Ethnic/Racial and Geographic Disparities on Major Cardiovascular Events in Glucagon Like Peptide-1 receptor Agonists Trials: A Meta-Analysis.

Higher rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are found among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. These groups also experience a higher rate of cardiovascular and renal complications. Despite the previously mentioned high risk, these minority groups are usually underrepresented in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to report the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) on major cardiovascular events (MACE) in subgroup analysis along different ethnic/racial and geographical groups in patients with T2D included in cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs). A meta-analysis of randomized studies that evaluated the use of GLP-1 RAs in patients with T2D and reporting MACE across ethnic/race and geographical regions groups was performed after searching the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scielo, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Controlled Trials databases. This meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Measures of the effect size were expressed as odds ratios (ORs). Fixed or random effects models were used. Seven trials, including 58,294 patients, were identified and considered eligible for the analyses. GLP-1 RAs were associated with a reduction in MACE incidence in Europe (OR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65-0.91) and Asia/Pacific (OR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55-0.90) regions with no significant reduction observed in North America (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.86-1.05) and Latin America (OR 0.87, 95%CI: 0.63-1.21) MACE reduction was observed in all ethnic/race groups evaluated with exception to black patients. In this meta-analysis, we observed ethnic/racial and geographic disparities in MACE reduction with GLP-1 RAs in CVOTs. Consequently, we believe it is essential to systematically include and assess ethnic/racial minorities in clinical studies.

The Attitudes of Physicians Toward Guideline Recommendations for the Management of Dyslipidemia in Clinical Practice - The VIPFARMA ISCP Project.

The aim of this study was to explore the different attitudes of physicians regarding international recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia in routine medical practice. Seven clusters of questions were designed to characterize the surveyed population. Eight hundred ninety-eight physicians answered the survey, 68.3% cardiologists and 40.0% had specialties related to cardiovascular prevention. 29.6% of physicians supported LDL goals above 70 mg/dL in secondary prevention. Acceptance of values lower than 70 mg/dL was associated with greater levels of continuing education (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.91; P = 0.014), specialization in preventive cardiology (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28-0.88; P = 0.017) or diabetology (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.98; P = 0.043). A less aggressive attitude toward the achievement of guideline goals were observed in physicians who considered LDL values higher than 70 mg/dL as the goal in secondary prevention. One-third of physicians in the survey do not follow goals recommended by international guidelines.

[Relación entre enfermedad cardiovascular y renal en una muestra de pacientes con diabetes del mundo real]. / Association between cardiovascular disease and kidney disease in a sample of real-world diabetes patients

Objectives: Kidney disease is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) with little research and a strong association with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study is to characterize the prevalence of kidney disease in a population of patients with type 2 diabetes who attend outpatient control by cardiology, to evaluate its degree of investigation and whether its presence impacts on the achievement of therapeutic goals and use of antidiabetics with cardiovascular and kidney protective effect. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and multicenter study, carried out in 44 centers in Argentina between May and July 2019. Results: A population with 693 patients with DM was included. The prevalence of CVD was 47.5% (329 patients) and that of microvascular disease was 42.3%. Albuminuria was evaluated only in 46.2% of the patients and was significantly higher in the group with renal impairment (RI). The presence of CVD in patients with RI was greater than in those without RI (64.8% vs. 42.2%; p = 0.0001). The presence of albuminuria was associated with a higher prevalence of CVD. The achievement of therapeutic goals was scarce and no differences were evidenced based on the presence of RI, except for the LDL goal. Low prescription of antidiabetic drugs with proven cardiovascular and kidney benefit was observed. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of the active search for kidney disease in patients with DM, exposing the low scope of therapeutic goals and the prescription of antidiabetic drugs with cardiovascular and kidney benefit.

