Perfil das pessoas com diabetes que utilizaram a telefarmácia na pandemia de covid-19: resultados da DIABETES / Profile of people with diabetes who used telepharmacy during the covid-19 pandemic: results from DIABETES / Perfil de personas con diabetes que usaron telefarmacia durante la pandemia de covid-19: resultados de DIABETES

O objetivo foi analisar o perfil das pessoas com diabetes que utilizaram a telefarmácia na pandemia de covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados oriundos da websurvey DIABETESvid que ocorreu nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2020. Verificou-se que 45 participantes recorreram à telefarmácia, sendo que 55,6% eram do sexo masculino, 42,2% tinham idade compreendida entre 18 e 34 anos e 46,7% estudaram 12 ou mais anos. Além disso, 48,9% autorreferiram diabetes mellitus tipo 1. A maioria usava insulina (55,6%) e obteve os medicamentos para o diabetes em farmácias do sistema público de saúde (60%). Ademais, as pessoas que tiveram o diagnóstico de covid-19 buscaram mais pela telefarmácia (RP=2,20; IC95% 1,23­3,94). Sabe-se que os medicamentos são essenciais para o tratamento do diabetes. Logo, no período estudado em que se preconizava o distanciamento físico, os participantes apropriaram-se da telefarmácia a fim de obter a integralidade do cuidado

The objective was to analyze the profile of people with diabetes who used telepharmacy during the covid-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the DIABETESvid websurvey that took place in September and October 2020. It was found that 45 participants used telepharmacy, 55.6% of whom were male, 42.2% were between 18 and 34 years-old and 46.7% studied 12 or more years. In addition, 48.9% self-reported type 1 diabetes mellitus. Most used insulin (55.6%) and obtained their diabetes medication from pharmacies in the public health system (60%). Also, people diagnosed with covid-19 used telephar-macy more often (PR=2.20; 95%CI 1.23­3.94). It is known that drugs are essential for the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, in the period studied in which physical distancing was advocated, the participants used telepharmacy to obtain comprehensive care

El objetivo fue analizar el perfil de las personas con diabetes que utilizaron la telefarmacia durante la pandemia del covid-19. Estudio transversal con datos de la encuesta por internet DIABETESvid realizada en septiembre y octubre de 2020. Se encontró que 45 participantes recurrieron a la telefarmacia, de los cuales el 55,6% eran hombres, el 42,2% tenían entre 18 y 34 años y el 46,7% estudiaban 12 o más años. Además, el 48,9% se autorrefirió diabetes mellitus tipo 1. La mayoría utilizaba insulina (55,6%) y recibía su medicación antidiabética en farmacias del sistema público (60%). Además, las personas diagnosticadas con covid-19 buscaron telefarmacia con más frecuencia (RP = 2,20; IC 95% 1,23­3,94). Los medicamentos son esenciales para el tratamiento de la diabetes. Por lo tanto, en el período estudiado en el que se propugnaba el distanciamiento físico, los participantes se apropiaron de la telefarmacia para la atención integral

Alcohol abuse in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary health care: a cross-sectional study. / Consumo abusivo de álcool em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 da atenção primária à saúde: um estudo transversal.

This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze alcohol abuse in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary health care. Household data were collected from March to October 2018 in the Family Health Strategy in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo through face-to-face interviews with a form application. The pattern of alcohol consumption was estimated with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. A total of 338 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated, and 19.2% (95%CI 15.0-23.4) engaged in alcohol abuse. Among them, we observed a higher frequency of males (63.1%), aged 60 to 64 years (35.4%), economic class C (49.2%), 1-4 schooling years (53.8%), and multimorbidity (92.3%). There was a negative association between alcohol abuse and drug therapy adherence (PR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.36-0.86). The frequency of alcohol abuse and non-adherence to drug treatment among those with a high consumption pattern is troubling since it can lead to diabetes complications. Therefore, we underscore the importance of multidimensional elderly care and health education in primary care.

