas inglés, español y portugués. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation, renal dialysis patient information y health literacy . Resultados De los 4.286 estudios encontrados en la búsqueda, se incluyeron 16 en el análisis. Se utilizaron 12 instrumentos diferentes y las herramientas más aplicadas fueron Rapid Estimate Adult Literacy of Medicine (REALM), utilizado en cuatro estudios, y Newest Vital Sign (NVS), utilizado en tres estudios. Se aplicaron 12 instrumentos a pacientes que realizaban hemodiálisis, tres a individuos en diálisis peritoneal y se encontraron tres instrumentos específicos para trasplantados renales. Las herramientas más actuales evaluaron aspectos sociales, autocuidado y capacidad de gestión y comprensión de los pacientes en terapia de reemplazo renal. Conclusión Los 12 instrumentos para medir la alfabetización funcional en salud de pacientes en terapia de reemplazo renal presentaron propiedades psicométricas buenas, pero solo uno está validado en Brasil. Se destaca un vacío en el uso de herramientas que evalúen la alfabetización de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal.

Abstract Objective To analyze the instruments available to identify the functional health literacy level of patients submitted to renal replacement therapy. Methods Integrative review carried out by searching publications in the PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science databases between October 2017 and January 2018. Full original articles in English, Spanish, or Portuguese made available from 2010 to the moment the search was performed were included. The descriptors used in the search were hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation, renal dialysis patient information, and health literacy. Results Sixteen out of the 4,286 studies found were included to be analyzed. It was observed that 12 different instruments were used, with the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine and the Newest Vital Sign being the most frequently used tools, applied in four and three studies, respectively. Twelve instruments were applied in patients submitted to hemodialysis, three in those who underwent peritoneal analysis, and three were specific to patients who went through kidney transplant. The most recent tools have assessed social aspects, self-care, and management and understanding capacity in patients under renal replacement therapy. Conclusion The twelve instruments to measure functional health literacy in patients under renal replacement therapy show satisfactory psychometric properties, but only one is validated to be used in Brazil. The insufficient use of tools to evaluate literacy in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis was noteworthy.

Enfermagem no transplante renal: comparação da demanda de cuidado entre escalas / Enfermería en el trasplante renal: comparación de la demanda de cuidado entre turnos / Kidney transplant nursing: a comparison of care demand between scales

Resumo Objetivo Comparar o número de horas da demanda de cuidados de enfermagem ao paciente no pós-operatório de transplante renal, por meio dos instrumentos de Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes (SCP) e do Escore de Atividade de Enfermagem (NAS). Métodos Estudo de Coorte Prospectivo. A população foi composta pelos pacientes submetidos ao transplante renal com doador falecido no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, a avaliação ocorreu de 6 a 24 horas no pós-operatório imediato, nos dias subsequentes até a alta da UTI Cirúrgica e no 15º dia pós-operatório ou no dia da alta (o que tenha ocorrido primeiro). Resultados Completaram o estudo 73 pacientes, a média do SCP na primeira avaliação foi de 31,6 (cuidado intermediário), já no NAS a média foi de 86,5% (cuidado intensivo). Na última avaliação a pontuação encontrada no SCP foi de 15,5 (cuidado mínimo), no NAS a mediana foi de 50,1% (cuidado semi-intensivo). Não houve diferença significativa quando comparadas as pontuações obtidas na alta da UTI cirúrgica e na alta hospitalar. Conclusão Os achados deste estudo sugerem que há diferença entre o número de horas da demanda de cuidados ao transplantado renal no pós-operatório quando comparados os instrumentos SCP e NAS, e isso repercute também no tipo de cuidado.

Resumen Objetivo Comparar el número de horas de la demanda de cuidados de enfermería al paciente en posoperatorio de trasplante renal, por medio de los instrumentos de Sistema de Clasificación de Pacientes (SCP) y de la escala Nursing Activities Score (NAS). Métodos Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. La población fue formada por pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal con donante fallecido en el Hospital São Lucas de la universidad PUCRS. La evaluación se llevó a cabo de 6 a 24 horas en el posoperatorio inmediato, en los días subsiguientes hasta el alta de la UCI Quirúrgica y en el 15° día del posoperatorio o el día del alta (lo que haya sucedido primero). Resultados El estudio lo completaron 73 pacientes, el promedio del SCP en la primera evaluación fue 31,6 (cuidado intermedio) y en el NAS el promedio fue 86,5% (cuidado intensivo). En la última evaluación, la puntuación del SCP fue 15,5 (cuidado mínimo) y en el NAS la mediana fue 50,1% (cuidado semintensivo). No hubo diferencia significativa al comparar las valoraciones obtenidas en el alta de la UCI Quirúrgica y en el alta hospitalaria. Conclusión Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que hay diferencia entre el número de horas de la demanda de cuidados al trasplantado renal en el posoperatorio al comparar los instrumentos SCP y NAS, y eso repercute también en el tipo de cuidado.