Objetivos: La enfermedad renal es una de las complicaciones microvasculares de la diabetes mellitus (DM) con escasa pesquisa y gran relación con enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar la prevalencia de enfermedad renal en una población de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 que concurren a control ambulatorio por cardiología, determinar su grado de pesquisa y su posible efecto en el alcance de los objetivos terapéuticos y en el uso de los antidiabéticos con efecto protector cardiorrenal. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, observacional y multicéntrico realizado en 44 centros de Argentina entre mayo y julio de 2019. Resultados: Se incluyó a 693 pacientes con una prevalencia de ECV establecida de 47.5% (329 pacientes) y de enfermedad microvascular de 42.3%. La albuminuria se valoró sólo en el 46.2% de los pacientes y fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con IR. La ECV en pacientes con IR fue mayor que en aquéllos sin IR (64.8% vs. 42.2%; p = 0.0001). La presencia de albuminuria se acompañó de mayor prevalencia de ECV. El alcance de los objetivos terapéuticos fue escaso y no se reconocieron diferencias en función de la IR, a excepción del objetivo de LDL. Se observó baja prescripción de fármacos antidiabéticos con probado beneficio cardiorrenal. Conclusiones: El trabajo resalta la importancia de la búsqueda activa de la enfermedad renal en pacientes con diabetes, lo que revela el bajo alcance de los objetivos terapéuticos y la prescripción de fármacos antidiabéticos con beneficio cardiorrenal.

Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Non-Infected Cardiometabolic Patients from the Americas during the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Sub-Analysis of the CorCOVID-LATAM Study.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination (IV) and Pneumococcus vaccination (PV) are recommended for patients with cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the immunization rate of ambulatory cardiometabolic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Americas. METHODS: Electronic surveys were collected from 13 Spanish speaking countries between 15 June and 15 July 2020. RESULTS: 4216 patients were analyzed. Mean age 60 (±15) years and 49% females. Global IV rate was 46.5% and PV 24.6%. Vaccinated patients were older (IV = 63 vs. 58 years; PV = 68 vs. 59, p < 0.01) but without gender difference. Vaccination rates were greater in higher-risk groups (65+, diabetics, heart failure), but not in coronary artery disease patients. In the Southern cone, the rate of IV and PV was approximately double that in the tropical regions of the Americas. In a multivariate model, geographic zone (IV = OR 2.02, PV = OR 2.42, p < 0.001), age (IV = OR 1.023, PV = OR 1.035, p < 0.001), and incomes (IV = OR 1.28, PV = OR 1.58, p < 0.001) were predictors for vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ambulatory patients with cardiometabolic diseases from the Americas with no evidence of COVID-19 infection had lower-than-expected rates of IV and PV. Geographic, social, and cultural differences were found, and they should be explored in depth.

[Efectos del aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2].

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio sobre al aumento de peso, el nivel de actividad física, la adherencia al tratamiento y la inmunización antigripal y antineumocócica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Método: Se realizó un seguimiento telefónico de pacientes con DM2 luego de al menos 100 días de comienzo del aislamiento. Se compararon dos regiones agrupadas en relación con el número de casos: región 1, más de 150 casos/100, 000 habitantes, y región 2, más de 150 casos/100,000 habitantes. Resultados: Se contactaron 454 pacientes con DM2. El 42% reportaron incremento de peso y el 7% refirió haber aumentado más de 5 kg. En relación con la actividad física, se observó un promedio más bajo en la región 1 (367.5 [0-5698] MET/sem) que en la región 2 (720 [0-7066] MET/sem) (p = 0.0009). La adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico disminuyó en forma global, pero aumentó en las zonas de mayor circulación viral. Por otra parte, hubo un incremento de vacunación antigripal y antineumocócica, alcanzando coberturas del 80% y el 70%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: En una población de alto riesgo cardiovascular y con una prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad elevada, el aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio se asoció con ganancia de peso y menos actividad física, lo que podría resultar deletéreo sobre la salud cardiovascular de los pacientes con DM2. Por otro lado, se observan algunos aspectos positivos, como el aumento de las inmunizaciones y el incremento de la adherencia en las zonas más afectadas.

