Load and go: Assessing safety outcomes of patients discharged from the emergency department after receiving phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal.

Objectives: Phenobarbital (PB) is a long-acting GABA A-agonist with favorable pharmacokinetics (long half-life and duration of effect) that allows effective treatment of alcohol withdrawal (AW) after administration of a single loading dose. Current evidence suggests that in the setting of AW, PB administration may be associated with decreased hospital admissions and hospital length of stay. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety outcomes of AW patients who were treated and discharged from the emergency department (ED) after receiving PB for AW. Methods: This retrospective chart review included a convenience sample of 33 AW patients who presented to four EDs within an 18-month span. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to describe demographics, distribution of resources and referrals, and the safety outcomes of PB administration for low-risk AW patients. Patients were selected for inclusion in consultation with a medical toxicologist, treated with PB, and discharged from the ED. Electronic medical records were utilized to gather information on the patient cohort. Results: All patients were treated with at least a single loading dose of 5‒10 mg/kg (ideal body weight) of intravenous or per os PB during their ED stay. Only one patient had an unanticipated event after discharge, which was related to driving against advice. Two additional patients had ED revisits for recurrent alcohol use within 72 h, and 16 patients had recurrent alcohol use within 30 days. All 33 patients were provided with resources for linkage to treatment. None required hospital admission. Conclusion: ED PB "load and go" may be a safe, effective AW treatment that could help treat AW, facilitate linkage to specific rehabilitation treatments, and decrease hospital admissions.

Combined Ethylene Glycol Poisoning with Methemoglobinemia Due to Antifreeze Ingestion.

BACKGROUND: Antifreeze poisoning is potentially life-threatening and often requires multiple antidotal therapies and hemodialysis. Ethylene or propylene glycol toxicity is commonly caused by antifreeze ingestion. However, ingestion of antifreeze is typically not associated with methemoglobinemia. Currently, only one other case of antifreeze ingestion causing combined ethylene glycol poisoning and methemoglobinemia has been reported. CASE REPORT: A 56-year-old man presented after a witnessed, intentional, large-volume antifreeze ingestion. Evaluation revealed dark brown blood and significantly elevated methemoglobin and ethylene glycol levels. He was successfully treated with methylene blue, fomepizole, and hemodialysis. No other potential cause for methemoglobinemia was elucidated, and further research indicated that minor components of the specific antifreeze product served as an oxidizing agent. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: This case highlights the impact of minor, unreported product components that may significantly contribute to clinical toxicity, as well as the need to remain vigilant when reviewing product information and potential limitations therein.

You Dropped the Bomb on Me: A Case Series of Carbon Tetrachloride Toxicity.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is a colorless, clear liquid with a sweetish, ether-like, nonirritant odor. It was previously used in dry cleaning agents, refrigerants, and fire extinguishers. CCl4 toxicity is rarely observed. Two patients with acute hepatitis following exposure to a CCl4-containing antique fire extinguisher are presented. A son (patient 1) and father (patient 2) were admitted to the hospital with acute, unexplained elevated transaminases. After extensive questioning, they reported recent exposure to a large amount of CCl4 when an antique firebomb shattered in their home. Both patients cleaned the debris without personal protective equipment and slept in the contaminated area. The patients presented to the emergency department (ED) at varying times between 24 and 72 hours after CCl4 exposure. Both patients received intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC); patient 1 also received oral cimetidine. Both recovered uneventfully without sequelae. Extensive workup for other causes of elevated transaminases was unremarkable. Serum analyses for CCl4 were also unremarkable due to the delay between exposure and hospital presentation. CCl4 is a potent hepatotoxin. CCl4 metabolism via cytochrome CYP2E1 produces its toxic metabolite, the trichloromethyl radical. This radical covalently binds to hepatocyte macromolecules and causes lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage with ensuing centrilobular necrosis. Treatment is not well established, but NAC is likely beneficial via glutathione repletion and antioxidant effects. Cimetidine blocks cytochrome P450 and, thus, metabolite formation. Cimetidine may also promote the stimulation of regenerative processes acting on DNA synthesis. CCl4 toxicity is rare and infrequently reported in current literature but should be maintained in the differential of acute hepatitis. Two patients presenting nearly identically - at two different ages but from the same household - offered a clue to this enigmatic diagnosis.

