Coptoborus ochromactonus, n. sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), an emerging pest of cultivated balsa (Malvales: Malvaceae) in Ecuador.

A new species of xyleborine ambrosia beetle has been found to attack balsa, Ochroma pyramidale (Cavanilles ex Lamarck) Urban, in Ecuador. Coptoborus ochromactonus Smith & Cognato is described and its biology is reported. Large-scale surveys were conducted between 2006 and 2009, and observational studies were carried out between 2010 and 2013 in Ecuadorian commercial plantations to determine life history and host preference characteristics. C. ochromactonus attacked balsa between 1.5 and 3 yr in age. Successful attacks were more prevalent in smaller diameter trees and unhealthy trees. In general, attacks and beetle-caused mortality were more prevalent during the dry summer months when trees were under more moisture and light stress. Fungal mycelia were consistently observed coating beetle galleries and are likely the true damaging agent to balsa trees.

Fitting together: copulatory linking in some Neotropical Chrysomeloidea

Copulatory linking of male and female genitalic structures in 11 Neotropical species of Chrysomelidae and one species of Megalopodidae was studied by freezing and then dissecting pairs of beetles in copula. In Megalopus armatus (Megalopodidae) the male has a long endophallus with complex membranous protuberances and a terminal flagellum that probably reaches the spermatheca. In the subfamily Eumolpinae the females have telescoping ovipositors through which the male endophalli pass, reaching to or near the mouth of the spermathecal duct. A long thin flagellum is probably inserted into the spermathecal duct. The male endophalli are braced inside the female using various structures, including two pairs of lateral appendages and apical appendages (both lateral pairs sclerotized in Colaspis sanjoseana and only the basal pair in Brachypnoea irazuensis), a pair of membranous swellings (in Metaxyonycha amasia), and apical microspicules on the endophallus (in Xanthonia). In the subfamily Galerucinae, males of Metrioidea and Diabrotica (tribe Galerucini) have relatively short endophalli ornamented with sclerotized hooks, spines and needles. In Metrioidea elongata the long needle-like endophallic spines of the male were erected inside the female and penetrated the wall of her bursa. In the tribe Alticini, the male endophallus is very short and does not enter the female in two species, Alagoasa gemmata and Walterianella sp. Instead, the apical parts of the female bursae were everted, and were clamped by sclerites of the male median lobe. The male genitalia of Plectrotetra hirsuta reached deep into the female, to the median oviduct, far beyond the mouth of the spermathecal duct. Both rigid and membranous structures meshed in complex ways. When these observations are combined with published descriptions of mating in other Chrysomelidae, the great diversity of copulatory morphology in these families comes into sharper focus.

Se describen los coajustes mecánicos entre las estructuras genitales de machos y hembras de 11 especies neotropicales de Chrysomelidae y una especie de Megalopodidae. Las parejas fueron congeladas durante la cópula y después disectadas. En Megalopus armatus (Megalopodidae) el macho tiene un endofalo largo, con protuberancias membranosas complejas, y un flagelo terminal que probablemente penetra el largo del ducto de la espermateca hasta el lumen de la espermateca. En la subfamilia Eumolpinae, las hembras tienen ovipositores telescópicos, a través de los cuales los endofali de los machos pasan para llegar hasta o cerca a la boca del ducto de la espermateca. Es probable que el largo y delgado flagelo se inserta en el ducto de la espermateca. El endofalo del macho se apoya dentro de la hembra por varias estructuras, las cuales incluyen dos pares de apéndices laterales y apéndices apicales (ambos pares laterales son esclerotizados en Colaspis sanjoseana, únicamente el par basal en Brachypnoea irazuensis), un par de hinchamientos membranosos (en Metaxyonycha amasia), y espículas apicales sobre el endofalo (en Xanthonia). En la subfamilia Galerucinae, los machos de Metrioidea y Diabrotica (tribu Galerucini) tienen endofalos relativamente cortos, pero adornados con varios ganchos, espinas y agujas. En Metrioidea elongata las largas espinas endofálicas se abrieron dentro de la hembra, y penetraron las paredes de su bursa. En la tribu Alticini, el endofalo del macho de dos especies, Alagoasa gemmata y Walterianella sp., es muy corto y no entró al cuerpo de la hembra. En su lugar, la parte apical de la bursa de la hembra fue evertida, y fue agarrada por escleritos del lóbulo mediano del macho. Los genitales de Plectrotetra hirsuta penetraron profundamente en la hembra, llegando probablemente hasta el oviducto mediano, más profundo que la boca del ducto de la espermateca. Estructuras de...

Fitting together: copulatory linking in some Neotropical Chrysomeloidea.

Copulatory linking of male and female genitalic structures in 11 Neotropical species of Chrysomelidae and one species of Megalopodidae was studied by freezing and then dissecting pairs of beetles in copula. In Megalopus armatus (Megalopodidae) the male has a long endophallus with complex membranous protuberances and a terminal flagellum that probably reaches the spermatheca. In the subfamily Eumolpinae the females have telescoping ovipositors through which the male endophalli pass, reaching to or near the mouth of the spermathecal duct. A long thin flagellum is probably inserted into the spermathecal duct. The male endophalli are braced inside the female using various structures, including two pairs of lateral appendages and apical appendages (both lateral pairs sclerotized in Colaspis sanjoseana and only the basal pair in Brachypnoea irazuensis), a pair of membranous swellings (in Metaxyonycha amasia), and apical microspicules on the endophallus (in Xanthonia). In the subfamily Galerucinae, males of Metrioidea and Diabrotica (tribe Galerucini) have relatively short endophalli ornamented with sclerotized hooks, spines and needles. In Metrioidea elongata the long needle-like endophallic spines of the male were erected inside the female and penetrated the wall of her bursa. In the tribe Alticini, the male endophallus is very short and does not enter the female in two species, Alagoasa gemmata and Walterianella sp. Instead, the apical parts of the female bursae were everted, and were clamped by sclerites of the male median lobe. The male genitalia of Plectrotetra hirsuta reached deep into the female, to the median oviduct, far beyond the mouth of the spermathecal duct. Both rigid and membranous structures meshed in complex ways. When these observations are combined with published descriptions of mating in other Chrysomelidae, the great diversity of copulatory morphology in these families comes into sharper focus.

The genera of Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Costa Rica.

Keys in Spanish and English are given for the genera of Chrysomelinae known from Costa Rica. For each genus, a list of species compiled from collections in the University of Costa Rica, the National Biodiversity Institute, and the entomological literature is presented. The genus Planagetes Chevrolat 1843 is recorded for the first time from Central America, and the genus Leptinotarsa Stål 1858 is synonymized with Stilodes Chevrolat 1843.