Características clínicas y control cardiometabólico de personas con diabetes en el consultorio de cardiología en la República Argentina / Clinical Characteristics and Cardiometabolic Control of Persons with Diabetes in the Cardiology Office in Argentina

RESUMEN Introducción: La cardiología tiene un rol protagónico en el control y el tratamiento de las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). No contamos con datos epidemiológicos locales acerca de los pacientes con DM2 asistidos por la especialidad. Objetivos: Evaluar las características clínicas, enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) y tratamiento de personas con DM2 en el consultorio de cardiología. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional en 17 provincias de la Argentina durante 3 meses. Resultados: Se incluyeron 694 pacientes. La edad media fue de 64.7 ± 10.5 años, con un tiempo de evolución de la DM2 de 10.7 ± 9.3 años, índice de masa corporal de 32 ± 5,9 kg/m2, HbA1c de 7,3 ± 1,6 % y tensión arterial 135/80 mmHg. El 70% de los pacientes presentaba 2 o más factores de riesgo. El 48,1% presentaba ECV y el 40,9% enfermedad microvascular (31,4% nefropatía, 10,5% retinopatía, 8,3% neuropatía, 3,3% pie diabético). El 57,3% se encontraban con antiagregantes, 84,3% con inhibidores del sistema renina/angiotensina/aldosterona (iECAS/ARAII), 79,5% con estatinas. Asimismo, el 85,9% recibía metformina, seguido de inhibidores de la dipeptidil peptidasa-4 (iDDP4) (24,1%), insulina (22,2%), sulfonilureas (SU) (14,3%), inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 (iSGLT2) (9,8%), agonistas del receptor glucagón like (arGLP1) (3%) y glitazonas (1,3%). El 55,9% tenía HbA1c < = 7%, 61,7% TA <140/90 mmHg, 58,5% LDL <100 mg/dl y 28,5% LDL <70 mg/dl. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con DM2 presentaba dos o más factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y una elevada prevalencia de complicaciones asociadas. Observamos un bajo alcance de los objetivos terapéuticos, así como también un bajo uso de fármacos con beneficio cardiovascular.

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiology has a leading role in the control and treatment of persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). We do not have local epidemiological data about patients with DM2 treated by cardiologists. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and treatment of patients with DM2 attending a cardiology office. Methods: We conducted and observational study in 17 provinces of Argentina during three months. Results: A total of 694 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 64.7±10.5 years, time of disease progression 10.7±9.3 years, body mass index 32±5.9 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.3%±1.6, and blood pressure 135/80 mm Hg. Seventy percent of the patients presented two or more risk factors, 48.1% had CVD and microvascular disease was present in 40.9% of cases (kidney disease in 31.4%, retinopathy in 10.5%, neuropathy in 8.3% and diabetic foot in 3.3%). Patients were receiving antiplatelet agents in 57.3% of cases, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) in 84.3% and 79.5% were treated with statins. Hypoglycemic agents included metformin in 85.9% of patients, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors in 24.1%, sulfonylureas (SU) in 14.3%, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in 9.8%, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in 3% and glitazones in 1.3%. HbA1C levels ≤7% were achieved by 55.9% of patients, BP <140/90 mm Hg by 61.7%, and LDL-C <100 mg/dL by 58.5% and <70 mg/dL by 28.5%. Conclusions: Most patients with DM2 presented two or more cardiovascular risk factors and a high prevalence of associated complications. Treatment goals were achieved by a low number of patients and the use of medications with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit was low.

Impact of the Pandemic on NonInfected Cardiometabolic Patients: A Survey in Countries of Latin America-Rationale and Design of the CorCOVID LATAM Study.