Objetivou-se analisar o consumo abusivo de álcool em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados domiciliar, realizado no período de março a outubro de 2018, na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevistas face a face com aplicação de um formulário. O padrão de consumo de álcool foi estimado pelo Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. Participaram 338 idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo que 19,2% (IC95% 15,0-23,4) consumiam álcool abusivamente. Entre eles, observou-se maior frequência do sexo masculino (63,1%), faixa etária entre 60 e 64 anos (35,4%), classe econômica C (49,2%), escolaridade de 1 a 4 anos (53,8%) e multimorbidade (92,3%). Verificou-se a associação negativa entre consumo abusivo de álcool e adesão à farmacoterapia (RP = 0,55; IC95% 0,36-0,86). A frequência do consumo abusivo de álcool, bem como a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso entre aqueles com padrão de consumo elevado mostrou-se preocupante, uma vez que pode conduzir a complicações do diabetes. Logo, salienta-se a importância do cuidado multidimensional ao idoso e a educação em saúde na atenção primária.

Glycemic outcomes of people with diabetes mellitus in Brazilian primary health care.

Background: The capillary blood glucose monitoring program at home a challenge in primary health care. Therefore, it is fundamental to identify the glycemic control of people with diabetes mellitus through HBA1c and to analyze its associated factors. Objective: To identify the glycemic profile of people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) through HbA1c and analyze factors associated. Materials & methods: Cross-sectional study developed in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Secondary data from the electronic health record of people registered in the Primary Health Care system were used. A sample of 3181 participants was obtained. People with HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) were considered to have adequate glycemic control. For people aged ≥ 55 years, a less stringent target, < 8.0% (64 mmol/mol), was also considered. The odds ratio was the measure of effect analyzed with their respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Results: Adequate glycemic control with HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was found in 44.8% of people and, when using the less rigid target, HbA1c < 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) for people aged ≥ 55 years-old, 70.6% had adequate glycemic control. Age and drug therapy were associated with adequate glycemic control (p < 0.001), which was more frequent among older people and those who used only metformin. Conclusion: The study shows that the achievement of adequate glycemic control is still a challenge, especially with regard to younger people and those who use insulin.

Effectiveness of a minimally processed food-based nutritional counselling intervention on weight gain in overweight pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a nutritional counselling intervention based on encouraging the consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods, rather than ultra-processed products, and the practice of physical activities to prevent excessive gestational weight gain in overweight pregnant women. METHODS: This was a two-armed, parallel, randomized controlled trial conducted in primary health units of a Brazilian municipality from 2018 to 2021. Overweight, adult pregnant women (n = 350) were randomly assigned to control (CG) or intervention groups (IG). The intervention consisted of three individualized nutritional counselling sessions based on encouraging the consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods rather than ultra-processed products, following the NOVA food classification system, and the practice of physical activities. The primary outcome was the proportion of women whose weekly gestational weight gain (GWG) exceeded the Institute of Medicine guidelines. Adjusted logistic regression models were employed. RESULTS: Complete data on weight gain were available for 121 women of the IG and 139 of the CG. In modified intention-to-treat analysis, there was a lower chance of the IG women having excessive GWG [OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.32, 0.98), p = .04], when compared to the CG. No between-group differences were observed for the other maternal outcomes investigated. CONCLUSION: The present study was unprecedented in demonstrating that nutritional counselling based on the NOVA food classification system, together with encouraging the practice of physical activity, is effective in preventing excessive weight gain in overweight pregnant women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered on July 30th 2018 at Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-2w9bhc).

Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional de beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família / Food and Nutritional Insecurity of Bolsa Família Program Beneficiaries

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a condição de insegurança alimentar e nutricional de famílias beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família, residentes no distrito sanitário oeste do município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de um recorte populacional realizado de janeiro a outubro de 2018 com entrevista a 246 titulares do Programa Bolsa Família. Foram coletadas variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e insegurança alimentar e nutricional por meio da escala brasileira de insegurança alimentar. A insegurança alimentar e nutricional foi de 94,3%, das quais 27,6% apresentavam o nível moderado e 25,6% o grave. Houve predomínio de titulares do sexo feminino (97,6%), cor/ raça parda (54,9%), baixa escolaridade (53,3%) e desempregados (64,6%). A maior frequência de famílias beneficiárias pertencia ao estrato social intermediário (54%), residiam em casa própria (62,6%) e com crianças menores de sete anos (57,7%). Quanto às famílias, 60,4% recebiam o benefício há mais de 48 meses, 74,3% recebiam o valor de R$ 200,00 ou menos e 70,7% utilizavam a maior proporção para aquisição de alimentos. Evidenciou-se elevada vulnerabilidade das famílias estudadas, apontando a situação de privação alimentar e/ou fome experimentadas pelas famílias.

This study aims to evaluate the food and nutritional insecurity of families benefiting from the Bolsa Família Program residing in the western health district of the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. This is a cross-sectional study of a population subset carried out from January to October 2018 through interviews with 246 participants of the Bolsa Família Program. Socioeconomic and demographic variables and food and nutritional insecurity data were collected using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Food and nutritional insecurity were at 94.3%, of which 27.6% had a moderate level, and 25.6% had a severe level. There was a predominance of female heads of households (97.6%), mixed-race ethnicity (54.9%), a low education level (53.3%), and unemployed individuals (64.6%). The highest frequency of beneficiary families belonged to the intermediate social stratum (54%), resided in their own homes (62.6%), and had children under seven years old (57.7%). Regarding the families, 60.4% had received the benefit for more than 48 months, 74.3% received an amount of R$ 200.00 or less, and 70.7% used most of the funds to purchase food. The study highlighted a high vulnerability among the families, indicating a situation of food deprivation and/or hunger experienced by the families.

Consumo abusivo de álcool em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 da atenção primária à saúde: um estudo transversal / Alcohol abuse in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary health care: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o consumo abusivo de álcool em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 da atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta de dados domiciliar, realizado no período de março a outubro de 2018, na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevistas face a face com aplicação de um formulário. O padrão de consumo de álcool foi estimado pelo Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. Participaram 338 idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo que 19,2% (IC95% 15,0-23,4) consumiam álcool abusivamente. Entre eles, observou-se maior frequência do sexo masculino (63,1%), faixa etária entre 60 e 64 anos (35,4%), classe econômica C (49,2%), escolaridade de 1 a 4 anos (53,8%) e multimorbidade (92,3%). Verificou-se a associação negativa entre consumo abusivo de álcool e adesão à farmacoterapia (RP = 0,55; IC95% 0,36-0,86). A frequência do consumo abusivo de álcool, bem como a não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso entre aqueles com padrão de consumo elevado mostrou-se preocupante, uma vez que pode conduzir a complicações do diabetes. Logo, salienta-se a importância do cuidado multidimensional ao idoso e a educação em saúde na atenção primária.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze alcohol abuse in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary health care. Household data were collected from March to October 2018 in the Family Health Strategy in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo through face-to-face interviews with a form application. The pattern of alcohol consumption was estimated with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C. A total of 338 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated, and 19.2% (95%CI 15.0-23.4) engaged in alcohol abuse. Among them, we observed a higher frequency of males (63.1%), aged 60 to 64 years (35.4%), economic class C (49.2%), 1-4 schooling years (53.8%), and multimorbidity (92.3%). There was a negative association between alcohol abuse and drug therapy adherence (PR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.36-0.86). The frequency of alcohol abuse and non-adherence to drug treatment among those with a high consumption pattern is troubling since it can lead to diabetes complications. Therefore, we underscore the importance of multidimensional elderly care and health education in primary care.

