Comparison of different methods of first-trimester screening for preterm pre-eclampsia: cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive performance of three different mathematical models for first-trimester screening of pre-eclampsia (PE), which combine maternal risk factors with mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) and serum placental growth factor (PlGF), and two risk-scoring systems. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study performed in eight fetal medicine units in five different regions of Spain between September 2017 and December 2019. All pregnant women with singleton pregnancy and a non-malformed live fetus attending their routine ultrasound examination at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation were invited to participate in the study. Maternal characteristics and medical history were recorded and measurements of MAP, UtA-PI, serum PlGF and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) were converted into multiples of the median (MoM). Risks for term PE, preterm PE (< 37 weeks' gestation) and early PE (< 34 weeks' gestation) were calculated according to the FMF competing-risks model, the Crovetto et al. logistic regression model and the Serra et al. Gaussian model. PE classification was also performed based on the recommendations of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). We estimated detection rates (DR) with their 95% CIs at a fixed 10% screen-positive rate (SPR), as well as the area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve (AUC) for preterm PE, early PE and all PE for the three mathematical models. For the scoring systems, we calculated DR and SPR. Risk calibration was also assessed. RESULTS: The study population comprised 10 110 singleton pregnancies, including 32 (0.3%) that developed early PE, 72 (0.7%) that developed preterm PE and 230 (2.3%) with any PE. At a fixed 10% SPR, the FMF, Crovetto et al. and Serra et al. models detected 82.7% (95% CI, 69.6-95.8%), 73.8% (95% CI, 58.7-88.9%) and 79.8% (95% CI, 66.1-93.5%) of early PE; 72.7% (95% CI, 62.9-82.6%), 69.2% (95% CI, 58.8-79.6%) and 74.1% (95% CI, 64.2-83.9%) of preterm PE; and 55.1% (95% CI, 48.8-61.4%), 47.1% (95% CI, 40.6-53.5%) and 53.9% (95% CI, 47.4-60.4%) of all PE, respectively. The best correlation between predicted and observed cases was achieved by the FMF model, with an AUC of 0.911 (95% CI, 0.879-0.943), a slope of 0.983 (95% CI, 0.846-1.120) and an intercept of 0.154 (95% CI, -0.091 to 0.397). The NICE criteria identified 46.7% (95% CI, 35.3-58.0%) of preterm PE at 11% SPR and ACOG criteria identified 65.9% (95% CI, 55.4-76.4%) of preterm PE at 33.8% SPR. CONCLUSIONS: The best performance of screening for preterm PE is achieved by mathematical models that combine maternal factors with MAP, UtA-PI and PlGF, as compared to risk-scoring systems such as those of NICE and ACOG. While all three algorithms show similar results in terms of overall prediction, the FMF model showed the best performance at an individual level. © 2024 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Mortality and severe neurological morbidity in extremely preterm growth-restricted fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in growth-restricted fetuses requiring delivery before 28 weeks in order to provide individualized patient counseling. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of singleton pregnancies with antenatal suspicion of fetal growth restriction requiring delivery before 28 weeks' gestation between January 2010 and January 2020 in six tertiary public hospitals in the Barcelona area, Spain. Separate predictive models for mortality only and mortality or severe neurological morbidity were created using logistic regression from variables available antenatally. For each model, predictive performance was evaluated using receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC)-curve analysis. Predictive models were validated externally in an additional cohort of growth-restricted fetuses from another public tertiary hospital with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: A total of 110 cases were included. The neonatal mortality rate was 37.3% and, among the survivors, the rate of severe neurological morbidity was 21.7%. The following factors were retained in the multivariate analysis as significant predictors of mortality: magnesium sulfate neuroprotection, gestational age at birth, estimated fetal weight, male sex and Doppler stage. This model had a significantly higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) compared with a model including only gestational age at birth (0.810 (95% CI, 0.730-0.889) vs 0.695 (95% CI, 0.594-0.795); P = 0.016). At a 20% false-positive rate, the model showed a sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of 66%, 80% and 66%, respectively. For the prediction of the composite adverse outcome (mortality or severe neurological morbidity), the model included: gestational age at birth, male sex and Doppler stage. This model had a significantly higher AUC compared with a model including only gestational age at birth (0.810 (95% CI, 0.731-0.892) vs 0.689 (95% CI, 0.588-0.799); P = 0.017). At a 20% false-positive rate, the model showed a sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of 55%, 63% and 74%, respectively. External validation of both models yielded similar AUCs that did not differ significantly from those obtained in the original sample. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated fetal weight, fetal sex and Doppler stage can be combined with gestational age to improve the prediction of death or severe neurological sequelae in growth-restricted fetuses requiring delivery before 28 weeks. This approach may be useful for parental counseling and decision-making. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Uterine artery Doppler in early labor and perinatal outcome in low-risk term pregnancy: prospective multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: The prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes in low-risk pregnancies is poor, mainly owing to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Uterine artery (UtA) Doppler is closely associated with placental function and may facilitate the peripartum detection of subclinical placental insufficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of mean UtA pulsatility index (PI) measured in early labor with obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise and adverse perinatal outcome in uncomplicated singleton term pregnancies. METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter observational study conducted across four tertiary maternity units. Low-risk term pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labor were included. The mean UtA-PI was recorded between uterine contractions in women admitted for early labor and converted into multiples of the median (MoM). The primary outcome of the study was the occurrence of obstetric intervention, i.e. Cesarean section or instrumental delivery, for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes, including 5-min Apgar score < 7, low cord arterial pH, raised cord arterial base excess, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and postnatal diagnosis of small-for-gestational-age fetus. Composite adverse perinatal outcome was defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following: acidemia in the umbilical artery, defined as pH < 7.10 and/or base excess > 12 mmol/L, 5-min Apgar score < 7 or admission to the NICU. RESULTS: Overall, 804 women were included, of whom 40 (5.0%) had abnormal mean UtA-PI MoM. Women who had an obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise were more frequently nulliparous (72.2% vs 53.6%; P = 0.008), had a higher frequency of increased mean UtA-PI MoM (13.0% vs 4.4%; P = 0.005) and had a longer duration of labor (456 ± 221 vs 371 ± 192 min; P = 0.01). On logistic regression analysis, only increased mean UtA-PI MoM (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 3.48 (95% CI, 1.43-8.47); P = 0.006) and parity (aOR, 0.45 (95% CI, 0.24-0.86); P = 0.015) were independently associated with obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise. Increased mean UtA-PI MoM was associated with a sensitivity of 0.13 (95% CI, 0.05-0.25), specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.97), positive predictive value of 0.18 (95% CI, 0.07-0.33), negative predictive value of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92-0.95), positive likelihood ratio of 2.95 (95% CI, 1.37-6.35) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-1.01) for obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise. Pregnancies with increased mean UtA-PI MoM also showed a higher incidence of birth weight < 10th percentile (20.0% vs 6.7%; P = 0.002), NICU admission (7.5% vs 1.2%; P = 0.001) and composite adverse perinatal outcome (15.0% vs 5.1%; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our study, conducted in a cohort of low-risk term pregnancies enrolled in early spontaneous labor, showed an independent association between increased mean UtA-PI and obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise, albeit with moderate capacity to rule in, and poor capacity to rule out, this condition. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Halo sign in fetal cytomegalovirus infection: cerebral imaging abnormalities and postmortem histopathology in 35 infected fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation of periventricular echogenic halo (halo sign) with histopathological findings and its association with other brain imaging abnormalities in fetuses with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of fetuses diagnosed with severe CMV infection based on central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities seen on ultrasound, which had termination of pregnancy (TOP) or fetal demise at a single center from 2006 to 2021. All included cases had been evaluated by conventional complete fetal autopsy. A maternal-fetal medicine expert reanalyzed the images from the transabdominal and transvaginal neurosonography scans, blinded to the histological findings. The halo sign was defined as the presence of homogeneous periventricular echogenicity observed in all three fetal brain orthogonal planes (axial, parasagittal and coronal). Cases were classified according to whether the halo sign was the only CNS finding (isolated halo sign) or concomitant CNS anomalies were present (non-isolated halo sign). An expert fetal radiologist reanalyzed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations when available, blinded to the ultrasound and histological results. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained histologic slides were reviewed independently by two experienced pathologists blinded to the neuroimaging results. Ventriculitis was classified into four grades (Grades 0-3) according to the presence and extent of inflammation. Brain damage was categorized into two stages (Stage I, mild; Stage II, severe) according to the histopathological severity and progression of brain lesions. RESULTS: Thirty-five CMV-infected fetuses were included in the study, of which 25 were diagnosed in the second and 10 in the third trimester. One fetus underwent intrauterine demise and TOP was carried out in 34 cases. The halo sign was detected on ultrasound in 32 (91%) fetuses (23 in the second trimester and nine in the third), and it was an isolated sonographic finding in six of these cases, all in the second trimester. The median gestational age at ultrasound diagnosis of the halo sign was similar between fetuses in which this was an isolated and those in which it was a non-isolated CNS finding (22.6 vs 24.4 weeks; P = 0.10). In fetuses with a non-isolated halo sign, the severity of additional ultrasound findings was not associated with the trimester at diagnosis, except for microencephaly, which was more frequent in the second compared with the third trimester (10/18 (56%) vs 1/8 (13%); P = 0.04). With respect to histopathological findings, ventriculitis was observed in all fetuses with an isolated halo sign, but this was mild (Grade 1) in the majority of cases (4/6 (67%)). Extensive ventriculitis (Grade 2 or 3) was more frequent in fetuses with a non-isolated halo sign (21/26 (81%)) and those without a periventricular echogenic halo (2/3 (67%); P = 0.032). All fetuses with an isolated halo sign were classified as histopathological Stage I with no signs of brain calcifications, white-matter necrosis or cortical injury. On the other hand, 25/26 fetuses with a non-isolated halo sign and all three fetuses without a periventricular echogenic halo showed severe brain lesions and were categorized as histopathological Stage II. Among fetuses with a non-isolated halo, histological brain lesions did not progress with gestational age, although white-matter necrosis was more frequent, albeit non-significantly, in fetuses diagnosed in the second vs the third trimester (10/15 (67%) vs 3/11 (27%); P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: In CMV-infected fetuses, an isolated periventricular echogenic halo was observed only in the second trimester and was associated with mild ventriculitis without signs of white-matter calcifications or necrosis. When considering pregnancy continuation, detailed neurosonographic follow-up complemented by MRI examination in the early third trimester is indicated. The prognostic significance of the halo sign as an isolated finding is still to be determined. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Postnatal genetic and neurodevelopmental assessment in infants born at term with severely low birth weight of non-placental origin.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of genetic syndromes and childhood neurodevelopmental impairment in non-malformed infants born at term with severely low birth weight and no evidence of placental insufficiency. METHODS: This case series was constructed from the data of infants delivered at term between 2013 and 2018 with severely low birth weight, defined as birth weight more than 2.5 SD below the mean, with normal maternal and fetal Doppler (umbilical artery, fetal middle cerebral artery, cerebroplacental ratio and uterine artery) and no maternal hypertensive disorder during pregnancy or fetal structural anomaly on prenatal ultrasound examination. Clinical exome sequencing and copy number variation (CNV) analysis were performed using DNA extracted from the children's saliva. Cognitive and psychomotor development was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 5th edition tests, according to the child's age at testing. RESULTS: Among the 36 405 infants born within the study period, 274 (0.75%) had a birth weight below -2.5 SD, of whom 98 met the inclusion criteria. Among the 63 families contacted, seven (11%) reported a postnatal diagnosis of a genetic syndrome and a further 18 consented to participate in the study. Median gestational age at delivery was 38.0 (interquartile range (IQR), 37.3-38.5) weeks and median birth weight was 2020 (IQR, 1908-2248) g. All 18 children showed a normal result on clinical exome sequencing and CNV analysis, but six (33%) obtained a low score on neurodevelopmental testing. CONCLUSION: Non-malformed severely small term infants with no clinical or Doppler signs of placental insufficiency present a high rate of genetic syndromes and neurodevelopmental impairment during childhood. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Severe smallness as predictor of adverse perinatal outcome in suspected late small-for-gestational-age fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the performance of severe smallness in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome among fetuses with suspected late-onset small-for-gestational age (SGA). METHODS: A systematic search was performed to identify relevant studies in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Late-onset SGA was defined as estimated fetal weight (EFW) or abdominal circumference (AC) < 10th percentile diagnosed at or after 32 weeks' gestation, while severe SGA was defined as EFW or AC < 3rd percentile or < 2 SD. Random-effects modeling was used to generate hierarchical summary receiver-operating-characteristics (HSROC) curves. The performance of severe SGA (as a presumptive diagnosis) in predicting adverse perinatal outcome among singleton pregnancies with suspected late-onset SGA was expressed as area under the HSROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and positive/negative likelihood ratios. The association between suspected severe SGA and adverse perinatal outcome was also assessed by random-effects modeling using the Mantel-Haenszel method and presented as odds ratio (OR). The non-exposed group was defined as non-severe SGA (EFW ≥ 3rd centile). RESULTS: Twelve cohort studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies included a total of 3639 fetuses with suspected late-onset SGA, of which 1246 had suspected severe SGA. Significant associations were found between suspected severe SGA and composite adverse perinatal outcome (OR, 1.97 (95% CI, 1.33-2.92)), neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR, 2.87 (95% CI, 1.84-4.47)) and perinatal death (OR, 4.26 (95% CI, 1.07-16.93)). However, summary ROC curves showed limited performance of suspected severe SGA in predicting perinatal outcomes, with AUCs of 60.9%, 66.9%, 53.6%, 57.2%, 54.6% and 64.9% for composite adverse perinatal outcome, neonatal intensive care unit admission, neonatal acidosis, Cesarean section for intrapartum fetal compromise, low Apgar score and perinatal death, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although suspected severe SGA was associated with a higher risk of perinatal complications, it performed poorly as a standalone parameter in predicting adverse perinatal outcome. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Routine third-trimester ultrasound for the detection of small-for-gestational age in low-risk pregnancies (ROTTUS study): randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the proportion of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants detected by routine third-trimester ultrasound vs those detected by selective ultrasound based on serial symphysis-fundus height (SFH) measurements (standard care) in low-risk pregnancy. METHODS: This was an open-label randomized controlled trial conducted at a hospital in Kenya between May 2018 and February 2020. Low-risk pregnant women were randomly allocated (ratio of 1:1) to routine ultrasound for fetal growth assessment between 36 + 0 and 37 + 6 weeks' gestation (intervention group) or to standard care, which involved a selective growth scan on clinical suspicion of fetal growth abnormality based on serial SFH measurements (control group). During ultrasound examination, fetal growth was assessed by measurement of the abdominal circumference (AC), and AC < 10th centile was used to diagnose a SGA fetus. The main prespecified outcomes were the detection of neonatal SGA, defined as birth weight < 10th centile, and of severe neonatal SGA, defined as birth weight < 3rd centile. The predictive performance of routine third-trimester ultrasound and selective ultrasound based on serial SFH measurements was determined using receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC)-curve analysis. RESULTS: Of 566 women assessed for eligibility, 508 (89.8%) were randomized, of whom 253 were allocated to the intervention group and 255 to the control group. Thirty-six babies in the intervention group and 26 in the control group had a birth weight < 10th centile. The detection rate of SGA infants by routine third-trimester ultrasound vs that by standard care was 52.8% (19/36) vs 7.7% (2/26) (P < 0.001) and the specificity was 95.5% (191/200) and 97.9% (191/195), respectively (P = 0.08). The detection rate of severe SGA was 66.7% (12/18) by routine ultrasound vs 8.3% (1/12) by selective ultrasound based on SFH measurements (P < 0.001), with specificities of 91.7% (200/218) and 98.1% (205/209), respectively (P = 0.006). The area under the ROC curve of routine third-trimester ultrasound in prediction of SGA was significantly greater than that of selective ultrasound based on SFH measurements (0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.96) vs 0.68 (95% CI, 0.58-0.77); P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In low-risk pregnancy, routine ultrasound performed between 36 + 0 and 37 + 6 weeks is superior to selective ultrasound based on serial SFH measurements for the detection of true SGA, with high specificity. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Incidence of pre-eclampsia and other perinatal complications among pregnant women with congenital heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: It has been proposed recently that pre-eclampsia (PE) may originate from maternal cardiac maladaptation rather than primary placental insult. As congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with reduced adaptation to the hemodynamic needs of pregnancy, it is hypothesized that women with CHD have an increased risk of PE. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the risk of PE in pregnant women with CHD. METHODS: A systematic search was performed to identify relevant studies published in English, Spanish, French, Italian, Chinese or German, with no time restrictions, using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies (prospective or retrospective cohorts) of pregnant women with a history of CHD were sought. The main outcome was the incidence of PE (including eclampsia and HELLP syndrome). For quality assessment of the included studies, two reviewers assessed independently the risk of bias. For the meta-analysis, the incidence of PE in pregnancies (those beyond 20 weeks' gestation) was calculated using single-proportion analysis by random-effects modeling (weighted by inverse variance). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the χ2 (Cochran's Q), tau2 and I2 statistics. Subgroup analysis was performed, and meta-regression was used to assess the influence of several covariates on the pooled results. RESULTS: A total of 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis, including 40 449 women with CHD and a total of 40 701 pregnancies. The weighted incidence of PE was 3.1% (95% CI, 2.2-4.0%), with true-effect heterogeneity of 93% according to I2 , and no publication bias found. No difference was found in the weighted incidence of PE between studies including cyanotic CHD vs those excluding (or not reporting) cyanotic CHD (2.5% (95% CI, 1.6-3.4%) vs 4.1% (95% CI, 2.4-5.7%); P = 0.0923). Meta-regression analysis showed that the only cofactor that significantly influenced the incidence of PE in each study was the reported incidence of aortic stenosis; studies with a higher incidence of aortic stenosis had a higher incidence of PE (estimate: 0.0005; P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: We failed to demonstrate an incidence of PE above the expected baseline risk in women with CHD. This observation contradicts the theory of the cardiac origin of PE. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Added prognostic value of longitudinal changes of angiogenic factors in early-onset severe pre-eclampsia: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess in women with early-onset severe pre-eclampsia whether longitudinal changes in angiogenic factors improve the prediction of adverse outcome. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Maternity units in two Spanish hospitals. POPULATION: Women with diagnosis of early-onset severe pre-eclampsia. METHODS: Levels of placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio were measured at admission and before delivery, and average daily change calculated. The association of longitudinal changes of angiogenic factors with the time interval to delivery and with complications was evaluated by logistic and Cox regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interval to delivery and composite of adverse outcomes. RESULTS: We included 63 women, of which 26 (41.3%) had a complication. Longitudinal changes of sFlt-1 were more pronounced in complicated pregnancies (median: 1047 versus 342 pg/ml/day; P = 0.04). On the multivariate analysis, the clinical risk score and sFlt-1 at admission explained 6.2% of the uncertainty for complication; the addition of sFlt-1 longitudinal changes improved this to 25.3% (P = 0.002). The median time from admission to delivery was 4 days (95% CI 1.6-6.04) in those in the highest quartile of sFlt-1 longitudinal changes versus 16 days (95% CI 12.4-19.6) in the remaining women (Log-rank test P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal changes in sFlt-1 maternal levels from admission for confirmed early-onset severe pre-eclampsia add to baseline characteristics in the prediction of adverse outcome and interval to delivery. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: In early-onset severe pre-eclampsia, longitudinal changes in sFlt-1 levels improve the prediction of complications and interval to delivery.

Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at higher risk of death and pneumonia: propensity score matched analysis of a nationwide prospective cohort (COV19Mx).