BACKGROUND: The first case of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Latin America was detected on February 26th, 2020, in Brazil. Later, in June, the World Health Organization announced that the focus of the outbreak had shifted to Latin America, where countries already had poor control of indicators of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Concerns about coronavirus infection led to a reduced number of visits and hospitalizations in patients with NCDs, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. There is a need to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients who have cardiometabolic diseases but do not have clinical evidence of COVID-19 infection. METHODS: The CorCOVID LATAM is a cross-sectional survey of ambulatory cardiometabolic patients with no history or evidence of COVID-19 infection. The study will be conducted by the Interamerican Society of Cardiology. An online survey composed of 38 questions using Google Forms will be distributed to patients of 13 Latin American Spanish-speaking countries from June 15th to July 15th, 2020. Data will be analyzed by country and regions. Seven clusters of questions will be analyzed: demographics, socioeconomic and educational level, cardiometabolic profile, lifestyle and habits, body-weight perception, medical follow-up and treatments, and psychological symptoms. RESULTS: Final results will be available upon completion of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The present study will provide answers regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on noninfected cardiometabolic patients. Data on this topic are scarce, as it is an unprecedented threat, without short-term solutions.

CONTEXTE: Le premier cas de maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en Amérique latine a été détecté le 26 février 2020 au Brésil. En juin, l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé a annoncé que le foyer de l'épidémie s'était déplacé en Amérique latine, où le suivi des indicateurs relatifs aux maladies non transmissibles est déjà déficient. Les préoccupations relatives à l'infection par le coronavirus ont entraîné une diminution du nombre de consultations et d'hospitalisations des patients atteints d'une maladie non transmissible, comme une ma-ladie cardiovasculaire, le diabète ou un cancer. Il est donc nécessaire d'évaluer l'incidence de la pandémie de COVID-19 chez les patients atteints d'une maladie cardiométabolique ne présentant aucun signe clinique d'une infection au virus de la COVID-19. MÉTHODOLOGIE: L'étude CorCOVID LATAM est une enquête transversale menée auprès des patients ambulatoires atteints d'une maladie cardiométabolique n'ayant pas d'antécédents d'infection au virus de la COVID-19 et ne présentant aucun signe d'une telle infection. L'étude est réalisée par la Société interaméricaine de cardiologie. Du 15 juin au 15 juillet 2020, on a demandé aux patients de 13 pays hispanophones d'Amérique latine de répondre à un questionnaire en ligne de 38 questions dans Google Forms. Les données seront analysées par pays et par région. Les réponses aux questions seront examinées selon sept grands thèmes : caractéristiques démographiques, caractéristiques socioéconomiques et niveau de scolarité, profil cardiométabolique, mode de vie et habitudes, perception quant au poids corporel, suivi et traitements médicaux et symptômes psychologiques. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats seront publiés à la fin de l'étude. CONCLUSIONS: L'étude fournira des renseignements sur l'incidence de la pandémie de COVID-19 chez les patients atteints d'une maladie cardiométabolique non infectés. Les données sur cette question sont rares, puisqu'il s'agit d'une menace sans précédent, à laquelle il n'existe de surcroît pas de solution à court terme.

Realidad de los pacientes con hipertensión arterial de la costa del río Uruguay asistidos por especialistas en cardiología (Registro Río Uruguay I) / Reality of Hypertensive Patients from the Uruguay River Coast Assisted by Specialists in Cardiology (Río Uruguay Registry I)

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión es uno de los principales factores que aumentan la "carga" de la enfermedad aterosclerótica. Objetivo: Analizar las características, el tratamiento y el grado de control en pacientes atendidos por cardiólogos en nuestra zona de influencia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 13 consultorios de cardiología donde se analizaron las características clínicas, tensión arterial y tratamiento farmacológico. Resultados: Se enrolaron 519 pacientes en 3 meses, hombres: 44,9%, edad: 61,5 años, tiempo de hipertensión: 11,2 años, enfermedad cardiovascular: 24%, tensión arterial promedio: 133/79,8 mmHg. Entre los pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular, el 73% tenían riesgo cardiovascular bajo (<10%). El 39,1% recibía dos drogas; el 26,8%, tres; el 24,7%, uno; el 7,9% cuatro; y el 1,35%, cinco drogas. Finalmente, el 60,5% de los pacientes estaba en el objetivo de tensión arterial (<140/90 mmHg). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con hipertensión evaluados en nuestra área geográfica presentaban bajo riesgo cardiovascular y alto uso de combinaciones farmacológicas. El 60% alcanzaban los objetivos de tensión arterial.