Abstract Objective To compare the number of hours of nursing care demand for patients in the postoperative period after kidney transplantation, using the Patient Classification System (SCP) and Nursing Activity Score (NAS) tools. Methods a prospective cohort study. The population consisted of patients who underwent deceased donor kidney transplantation at PUCRS São Lucas Hospital. Assessment was carried out from 6 to 24 hours in the immediate postoperative period, on the days following discharge from the Surgical ICU and on the 15thpostoperative day or on the day of discharge (whichever occurred first). Results A total of 73 patients completed the study. The mean SCP in the first assessment was 31.6 (intermediate care), while in NAS the mean was 86.5% (intensive care). In the last assessment, the score found in the SCP was 15.5 (minimum care); In the NAS, the median was 50.1% (semi-intensive care). There were no significant differences when comparing the scores obtained at discharge from surgical ICU and discharge from hospital. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that there is a difference between the number of hours of postoperative kidney transplant care demand when compared to the SCP and NAS tools, and this affects the type of care.

Good practices recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology to Peritoneal Dialysis Services related to the new coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic / Recomendações de boas práticas da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia aos Serviços de diálise peritoneal em relação à epidemia do novo coronavírus (Covid-19)

ABSTRACT Considering the new coronavirus epidemic (Covid-19), the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, represented by the Peritoneal Steering Committee, in agreement with the and the Dialysis Department, developed a series of recommendations for good clinical practices for peritoneal dialysis (PD) clinics, to be considered during the period of the Covid-19 epidemic. We aim to minimize the disease spread, protecting patients and staff, and ensuring the quality of the treatment provided and adequate follow-up for PD patients. The recommendations suggested at this moment must be adapted to each clinic's reality and the conditions of the structural and human resources, dependent on the adequate financial provision of the public health system for its full implementation.

RESUMO Considerando a nova epidemia de coronavírus (Covid-19), a Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, representada pelo Comitê de Diálise Peritoneal, em concordância com a diretoria e o Departamento de Diálise, desenvolveu uma série de recomendações de boas práticas clínicas para os serviços de diálise peritoneal a serem consideradas durante o período da epidemia de Covid-19, com o objetivo de minimizar a disseminação da doença, proteger pacientes e funcionários e garantir a qualidade do tratamento prestado e acompanhamento adequado para os pacientes em DP. As recomendações aqui sugeridas devem ser adaptadas a cada realidade de serviço e às condições estruturais e de recursos humanos e dependem da provisão financeira adequada do sistema público de saúde para sua plena implementação.

Impact of Glucose Exposure on Outcomes of a Nation-Wide Peritoneal Dialysis Cohort - Results of the BRAZPD II Cohort.

Background: Data investigating the association of glucose exposure with technique failure and patient survival are limited to retrospective cohorts and was never tested outside Asia and considering the presence of competing risks. Methods: Prospective multicenter cohort study of incident peritoneal dialysis patients where the association of cumulative glucose exposure in 6, 12, and 24 months with patient survival and technique failure was tested using Cox regression analysis and competing risk analysis. Results: We analyzed 4367 incident peritoneal dialysis patients with mean age 59.0 ± 15.8 years, 43.9% were diabetics, 46.7% males and 64.4% Caucasians. Glucose exposure was not associated with patient survival independent of the time of exposure and even after adjustments for confounders. In contrast, higher glucose exposure was associated with more technique failure in the Cox and competing risk models. The higher risk for technique failure was found in the subgroup exposed to the higher amount of glucose to a maximum of 86% in the model analyzing cumulative glucose exposure for 1 year. Conclusion: Glucose exposure was associated with technique failure but not with patient survival.

The importance of educational interventions for adherence to the immunosuppressant treatment program to kidney-transplanted patients / Importância de intervenções educativas para adesão ao tratamento imunossupressor em pacientes transplantados renais

Introduction: the non-adherence to the immunosuppressant treatment program is frequent in kidney transplanted patients. To promote the adherence to this therapeutic, specific educational interventions for every learning style, can help create better results. Objective: verify the relevance of educative interventions adjusted to different learning styles for immunosuppressive treatment adherence in kidney transplant patients. Methods: cohort study. Fifty-nine (59) kidney transplanted patients took part in the study. To evaluate adherence was used the Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale for Immunosuppressives (BAASIS) instrument. The learning styles were identified by the VARK questionnaire. Results: significant differences were observed in the second (p<0,001), third (p<0,001) and fourth (p=0,009) evaluate of the adherence, when compared with the first one. There wasn't found significant differences when related. They didn't go find differences significant when related the adhesion with the learning styles and too much demographic and clinical data. Conclusion: the adhesion to the imunossupressor doesn't seem to be associated to the specific interventions for each learning style.