Self-Care and Resilience in People with Diabetes Mellitus in the COVID-19 Pandemic / Autocuidado e Resiliência em Pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus na Pandemia da COVID-19 / Autocuidado y Resiliencia en Personas con Diabetes Mellitus en la Pandemia del COVID-19

Abstract Isolation and social distancing imposed adjustments in the lifestyle of people with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are more likely to develop more severe forms of COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between self-care and resilience in people with DM during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an observational-cross-sectional web survey with 1,475 Brazilian adults with DM. An instrument of sociodemographic and clinical variables and the DSC and CD-RISC 10 scales were used from March to October 2020. An increase in average resilience was observed with increasing age and that it was higher among proper self-care behaviors. The highest averages of resilience were found for men, with T2DM, under oral medication, no change in DM control during the pandemic, those who had telemedicine consultations, and were isolated. The development of resilience is suggested as a protective factor in clinical practice in DM.

Resumo O isolamento e o distanciamento social impuseram ajustes no estilo de vida de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (DM), que têm maiores chances de desenvolverem formas mais graves de COVID-19. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre autocuidado e resiliência em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Realizou-se um websurvey observacional-transversal com 1.475 brasileiros adultos com DM. Utilizou-se um instrumento de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e as escalas QAD e CD-RISC 10 entre março-outubro de 2020. Observou-se aumento na média de resiliência com o aumento da idade e que ela foi maior entre os comportamentos de autocuidado realizados de forma adequada. As maiores médias de resiliência foram para homens, com DM2, medicação via oral, sem mudança no controle do DM durante a pandemia, que tiveram contato com profissional de saúde por telemedicina e que ficaram isolados. Sugere-se o desenvolvimento da resiliência como fator de proteção na prática clínica em DM.

Resumen El aislamiento y distanciamiento social han definido el estilo de vida de las personas con diabetes mellitus (DM), quienes tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar una forma más grave de COVID-19. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el autocuidado y la resiliencia en personas con Diabetes Mellitus (DM) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Encuesta web observacional-transversal con 1475 adultos brasileños con DM. Se utilizó un instrumento de variables sociodemográficas-clínicas y las escalas QAD, CD-RISC 10 entre marzo-octubre 2020. Hubo un aumento de la resiliencia media con el aumento de la edad y que fue mayor entre las conductas de autocuidado adecuada. Los promedios de resiliencia más altos fueron, con DM2, medicación oral, sin control de DM durante una pandemia, tuvieron contacto con un profesional de salud a través de telemedicina y fueron aislados. El desarrollo de la resiliencia se sugiere como factor protector en la práctica clínica en DM.

Variables associated with adherence to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus among elderly people.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence and variables associated with the adherence to medical treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly people attending the family healthcare units in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This is a population-based household survey with a random conglomerate sample of 338 elderly people. Treatment adherence was measured with the Brief Medication Questionnaire. Poisson regression model was used for gross and adjusted analyses at 95% confidence intervals and P value. RESULTS: Adherence to treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus among elderly people was found to be 52.4% (95%CI 47.9-57.7). There was evidence of positive associations between treatment adherence and age older than 80 years, one to four years of schooling, non-abusive alcoholic use, self-efficacy, clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus only, non-obesity, use of oral anti-diabetic drugs, non-occurrence of side effects, no daily use of multiple-dose medication, no delay in medication delivery and treatment at family healthcare units (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Low treatment adherence was found to be important and it was also possible to know the variables influencing this process. Strategies aimed at improving adherence to medical treatment should be a priority in the family healthcare units for the control of diabetes.