ABSTRACT Background: Hypertension is one of the main factors that increase the "burden" of atherosclerotic disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics, treatment and degree of control in patients treated by cardiologists in our area of influence. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 13 cardiology offices analyzing hypertensive patients' clinical characteristics, blood pressure and pharmacological treatment. Results: A total of 519 patients with the following characteristics were enrolled during a 3-month period: 44.9% were men, mean age was 61.5 years, the spell of hypertension was 11.2 years, 24% of patients had cardiovascular disease and mean blood pressure was 133/79.8 mmHg. Among patients without cardiovascular disease, 73% had low cardiovascular risk (<10%). Hypertensive treatment showed that 39.1% of patients were receiving two drugs, 26.8% three, 24.7% one, 7.9% four and 1.35% five drugs. Finally, 60.5% of patients was within the target blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg). Conclusions: Hypertensive patients evaluated in our geographical area presented low cardiovascular risk and high use of pharmacological combinations. Pressure targets were achieved in 60% of cases.

Mesa 2: Insuficiencia cardíaca y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Table 2: heart failure and diabetes mellitus type 2

Desde que el estudio Framingham en 1974 reportó un aumento de dos a cinco veces en el riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM), otros estudios observacionales confirmaron esta asociación que ha tomado gran visibilidad en los últimos años a partir de los resultados de los estudios de seguridad cardiovascular de las drogas antidiabéticas. La IC se define como un síndrome clínico que resulta del deterioro funcional o estructural del llenado ventricular o la eyección de sangre. Puede clasificarse según la fracción de eyección, la presencia de síntomas y la limitación de la actividad física. Existen distintos factores asociados a la IC en personas con DM como la edad, la antigüedad de la enfermedad, la utilización de insulina, la enfermedad coronaria, la hipertensión arterial, la enfermedad arterial periférica, el aumento de creatinina, el escaso control glucémico, la albuminuria y la obesidad. A su vez la IC se asocia a insulinorresistencia y a estados disglucémicos que se consideran de riesgo para el desarrollo de DM. En la fisiopatología están implicados el sistema nervioso simpático, el sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, los péptidos natriuréticos, alteraciones renales, remodelación del ventrículo izquierdo, miocardiopatía diabética, neuropatía autonómica cardíaca y la inflamación. El diagnóstico de IC es clínico; los estudios complementarios orientan en el diagnóstico etiológico y son útiles en el seguimiento. El buen control glucémico es importante pero no suficiente para reducir el desarrollo de IC. Se ha descripto que algunos antidiabéticos podrían incrementar el riesgo de falla cardíaca y, por el contrario, otros tendrían un efecto beneficioso. El tratamiento de la IC no difiere de una persona sin DM. Dado que el pronóstico de la IC en los pacientes con DM es más severo, los esfuerzos deben centrarse en prevenir, diagnosticar y tratar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular para reducir el desarrollo de IC.

