Paternal depression during pregnancy and postpartum: An international Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Fathers are at risk for depression during a mother's gestation and postpartum. Assessment, detection, and treatment are hampered by the lack of consensus on this issue. The purpose of this study was to reach expert consensus through the Delphi method on the defining factors of depression in peripartum fathers. METHODS: Purposive sampling resulted in the surveying of 14 international expert panelists. The study used a modified Delphi approach in which experts participated in two rounds of open-ended and scale questionnaires, followed by two rounds of opportunities to adjust their responses and/or comment on evolving data until consensus was achieved. RESULTS: Experts responded to 10 questions on terminology, diagnostics, symptomology, risk/protective factors, biological factors, assessment tools/protocol, cost implications, and key stakeholders. Of these 10 questions presented for discussion, the analysis resulted in 197 coded themes. Consensus was met for 119 of the 197 coded responses (60.41%). LIMITATIONS: Diversity of opinion within this Delphi Study was excluded for the sake of consensus. Regression to the mean may have occurred after continuous surveying and when evolving results were shared with panelists. Critics of Delphi methodologies have pointed to the issue of small expert samples typically used and the subjectivity of "expert." CONCLUSION: Consensus identified diagnostic criteria and symptomology that differentiates the paternal experience of peripartum depression. Experts indicated the importance of a father's social context, biological risk factors, limitations of current assessment tools, key stakeholders, and potential financial costs. Stakeholders on this issue would benefit from translating consensus into assessment and treatment.

Exploring family factors and sexual behaviors in a group of Black and Hispanic adolescent males.

OBJECTIVE: To explore family factors that influence sexual behaviors among a group of Black and Hispanic adolescent males. METHODS: One hundred seventy-eight subjects were selected from a convenience sample of 431 adolescents who participated in a 1996 Youth Survey conducted in San Bernardino County, California. RESULTS: Having a sibling who was a teen parent was significantly associated with engaging in sexual intercourse among Hispanics. Among Blacks, having a father who was a teen dad was significantly associated with sexual intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed relationships between family characteristics and sexual attitudes and behaviors among participants.