Onde os brasileiros obtiveram os medicamentos para o diabetes na pandemia de COVID-19? Resultados da DIABETESvid / Where did Brazilians get their diabetes drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic? DIABETESvid results

O acesso aos medicamentos para o diabetes é fundamental para o controle da doença. Contudo, o distanciamento social na pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter limitado a provisão de medicamentos e insumos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as fontes de obtenção dos medicamentos para o diabetes na pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Os dados são oriundos da pesquisa DIABETESvid e nesta análise considerou-se a amostra de conveniência de 1608 participantes que responderam ao questionário divulgado em mídias sociais de sociedades científicas relacionadas ao diabetes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, conduzido na forma de websurvey, no período de 1 de setembro a 19 de outubro de 2020. O desfecho analisado foi as fontes de obtenção dos medicamentos para o diabetes categorizadas em farmácias do Sistema Único de Saúde, farmácias do programa "Aqui Tem Farmácia Popular", bem como, farmácias e drogarias privadas e outras fontes. A maioria dos participantes autorreferiu diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (49,8%), usava insulina (61,9%) e possuía plano privado de saúde (68,7%). As farmácias e drogarias privadas e outras fontes foram os principais locais de provisão dos medicamentos para o diabetes (47,5%). Os participantes que residiam na região Centro-Oeste do país apresentaram menor frequência de provisão em farmácias do programa "Aqui tem Farmácia Popular" (0,57; IC95% 0,36-0,92). Verificou-se, na amostra estudada, maior frequência de provisão dos medicamentos para o diabetes em farmácias e drogarias privadas e outras fontes com redução na frequência em farmácias públicas na pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil.

Access to diabetes medications is critical to disease control. However, social distancing in the COVID-19 pandemic may have limited the provision of medicines and supplies. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the sources of obtaining diabetes drugs in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The data came from the DIABETESvid survey, and this analysis considered a convenience sample of 1608 participants who responded to the questionnaire published on social media of scientific societies related to diabetes. This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in the form of a web survey, from September 1 to October 19, 2020. The outcome analyzed was the sources for obtaining diabetes drugs categorized in pharmacies of the "Sistema Único de Saúde", pharmacies of the "Aqui tem Farmácia Popular" program, as well as private pharmacies and drugstores and other sources. Most participants self-reported a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (49.8%), used insulin (61.9%), and had a private health plan (68.7%). Private pharmacies and drugstores and other sources were the main places where medicines for diabetes were supplied (47.5%). Participants residing in the Midwest region of the country had a lower frequency of supply in pharmacies in the "Aqui tem Farmácia Popular" program (0.57; 95%CI 0.36-0.92). In the studied sample, there was a higher frequency of supply of diabetes drugs in private pharmacies and drugstores and other sources with a reduction in frequency in public pharmacies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Use and access to medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly: a population-based household survey. / Uso e acesso aos medicamentos para o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em idosos: um estudo de base populacional.

The objective of this study was to analyze the use and access to medications for type 2 diabetes among older people registered in the family health strategy in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. A population-based household survey was undertaken with 338 older adults selected using two-stage cluster sampling. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes and access to medications was investigated using a structured questionnaire administered by means of face-to-face interviews. The number of medicines used to treat diabetes ranged between 1 and 4. Respondents predominantly used only oral antidiabetic agents. The use of metformin and sulfonylureas on their own was reported by 37.9% and 9.8% of respondents, respectively. Frequency of insulin use was greatest in the 80 years and overage group (38.9%). The large majority of respondents (96.4%) had full access to medicines. Means of payment was "free of charge" in 78.1% of the respondents and public pharmacies were the main source of medication (74.8%). The most commonly used oral antidiabetic was metformin, which is consistent with current treatment guidelines. However, the findings show inappropriate medication use among older people, more specifically the use of sulfonylureas on their own. The findings of this study highlight the important role played by the public health service in providing medications for type 2 diabetes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o uso e o acesso aos medicamentos para o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em idosos atendidos na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Trata-se de um inquérito domiciliar de base populacional realizado com 338 idosos, em amostragem por conglomerados. Investigou-se a farmacoterapia do diabetes e o acesso por meio de um questionário estruturado em entrevistas face a face. O número de medicamentos usados no tratamento do diabetes variou de um a quatro. Observou-se o predomínio de antidiabéticos orais, sendo o uso de apenas metformina autorreferido por 37,9% dos idosos, e 9,8% usavam sulfonilureia isoladamente. No grupo de idosos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos, percebeu-se maior frequência (38,9%) no uso de insulina do que nos outros grupos etários. O acesso total foi estimado em 96,4%, a forma de financiamento gratuita correspondeu a 78,1% e as farmácias do Sistema Único de Saúde foram os principais locais de provisão dos medicamentos (74,8%). A metformina foi o antidiabético oral mais usado pelos idosos, em conformidade com as atuais recomendações para o tratamento da doença. Contudo, verificou-se usos inapropriados, especificamente na utilização isolada de sulfonilureia. Além disso, evidenciou-se a importância do sistema público de saúde para o fornecimento dos medicamentos.