Since the Framingham study in 1974 reported a 2 to 5 fold increase in the risk of developing heart failure (HF) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), other observational studies confirmed this association that has gained great visibility in recent years from of the results of cardiovascular safety studies of antidiabetic drugs. HF is defined as a clinical syndrome that results from functional or structural deterioration of ventricular filling or blood ejection. It can be classified according to the ejection fraction, the presence of symptoms and the limitation to physical activity. There are different factors associated with HF in people with DM such as age, duration of the disease, insulin use, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, increased creatinine, poor glycemic control, albuminuria and obesity. In turn, HF is associated with insulin resistance and dysglycemic states that are considered of risk for the development of DM. Pathophysiology involves the sympathetic nervous system, the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, natriuretic peptides, kidney abnormalities, left ventricular remodeling, diabetic cardiomyopathy, autonomic cardiac neuropathy, and inflammation. The diagnosis of HF is clinical, complementary studies guide the etiological diagnosis and are useful for follow-up. Good glycemic control is important but not sufficient to reduce the development of HF. It has been described that some antidiabetics could increase the risk of heart failure, while others would have a beneficial effect. The treatment of HF does not differ from a person without DM. Since the prognosis of HF in patients with DM is more severe, efforts should be focused on preventing, diagnosing and treating cardiovascular risk factors, to reduce the development of HF

Target heart rate to determine the normal value of coronary flow reserve during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: The determination of coronary flow reserve (CFR) is an essential concept at the moment of decision-making in ischemic heart disease. There are several direct and indirect tests to evaluate this parameter. In this sense, dobutamine stress echocardiography is one of the pharmacological method most commonly used worldwide. It has been previously demonstrated that CFR can be determined by this technique. Despite our wide experience with dobutamine stress echocardiography, we ignored the necessary heart rate to consider sufficient the test for the analysis of CFR. For this reason, our main goal was to determine the velocity of coronary flow in each stage of dobutamine stress echocardiography and the heart rate value necessary to double the baseline values of coronary flow velocity in the territory of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. METHODS: A total of 33 consecutive patients were analyzed. The patients included had low risk for coronary artery disease. All the participants underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography and coronary artery flow velocity was evaluated in the distal segment of LAD coronary artery using transthoracic color-Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: The feasibility of determining CFR in the territory of the LAD during dobutamine stress echocardiography was high: 31/33 patients (94%). Mean CFR was 2.67 at de end of dobutamine test.There was an excellent concordance between delta HR (difference between baseline HR and maximum HR) and the increase in the CFR (correlation coefficient 0.84). In this sense, we found that when HR increased by 50 beats, CFR was ≥ 2 (CI 93-99.2%). In addition, 96.4% of patients reached a CFR ≥ 2 (IC 91.1 - 99%) at 75% of their predicted maximum heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the feasibility of dobutamine stress echocardiography to determine CFR in the territory of the LAD coronary artery was high. In this study, it was necessary to achieve a difference of 50 bpm from baseline HR or at least 75% of the maximum predicted heart rate to consider sufficient the test for the analysis of CFR.

Aplicación de normas de radioprotección en los servicios de radiología

Este trabajo tuvo por objeto verificar si los hospitales de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y del Gran Buenos Aires (GBA) cumplen con las normas básicas de seguridad radiológica en los servicios de radiología particularmente referidas al registro diario del dosímetro; al uso correcto del dosímetro, al uso correcto de los elementos de protección; al registro de placas radiológicas realizadas; al control de ingreso a las áreas restringidas de personas ajenas a los servicios; al uso de elementos de protección personal y finalmente si las instalaciones cuentan con los materiales aislantes adecuados y si se realiza el mantenimiento y supervisión de los equipos. Los resultados señalan que solo el Hospital Pirovano de la ciudad de Buenos Aires cumple con el 100 por ciento de las normas, seguido por los hospitales Roffo, Roca y San Isidro (GBA) con el 85 por ciento de cumplimiento. La investigación ha demostrado que existen graves irregularidades en la aplicación de las normas en la mayoría de los hospitale encuestados, especialmente en lo referente a la proteccion de las personas que ingresan en las areas restringidas ajenas a los servicios. Asimismo la investigacion remarca la importante diferencia entre los hospitales municipales de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y provinciales del GBA respecto al uso de los elementos de proteccion por parte del personal (medicos y tecnicos radiologos) a favor de los primeros, infiriendose como factores a destacar en la falta de cumplimiento de las normas, la falta de concientizacion de los riesgos por el personal y la irresponsabilidad institucional, al no ejercer un adecuado control