Introdução: A não adesão ao tratamento imunossupressor é comum nos pacientes transplantados renais. Para promover a adesão à esta terapêutica, intervenções educativas específicas para cada estilo de aprendizagem, podem propiciar melhores resultados. Objetivo: Verificar a importância de intervenções educativas ajustadas ao estilo de aprendizagem com a adesão ao tratamento imunossupressor de pacientes transplantados renais. Métodos: Estudo de coorte. Participaram 59 pacientes transplantados renais. Para avaliar a adesão foi utilizado o instrumento Basel Assessment of Adherence Scale for Immunosuppressives (BAASIS). Os estilos de aprendizagem foram identificados pelo questionário VARK. Resultados: Foram observadas diferenças significativas na segunda (p<0,001), terceira (p<0,001) e quarta (p=0,009) avaliação da adesão, quando comparadas à primeira. Não foram encontras diferenças significativas quando relacionada a adesão com os estilos de aprendizagem e demais dados demográficos e clínicos. Conclusão: A adesão ao imunossupressor não parece estar associada às intervenções específicas para cada estilo de aprendizagem.

Peritonitis in Children on Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis: The Experience of a Large National Pediatric Cohort.

BACKGROUND: We performed this study to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, microbiology, treatment, and outcome of peritonitis in pediatric Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients at a nationwide prospective study. METHODOLOGY: Patients younger than 18 years recruited in the BRAZPD II study from 2004 to 2011, who presented their first peritonitis episode, were included in the study. RESULTS: We found 125 first episodes of peritonitis in 491 children PD patients (0.43 episodes/patient-year). Patients free of peritonitis episode constituted 75.6% in 1 year. Culture-negative episodes were very high (59.2%) and gram-positive (GP) bacteria were the most commonly found organisms (58.8%). First-generation cephalosporin was the initial choice to cover GP (40.5%) and aminoglycosides was the most prescribed antibiotics used for gram-negative agents (27.5%). Treatment failure was 26.4%. Technique failure (TF) occurred in 12.1% and peritonitis was the main cause (65.1%). Pseudomonas (p = 0.04) and negative cultures (p < 0.001) were identified as predictors of TF. CONCLUSION: Peritonitis remains a common complication of PD in children and negative cultures and pseudomonas had a negative impact on TF.

Teaching peritoneal dialysis in Australia: An opportunity for improvement.

INTRODUCTION: Up to a 10-fold difference in clinical outcomes between Australian peritoneal dialysis (PD) units exists. There is an international focus on the harmonization of educational practices in PD to determine whether this may lead to improved patient outcomes. AIMS: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current teaching practices of nurses and patients in Australian PD units. METHODS: An online survey with questions on nurse and patient training was made available to PD units in Australia. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (70%) of 54 PD units in Australia completed the survey. A written standardized curricula was utilized in 21 units (55%) for nursing staff and 30 units (79%) for patients, with 23% and 12% including an electronic delivery component for each group, respectively. Universal teaching of adult learning principles was not demonstrated. The hours spent on teaching nursing staff ranged from <15 h in 24% to >100 h in 21% of units. The average number of hours spent by nurses each day to train patients ranged from <2 h in 14% to >6 h in 11% of units, with the average total training days ranging from 2 to 3 days in 14% to over 7 days in 14% of units. Staff and patient competency assessments were performed routinely in 37% and 74% of units, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable differences exist amongst Australian PD units in the education of staff and patients. There is a general lack of delivery and competency assessment to meet educational standards. It remains to be seen if harmonization of educational curricula can translate to improved clinical outcomes.

Impact of the Karnofsky Performance Status on Survival and its Dynamics During the Terminal Year of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Simple and low-cost tools to monitor the risk profile of patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) at high risk of complications and mortality are scarce. One of the tools available to monitor the variation in vitality and dependence levels is the Karnofsky performance status (KPS). This study analyzed the average trends and variation of KPS during the 12 months before death and its independent value in predicting patients' survival. METHODS: The data were compiled from the BRAZPD II multicenter study, performed in Brazil between 2004 and 2011. For the analysis of KPS dynamics, we included patients with at least 12 months of follow-up on PD and who had a fatal event during the follow-up. The following covariables were evaluated: age, gender, ethnicity, educational level, and presence of diabetes. We used the linear regression model to present the results: the log (time) before death was represented by the regression variable and KPS was the response. We also analyzed the independent impact of baseline KPS on patients' survival. RESULTS: From the population of 9,905 patients enrolled in the BRAZPD study, 4,133 survived 12 months on PD and were included in the analysis. There was a gradual decline in the KPS scores, which accelerated in the last 2 months before death. These changes were similar irrespective of age, race, family income, gender, diabetes, PD modality, and education level. We observed 989 fatal events in this population during the observation period, and the KPS score was identified as an independent predictor for mortality in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time the dynamics of KPS before death in PD patients, indicating a progressive and accelerated decline of KPS in the 12 months before patients died. In addition, KPS was an independent predictor of mortality in this population.