Uso e acesso aos medicamentos para o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em idosos: um estudo de base populacional / Use and access to medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly: a population-based household survey

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o uso e o acesso aos medicamentos para o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em idosos atendidos na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Trata-se de um inquérito domiciliar de base populacional realizado com 338 idosos, em amostragem por conglomerados. Investigou-se a farmacoterapia do diabetes e o acesso por meio de um questionário estruturado em entrevistas face a face. O número de medicamentos usados no tratamento do diabetes variou de um a quatro. Observou-se o predomínio de antidiabéticos orais, sendo o uso de apenas metformina autorreferido por 37,9% dos idosos, e 9,8% usavam sulfonilureia isoladamente. No grupo de idosos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos, percebeu-se maior frequência (38,9%) no uso de insulina do que nos outros grupos etários. O acesso total foi estimado em 96,4%, a forma de financiamento gratuita correspondeu a 78,1% e as farmácias do Sistema Único de Saúde foram os principais locais de provisão dos medicamentos (74,8%). A metformina foi o antidiabético oral mais usado pelos idosos, em conformidade com as atuais recomendações para o tratamento da doença. Contudo, verificou-se usos inapropriados, especificamente na utilização isolada de sulfonilureia. Além disso, evidenciou-se a importância do sistema público de saúde para o fornecimento dos medicamentos.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the use and access to medications for type 2 diabetes among older people registered in the family health strategy in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. A population-based household survey was undertaken with 338 older adults selected using two-stage cluster sampling. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes and access to medications was investigated using a structured questionnaire administered by means of face-to-face interviews. The number of medicines used to treat diabetes ranged between 1 and 4. Respondents predominantly used only oral antidiabetic agents. The use of metformin and sulfonylureas on their own was reported by 37.9% and 9.8% of respondents, respectively. Frequency of insulin use was greatest in the 80 years and overage group (38.9%). The large majority of respondents (96.4%) had full access to medicines. Means of payment was "free of charge" in 78.1% of the respondents and public pharmacies were the main source of medication (74.8%). The most commonly used oral antidiabetic was metformin, which is consistent with current treatment guidelines. However, the findings show inappropriate medication use among older people, more specifically the use of sulfonylureas on their own. The findings of this study highlight the important role played by the public health service in providing medications for type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes self-care practices and resilience in the Brazilian COVID-19 pandemic: results of a web survey: DIABETESvid.

BACKGROUND: The world guidance on the measures of social distancing for prevention of COVID-19 has changed the daily habits of great part of the population, and this could influence the care and resilience with diabetes during situations of adversity. This study aimed at assessing the characteristics of diabetic individuals and self-care practices and resilience with diabetes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional web survey study carried out among adults with diabetes, in which a structured 43-item questionnaire was conducted on the REDCap plataform, including the Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, to measure socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. The web survey was disseminated through the main social media and data were collected from September 1st to October 19th, 2020. Data analysis was performed according to type of diabetes mellitus (DM) and at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Of the 1633 participants, 67.5% were women, 43.2% aged between 35 and 59 years old, 68.0% lived in the south-eastern region of Brazil, 57.1% had a high education level, 49% reported to have DM1 and 140 participants reported to have had COVID-19. Diabetes care mostly involved the use of medications (93%), whereas the least used ones were physical activity (24.6%) and examination of the shoes (35.7%). About 40% of the participants reported to be followed up by telemedicine, 61.5% monitored the glycaemic levels, 61.2% followed a healthy diet and 43.4% left home only to go to the supermarket and drugstore. The mean resilience was 25.4 (SD = 7.7). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, individuals with diabetes followed social distancing and maintained their medication treatment for DM. However, practice of physical activity and foot examination was little followed by the participants, who also had a low level of resilience. These findings showed the importance of patient follow-up in the healthcare services, meaning that telemedicine should be improved and support provided for adaptation in view of the therapeutic setbacks.

