Changes in the Lipid Metabolism of the Longissimus thoracis Muscle in Bulls When Using Different Feeding Strategies during the Growing and Finishing Phases.

The objective was to evaluate the supplementation strategy's effect on beef cattle during the growing phase and two systems during the finishing phase. One hundred and twenty young bulls were randomly divided in a 2 × 2 factorial design to receive either mineral (ad libitum) or protein + energy (3 g/kg body weight (BW)/day) during the growing phase and pasture plus concentrate supplementation (20 g/kg BW/day) or feedlot (25:75% corn silage:concentrate) during the finishing phase. Feedlot-fed bulls had meat (Longissimus thoracis-LT) with a higher content of lipids and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and a greater upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c than animals that fed on pasture (p < 0.05). On the other hand, pasture-fed bulls had meat with a higher content of α-linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and n6 and a greater n6:n3 ratio compared to the feedlot-fed group (p < 0.05). In addition, meat from pasture-fed bulls during the finishing phase had 17.6% more isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme concentration than the feedlot group (p = 0.02). Mineral-fed and pasture-finished bulls showed down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (p < 0.05), while the bulls fed protein + energy and finished in the feedlot had higher carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 expression (p ≤ 0.013). In conclusion, mineral or protein + energy supplementation in the growing does not affect the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat of LT muscle. In the finishing phase, feeding bulls in the feedlot upregulates the lipogenic genes and consequently improves the intramuscular fat content in the meat.

Development of a Portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Tool for Detecting Freshness of Commercial Packaged Pork.

Real-time monitoring of meat quality requires fast, accurate, low-cost, and non-destructive analytical methods that can be used throughout the entire production chain, including the packaged product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of a portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy tool for the on-site detection of freshness of pork loin fillets in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) stored on display counters. Pork loin slices were sealed in MAP trays under two proportions of O2/CO2/N2: High-Ox-MAP (30/40/30) and Low-Ox-MAP (5/20/75). Changes in pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Warner−Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and microbiology (total viable counts, Enteriobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria) were monitored over 15 days post-mortem at 4 °C. VIS-NIR spectra were collected from pork fillets before (through the film cover) and after opening the trays (directly on the meat surface) with a portable LABSPEC 5000 NIR system in diffuse reflectance mode (350−2500 nm). Quantitative NIR models by partial least squares regression (PLSR) showed a promising prediction ability for meat color (L*, a*, C*, and h*) and microbiological variables (R2VAL > 0.72 and RPDVAL > 2). In addition, qualitative models using PLS discriminant analysis obtained good accuracy (over 90%) for classifying pork samples as fresh (acceptable for consumption) or spoiled (not acceptable) based on their microbiological counts. VIS-NIR spectroscopy allows rapid evaluation of product quality and shelf life and could be used for on-site control of pork quality.

An Exploratory Study of the Purchase and Consumption of Beef: Geographical and Cultural Differences between Spain and Brazil.

Beef consumption and production in Spain and Brazil are different with the consumption of beef in Brazil being three times higher than in Spain. In addition, there are variations in the economic value of production and in the traceability system. Therefore, the aim of this research was to understand the purchasing and consumption patterns using the customer behavior analysis technique of focus groups, which analyzed motivations for the consumption of beef, classifying their preferences by the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes at the time of purchase. The key aspect of the consumption of beef, both for Spanish and Brazilian consumers, was personal satisfaction/flavor. Spanish consumers were more conscious than Brazilians of the beneficial and harmful qualities that meat provides. The presence of fat was the factor that most restricted intake in both countries. The most important intrinsic attributes for Spanish and Brazilian consumers were the visual aspects of the meat: color, freshness, and the quantity and disposition of fat. The most important extrinsic characteristics were the price and expiration date. Spanish consumers see packaged meat as convenient and safe, although it is considered by Brazilians to be over-manipulated. The traceability certification on the label provides credibility to the product for the Spanish but only partially for Brazilians.

Fatty acid profile and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore cattle fed crude glycerin and virginiamycin.

Forty-eight bulls with an initial body weight (BW) of 408.4 ±â€¯22.2 kg (age = 21 ±â€¯2 months) were used in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The treatments were diets without virginiamycin (VM-) or with virginiamycin, at 25 mg/kg of dry matter (DM, VM+), and diets without crude glycerin (CG-) or with crude glycerin, at 100 g/kg DM (CG+). The cold carcass weight and cold carcass dressing (P ≤ 0.05) was greater in bulls fed crude glycerin diets. Total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) were 6.08% higher, and cooking weight loss was 10% lower in bulls fed CG+ diets, compared to bulls fed CG- diets (P = 0.0081). Crude glycerin at 100 g/kg DM could be a suitable replacement for VM, as it led to a slight increase in UFA deposition in meat. However, simultaneous administration of VM and CG did not positively affect performance and carcass traits of feedlot Nellore cattle.

Parameters of fermentation and rumen microbiota of Nellore steers fed with different proportions of concentrate in fresh sugarcane containing diets.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a fresh sugarcane-based diet and different roughage-to-concentrate ratios (70:30, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80) on the rumen microbiota associated with rumen fermentation parameters and the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Nellore steers. Eight rumen-cannulated Nellore steers (331 ± 8 kg BW) were distributed in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design balanced for the control of the residual effect. The ruminal pH decreased (p < 0.01) and the concentrations of N-NH3, isovaleric and valeric acids increased linearly (p < 0.05) with an increase dietary concentrate level. Furthermore, an increased concentrate proportion reduced the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococus flavefaciens (p < 0.01) and increased the population of Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii (p < 0.01). The protozoa count revealed a predominance of the genus Entodinium. The synthesis of microbial N [g/d] and the efficiency of microbial synthesis [g of microbial N/kg of organic matter apparently digested in the rumen] increased as the proportion of concentrate was increased (p < 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that an increasing proportion of concentrate in sugarcane-containing diets enhances the synthesis of microbial protein and does not alter the fibre digestibility, although the population of fibre fermenting bacteria was reduced.

