Variables that explain disordered eating behaviors among women: the mediating role of body dissatisfaction.

PURPOSE: To analyze the role of body dissatisfaction in the relationships of sociocultural influences, depression, and anxiety with disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in a sample of female Mexican university students. METHODS: A nonrandom sample of 526 female Mexican university students aged 18 to 25 years completed the Questionnaire of Influence on the Aesthetic Model of Body Shape (CIMEC-26), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8D) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). RESULTS: Through the mean model (χ2/df (5, n = 526) = 7.298, p = .199; NFI = .996; CFI = .999; RMSEA = .030; SRMR = .011), body dissatisfaction was found to mediate the relationships of influence of advertising, influence of social models and anxiety with DEB (restrictive dieting and bulimia). The variable with the most direct effect on restrictive dieting and bulimia was the influence of advertising. Body dissatisfaction partially mediated this relationship, as the influence of advertising had a significant direct effect on restrictive dieting and bulimia. The final model of direct and indirect effects explained 43% and 22% of the variance in restrictive dieting and bulimia, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that body dissatisfaction partially mediated the relationships between influence of advertising, influence of social models, and anxiety with DEB among women. Thus, these variables should be taken into account in prevention and intervention programs targeting BED. LEVEL V: Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study. LEVEL V: Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study.

Eficacia de las terapias online de activación conductual y cognitivo conductual para el tratamiento de la depresión en mujeres mexicanas víctimas de violencia / Efficacy of online behavioral activation and cognitive-behavioral therapies for the treatment of depression in Mexican women victims of violence

Antecedentes: La violencia contra la mujer (VCM) y la pandemia por COVID-19 son problemáticas que han afectado la salud mental de las mujeres, con secuelas como la depresión. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia del tratamiento breve de activación conductual (BATD) y la terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) con adaptaciones culturales administradas online (telesalud) para la depresión en víctimas de VCM durante la COVID-19 en México. Método: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 20 mujeres mexicanas de 18-60 años con depresión que experimentaron VCM en los últimos seis meses durante la COVID-19. Las participantes fueron asignadas de manera aleatorizada 1:1 a los grupos BATD y TCC. Para el análisis de datos se aplicaron las pruebas Friedman y U de Mann-Whitney, y se estimó el Índice de Cambio Confiable. Resultados: Se encontró una disminución en síntomas depresivos (p < .001) e incremento en los niveles de activación (p < .001) a favor del grupo BATD, al término de la intervención y en el seguimiento en contraste con la TCC. Conclusiones: La BATD mostró ser eficaz en crisis de emergencia sanitaria en contextos de VCM. Aunar evidencia de intervenciones eficientes para esta población contribuye a mitigar las afecciones de salud mental.

Background: Violence against women (VAW) and the COVID-19 pandemic are issues that have affected women's mental health, with sequela such as depression. Objective: To compare the efficacy of brief behavioral activation therapy (BATD) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with cultural adaptations administered online by telehealth for depression in victims of VAW during COVID-19 in Mexico. Method: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 20 Mexican women aged 18-60 years with depression who experienced VAW in the last six months during COVID-19. Participants were randomized 1:1 to the BATD and CBT groups. For data analysis, Friedman and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied, and the Reliable Change Index was estimated. Results: A decrease in depressive symptoms (p < .001) and an increase in activation levels (p < .001) were found in favor of the BATD group at the end of the intervention and at follow-up, in contrast to CBT. Conclusions: BATD was shown to be effective in health emergency crises in VAW contexts. Gathering evidence of efficient interventions for this population contributes to mitigating mental health conditions.