Glycemic control in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending primary health care units.

AIM: To assess the glycemic control in elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attend the primary health care units in the city of Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with elderly people registered at the family health care system. Glycemic control was the dependent variable, which was measured by means of glycated hemoglobin test, whereas sociodemographic and clinical data were independent variables. RESULTS: 243 elderly people participated in the study, with the majority being females (67.1%), Caucasian (58.4%), within the age group of 60-69 years old (53.9%) and less than four years of study (74.9%). The mean glycated hemoglobin test was 7.2% (SD = 1.7). It was observed that 74.1% of the subjects had glycated hemoglobin test lower than 8.0%. A positive association between glycemic control and combined use of oral anti-diabetic drugs plus insulin was evidenced, whereas presence of cardiovascular disease, ulcer and amputation of lower extremities were the negative associations. CONCLUSION: The combined use of oral anti-diabetic drugs plus insulin was associated with adequate glycemic control in this elderly population. Among those who reported having a diabetic chronic complication, that is those who needed a stricter diabetes control, was observed a higher frequency of poor glycemic control. These findings are relevant in the primary care context to guide health care and interventions to achieve success in diabetes control.

Relationship between the quality of the pregnant woman's diet and birth weight: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Birth weight is a relevant predictor of childhood health outcomes. Studies investigating the association between modifiable risk factors, as the maternal diet quality, and birth weight are needed. We aimed to investigate the association between the Diet Quality Index Adapted for Pregnant Women (IQDAG) score and birth weight. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort that includes 547 Brazilian mother-child pairs. Dietary recalls and a food frequency questionnaire were obtained during pregnancy. Information on birth weight, sex, and gestation duration were obtained from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC). RESULTS: On total, 3.8% of the newborns were classified as low birth weight (LBW), 6.0% with macrosomia, 10.2% small for gestational age (SGA), and 11.2% large for gestational age (LGA). The mean (SD) IQDAG score was 70.1 (11.8). Adjusted logistic regression models showed that women in the third tertile of the IQDAG score presented a lower risk of having LGA babies [OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.22, 0.90), p-trend = 0.02] compared to the first tertile. Women in the third tertile of omega-3 intake presented a lower risk of giving birth to LGA infants [OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.15, 0.69), p-trend = 0.00] and LBW infants [OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.04, 0.83), p-trend = 0.02] when compared to the first tertile. There was also a lower SGA trend among the children of women in the third tertile of omega-3 intake [OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.17, 1.07), p-trend = 0.03] compared to the first tertile. CONCLUSION: A better diet quality and higher omega-3 intake are protective factors for LGA babies, and increased maternal omega-3 intake reduce the risk of LBW and LGA, and may be a protective factor against the birth of SGA infants.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity during pregnancy and birth outcomes.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of maternal dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and main food sources on the risk of preterm birth (PB) and offspring birth size. METHODS: Cohort study that included 733 Brazilian mother-child pairs. Two 24 h dietary recalls were obtained during pregnancy and the usual intake was estimated through the Multiple Source Method. Data of the offspring were extracted from the national live births information system. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship that energy-adjusted DTAC and food sources have with the outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 9.7% of the children were PBs, 6.0% were born with low birth weight (LBW), 6.7% with macrosomia, 9.3% were small for gestational age (SGA) and 16.4% large for gestational age (LGA). The mean energy-adjusted DTAC ± SD was 4.7 ± 2.1 mmol. The adjusted OR (95%CI) of PB for each increasing tertile of maternal DTAC were 0.71 (0.41, 1.30) and 0.54 (0.29, 0.98), when compared with the lowest intake. For LBW, these were 0.25 (0.09, 0.65) and 0.63 (0.28, 1.41). A likelihood of lower odds for PB was found for a higher intake of fruits [0.66 (0.39, 1.09)]. Women with a higher consumption of milk were less likely to have a child with LBW [0.48 (0.23, 1.01)], and children whose mothers reported a higher intake of beans had lower odds of being born LGA [0.61 (0.39, 0.93)]. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that a higher intake of foods with antioxidant activity during pregnancy might reduce the chance of adverse birth outcomes.