Skeletal fluorosis secondary to harmful inhalant use.

INTRODUCTION: Inhalants are common household items that may be abused for the desired effect of euphoria. Skeletal fluorosis is an uncommon and debilitating bone disorder caused by excess fluoride deposition. We report a case of skeletal fluorosis from chronic inhalation of an electronic duster product containing 1,1-difluoroethane. CASE: A 33-year-old male with inhalant use disorder presented to the emergency department with prominent bilateral hand swelling and long bone deformities. The patient reported five years of inhaling "surf onn.© electronic duster" (1,1-Difluoroethane). Diagnostic testing demonstrated urine fluoride 64.5 mg/L (ref <3) and serum fluoride 1.8 mg/L (ref <0.13). Radiographs demonstrated diffuse periosteal new bone formation and sclerosis consistent with skeletal fluorosis. CONCLUSION: Skeletal fluorosis is an uncommon complication of inhalant use disorder with products containing fluoride.

African Bush Viper Envenomation: A Case Report.

Atheris squamigera envenomation is an infrequently documented occurrence in the United States (US). Cases of envenomation may induce severe coagulopathies, renal failure, and potentially life-threatening hemorrhage. Currently, there are no antivenoms specific to the Atheris genus, but there have been documented cases of the use of antivenoms for other species. A 26-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of swelling and discomfort in his left foot after being bitten by an Atheris squamigera that he kept as a pet.After performing a physical exam, it was noted that the patient's envenomation was likely mild. Throughout his hospital stay, he developed lab abnormalities, most notably an elevated D-dimer and low fibrinogen. His clinical symptoms improved after a short stay, and he did not require antivenom treatment. This case highlights a rare, but potentially life-threatening envenomation that may be encountered in the US due to the continued practice of exotic pet ownership and sales. Moreover, procurement of antivenom for non-native species poses a unique challenge to US physicians responsible for treating these patients.

Influence of Pennsylvania liquor store closures during the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol withdrawal consultations.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a serious consequence of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic there was a closure of Pennsylvania (PA) liquor stores on March 17, 2020. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational study of AWS patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital. We used descriptive statistics for continuous and categorical variables and compared AWS consults placed to the medical toxicology service for six months preceding liquor store closure to those placed between March 17, 2020 and August 31, 2020. We compared this to consults placed to the medical toxicology service placed from October 1, 2019 through March 16, 2020. Charts were identified based on consults placed to the medical toxicology service, and alcohol withdrawal was determined via chart review by a medical toxicologist. This study did not require IRB approval. We evaluated Emergency Department (ED) length of stay (LOS), weekly and monthly consultation rate, rate of admission and ED recidivism, both pre- and post-liquor store closure. RESULTS: A total of 324 AWS consults were placed during the ten month period. 142 (43.8%) and 182 (56.2%) consults were pre- and post-liquor store closure. The number of consults was not statistically significant comparing these two time frames. There was no significant difference by patient age, gender, or race or by weekly or monthly consultation rate when comparing pre- and post-liquor store periods. The median ED LOS was 7 h (95% Confidence Interval (CI) Larson et al. (2012), Pollard et al. (2020) [5, 11]) and did not significantly differ between pre- and post-liquor store periods (p = 0.78). 92.9% of AWS patients required admission without significant difference between the pre- and post-liquor store closure periods (94.4% vs. 91.8%, p = 0.36). There was a significant increase in the number of AWS patients requiring a return ED visit (Odds Ratio 2.49; 95% CI [1.38, 4.49]) post closure. CONCLUSION: There were nearly 2.5 times greater odds of ED recidivism among post-liquor store closure AWS patients compared with pre-closure AWS patients.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with Henoch Schonlein Purpura in a pediatric patient.

Henoch Schonlein Purpura is a rare hypersensitivity vasculitis that is commonly associated with pediatric patients. It typically presents with purpuric rash to the lower extremities, abdominal pain and microscopic hematuria; however, it may also be associated with intussusception, glomerulonephritis and hypertension. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome is a poorly understood, rare condition associated with cerebral edema and segmental vasoconstriction. Typically characterized by headaches, seizures, and visual changes, which is presumed to be associated with rapid increases in blood pressure. We present the case of a 6-year-old female who developed Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome as a complication from Henoch Schonlein Purpura.