Effect of Lipid Sources with Different Fatty Acid Profiles on Intake, Nutrient Digestion and Ruminal Fermentation of Feedlot Nellore Steers.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight±27 kg) were distributed in a duplicated 5×5 Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of NH3-N (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

Lipid Sources with Different Fatty Acid Profile Alters the Fatty Acid Profile and Quality of Beef from Confined Nellore Steers.

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of lipid sources with different fatty acids profile on meat fatty acids profile and beef quality traits of Nellore. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial body weight of 419±11 kg (at 15±2 mo) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF), and soybean grains (SG). No effects of lipid sources were observed (p>0.05) on beef color, pH, water-holding capacity, and sarcomere length. Beef from cattle fed PO had greater shear-force values (p<0.05) compared to beef from cattle fed WF. Deposition of main unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) was greater in treatments WF, SG, and LO, respectively, while the values of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were greater when animals were fed LO. The inclusion of LO in the diet enhances the concentration of CLA in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat besides improving the atherogenicity index and elongase activity. As such, LO can be used with the aim to improve the quality of beef from confined Nellore cattle. Conversely, the use of PO is not recommended since it may increase the concentration of undesirable unsaturated fatty acids in muscle and subcutaneous fat, shear-force and the atherogenicity index.

Implantação e avaliação do método de multicateterização em ovinos / Implantation and evaluation of the multicatheterization method in lambs

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o método de multicateterização utilizado para estudar o metabolismo visceral em ruminantes. Quatro ovinos Ideal ï Texel (peso vivo (PV) médio de 35 ± 2,5kg) foram implantados com cateteres permanentes nas veias mesentérica, porta e hepática. Sangue arterial foi acessado através de cateteres temporários implantados na carótida. A estimativa de fluxo de sangue portal e visceral foi feita com o uso do indicador paraminohipurato. Todos os cateteres mantiveram-se viáveis durante um período de no mínimo 45 dias. O fluxo de sangue visceral foi em média de 147l h-1 ou 4,2l h-1 kg-1 de PV, similar ao obtido em outros estudos com ovinos. Contudo, os dados de fluxo de sangue portal obtidos na maioria dos animais foram negativos e irreais, provavelmente devido a problemas relacionados à posição da ponta do cateter e à inadequada mistura do indicador no sangue portal. A medida do fluxo de metabólitos pelo sistema visceral utilizando animais multicateterizados pode constituir-se em uma ferramenta adicional útil para avaliar o valor nutricional dos alimentos e o metabolismo dos ruminantes. No entanto, os procedimentos de implantação dos cateteres, assim como o desenho e o protocolo experimental deste tipo de estudo, necessitam ser aperfeiçoados para aumentar a precisão e confiabilidade dos dados.

This study was aimed at evaluating the multicatheterization method, used to study visceral metabolism in ruminants. Four Polwarth ï Texel lambs (35 ± 2.5kg mean live weight (LW)) were surgically fitted with chronic indwelling catheters in a mesenteric, the portal and a hepatic vein. Arterial blood samples were withdrawn from the carotid artery using temporary catheters. Paraminohippurate was used as indicator to estimate portal and visceral blood flow. All catheters were patent throughout a 45 days period. Mean visceral blood flow was 4.2l h-1 kg-1 of LW, similar to that obtained in others studies with sheep. However, almost all portal blood flow values were negative and unreal. The explanation for these results is not clear, but it was likely due to problems associated to portal catheter tip positioning into the vessel and poor indicator mixing in portal blood. Despite of this, the measurement of the net visceral flux of metabolites using multicatheterized animals may represent a useful tool to evaluate the nutritional value of feedstuffs and ruminant metabolism. The procedures for catheter implantation, however, as well as the experimental design and protocol, need to be improved to enhance data precision and reliability in these studies.

Uso da creatinina como indicador da excreção urinária em ovinos / Creatinine use as an indicator of urinary excretion in ovines

Este estudo foi conduzido para determinar a excreção diária de creatinina e verificar o potencial de seu uso como indicador da produção urinária em ovinos. A medida da excreção urinária total de creatinina foi feita com base em dados e em amostras obtidas de quatro experimentos de digestibilidade conduzidos previamente com ovinos mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas. Em todos os experimentos, foi feita a coleta diária total de urina durante cinco dias em cada período experimental. Adicionalmente, em um dos experimentos, foram coletadas amostras de urina dos animais de duas em duas horas durante um período de 24 horas. A excreção total de creatinina (média de 660mg dia-1) foi diferente entre experimentos (P<0,01) e entre animais (P<0,01). A excreção diária como proporção do peso corporal (média 23,2mg kg-1 de peso vivo) foi diferente entre experimentos (P<0,01), mas semelhante entre animais, tratamentos e períodos (P>0,05). Por sua vez, a concentração de creatinina na urina foi diferente entre os experimentos (P<0,01), animais (P<0,01), períodos (P<0,05) e também nos diferentes horários de um período de 24 horas (P<0,01). A estimativa da produção urinária dos animais, com base na concentração de creatinina em amostras pontuais de urina, pode ser confiável somente se, em pelo menos um animal representativo de um grupo experimental, for realizada coleta total de urina para medida de excreção média desse metabólito por unidade de peso corporal. Além disso, amostras pontuais de urina devem ser coletadas em diferentes horários para constituir uma amostra composta representativa de um ciclo de 24 horas.