The feasibility of smartphone based retinal photography for diabetic retinopathy screening among Brazilian Xavante Indians.

AIMS: To evaluate the feasibility of smartphone based retinal photography for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening among Brazilian Xavante Indians and the yield of retinal images. METHODS: A non-probabilistic cluster sample of 170 individuals with and without diabetes was enrolled for ocular examination with a portable retinal camera during DR screening at two Xavante Reservations. Due to operational conditions and to optimize the field work, only the larger Xavante villages were included. Images were obtained after pupil dilation; image analysis included assessment of quality, presence of media opacities and diabetic retinopathy grading whenever possible for individuals with diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 157 individuals underwent the complete ocular imaging protocol, 95 with diabetes (60.5%). Among those with diabetes, 23 (24.2%) could not have DR graded because of media opacities. For those with gradable images, the frequency of DR was 22.2%; sight-threatening DR was present in 9.7%. The main causes for ungradable images were cataracts and asteroid hyalosis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of DR was higher than in previous studies, calling attention for its prevention in this vulnerable population. The screening model with a smartphone-based portable retinal camera is feasible and could increase screening coverage if associated with telemedicine.

Study Protocol effectiveness of a nutritional intervention based on encouraging the consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods and the practice of physical activities for appropriate weight gain in overweight, adult, pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from observational studies suggests that a greater intake of ultra-processed foods during pregnancy is associated with a higher chance of obesity, increased gestational weight gain, and neonatal adiposity. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention based on encouraging the consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods and the practice of physical activities for appropriate weight gain in overweight, adult, pregnant women. Additionally, the effect of the intervention on pregnancy outcomes, neonatal adiposity, and the child's weight and height will be investigated. METHODS: This is a two-armed parallel randomized controlled trial that will be conducted at primary health units in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Adult pregnant women who are overweight and receiving prenatal care in the public health system will be included. The women will be randomly allocated into control (standard care) or intervention groups. Those enrolled in the intervention group will participate in three individualized nutritional counselling sessions based on encouraging the consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods and the practice of physical activities. The recruitment of the participants will be carried out at seven health facilities over 12 months, with a sample of 300 women expected. Maternal anthropometric, sociodemographic, blood pressure, biochemical, and lifestyle data will be obtained at baseline (up to the 16th week of gestation), and during a second assessment (34th to 36th gestational week). The neonate body composition will be estimated after birth, and data on pregnancy outcomes, weight and height of children at 6, 12 and 24 months of age will be further obtained from medical records. DISCUSSION: This will be the first randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention based on encouraging the consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods and the practice of physical activities for appropriate weight gain in adult, overweight, pregnant women. Furthermore, the effect of the intervention on pregnancy outcomes, neonatal adiposity and the child's weight and height will be evaluated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (Rebec) RBR-2w9bhc July 30th 2018 (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/?q=RBR-2w9bhc+), and RBR-7yx36h June 4th 2019 (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/?q=RBR-7yx36h+0.