OBJECTIVE: There are limited, unmatched data reporting low complication rates in pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to compare COVID-19-related outcomes between pregnant and non-pregnant women after adjusting for potential risk factors for severe outcomes. METHODS: Data were obtained from the COVID-19 National Data Registry of Mexico, which is an ongoing prospective cohort of people of any age with clinically suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and admitted to 475 monitoring hospitals. This study included pregnant and non-pregnant women of reproductive age (15-45 years) with COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To adjust for underlying risk factors, propensity score matching was conducted for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, smoking, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic renal disease, immunosuppression, age, language, nationality and level of health insurance. The primary outcome was death. Secondary outcomes were pneumonia, intubation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 5183 pregnant and 175 905 non-pregnant women with COVID-19. The crude (unmatched) rates of death, pneumonia, intubation and ICU admission in pregnant compared with non-pregnant women were 1.5% vs 1.5%, 9.9% vs 6.5%, 8.1% vs 9.9% and 13.0% vs 6.9%, respectively. After propensity score matching (5183 pregnant and 5183 non-pregnant matched women), pregnant women had a higher odds of death (odds ratio (OR), 1.84; 95% CI, 1.26-2.69), pneumonia (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.60-2.16) and ICU admission (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.41-2.45) than non-pregnant women, but similar odds of intubation (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.70-1.25). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for background demographic and medical factors, pregnancy is a risk factor for death, pneumonia and ICU admission in SARS-CoV-2-infected women of reproductive age. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ten-year experience of protocol-based management of small-for-gestational-age fetuses: perinatal outcome in late-pregnancy cases diagnosed after 32 weeks.

OBJECTIVE: To report our 10-year experience of protocol-based management of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses, based on standardized clinical and Doppler criteria, in late-pregnancy cases. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was constructed of consecutive singleton pregnancies referred for late-onset (> 32 weeks) SGA (defined as estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th centile) that were classified as fetal growth restriction (FGR) or low-risk SGA, based on the severity of smallness (EFW < 3rd centile) and the presence of Doppler abnormalities (uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) ≥ 95th centile or cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) < 5th centile). Low-risk SGA pregnancies were followed at 2-week intervals and delivered electively at 40 weeks. FGR pregnancies were followed at 1-week intervals, or more frequently if there were signs of fetal deterioration, and were delivered electively after 37 + 0 weeks' gestation. The occurrence of stillbirth and composite adverse outcome (CAO; defined as neonatal death, metabolic acidosis, need for endotracheal intubation or need for admission to the neonatal intensive care unit) was analyzed in low-risk SGA and FGR pregnancies. RESULTS: A total of 1197 pregnancies with EFW < 10th centile were identified and classified at diagnosis as low-risk SGA (n = 619; 51.7%) or FGR (n = 578; 48.3%). Of these, 160 were delivered before 37 weeks' gestation; for obstetric reasons in 93 (58.1%) cases, severe pre-eclampsia in 33 (20.6%), FGR with severe hypoxia in 47 (29.4%) and stillbirth in four (2.5%) (indications are non-exclusive). During follow-up, 52/574 (9.1%) low-risk SGA pregnancies were reclassified as FGR, whereas 22/463 (4.8%) FGR pregnancies were reclassified as low-risk SGA. Overall, there were no stillbirths in the low-risk SGA group and four in the FGR group, all of which occurred before 37 weeks. There were no instances of neonatal death in pregnancies delivered ≥ 37 weeks. The risk of CAO was higher in those meeting antenatal criteria for FGR at 37 weeks than in those classified as low-risk SGA (32/493 (6.5%) vs 15/544 (2.8%); odds ratio, 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3-4.6)). In FGR pregnancies, the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for CAO was 6.3 (1.8-21.1) in those with EFW < 3rd centile, while it was 3.2 (1.5-6.8) and 4.2 (1.9-8.9) in those with UtA-PI ≥ 95th centile and CPR < 5th centile, respectively, as compared to FGR pregnancies without each of these criteria. CONCLUSION: Protocol-based risk stratification with different management and monitoring schemes for late pregnancy with a suspected SGA baby, based on clinical and Doppler criteria, enables identification and tailored assessment of high-risk FGR, while allowing expectant management with safe perinatal outcome for low-risk SGA fetuses. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.