Emotional intelligence subdimensions as moderators in the association between body dissatisfaction and symptoms of eating disorders among female Mexican adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Strong empirical research has shown a relationship between body dissatisfaction and symptoms of eating disorders (ED) and the direct and combined influence of emotional factors and dimensions of emotional intelligence (EI) on ED symptoms. However, whether these emotional variables and competencies moderate the well-established relationship between body dissatisfaction and ED symptomatology has not yet been tested. Neither have studies of this nature been performed among high at-risk populations such as Mexican female adolescents. Thus, this research aimed to explore the moderator role of EI subdimensions in the relationship between body dissatisfaction and ED symptoms among female adolescents from Sinaloa, Mexico. METHODS: A total of 485 female adolescents aged 14-19 years old (M = 16.81, SD = 1.33) who were students in middle school, high school, and college completed questionnaires about body dissatisfaction, ED symptomatology, and EI. We conducted moderating analyses. RESULTS: Subdimensions of EI significantly moderated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and symptoms of ED. For participants high in body dissatisfaction, lower levels in stress management ability and higher levels in the interpersonal EI and Adaptability EI dimensions were associated with higher levels of ED symptomatology. DISCUSSION: Subdimensions of EI have an important role in moderating the association between body dissatisfaction and symptoms of ED. The findings of this study contribute to improving the knowledge about the role of emotional competencies in ED. Proposals for future research and to improve preventative approaches are discussed. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study shows the moderating role of EI dimensions in the well-established relationship between body dissatisfaction and ED symptomatology. The research was conducted with a population at high risk of ED: female adolescents in the northwest of Mexico. Results showed that low Stress management EI, high Adaptability EI, and high Interpersonal EI were associated with higher levels of ED symptomatology among participants with high (but not low) body dissatisfaction. These insightful results have theoretical and practical implications.

Psychosocial factors associated with the risk of developing psychosis in a Mexican general population sample.

Epidemiological evidence has linked an array of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors with an increased risk of developing psychosis. However, research in samples from low- and middle-income countries is still scarce. This study used a Mexican sample to explore (i) sociodemographic and psychosocial differences between individuals with and without a positive screen for Clinical High-Risk for psychosis (CHR), and (ii) sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with screening positive for CHR. The sample consisted of 822 individuals from the general population who completed an online survey. Of the participants, 17.3% (n = 142) met the CHR screening criteria. Comparisons between those who screened positive (CHR-positive group) and those who did not (Non-CHR group) showed that participants in the CHR-positive group were younger, had a lower educational level, and reported more mental health problems than the Non-CHR group. Furthermore, relative to the Non-CHR group, the CHR-positive group had a greater prevalence of medium/high risk associated with cannabis use, a higher prevalence of adverse experiences (bullying, intimate partner violence, and experiencing a violent or unexpected death of a relative or friend), as well as higher levels of childhood maltreatment, poorer family functioning, and more distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Groups did not differ in sex, marital/relationship status, occupation, and socio-economic status. Finally, when examined in multivariate analyses, the variables associated with screening positive for CHR were: having an unhealthy family functioning (OR = 2.75, 95%CI 1.69-4.46), a higher risk associated with cannabis use (OR = 2.75, 95%CI 1.63-4.64), a lower level of education (OR = 1.55, 95%CI 1.003-2.54), having experienced a major natural disaster (OR = 1.94, 95%CI 1.18-3.16), having experienced a violent or unexpected death of a relative or friend (OR = 1.85, 95%CI 1.22-2.81), higher levels of childhood emotional abuse (OR = 1.88, 95%CI 1.09-3.25), physical neglect (OR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.08-2.61), and physical abuse (OR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.05-2.61), and higher COVID-related distress (OR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01-1.20). An older age was a protective factor for screening positive for CHR (OR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.92-0.99). Overall, the findings highlight the importance of examining potential psychosocial contributors to psychosis vulnerability across different sociocultural contexts to delineate risk and protective processes relevant to specific populations and better target preventive intervention efforts.

The moderating role of emotional intelligence in the link between self-esteem and symptoms of eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to explore the moderating role of emotional intelligence (EI) in the relationship between self-esteem and eating disorders (ED) symptomatology. METHOD: A battery of online questionnaires was administered to a sample of 516 adults including university students and a community population. The sample, age range of 18-77 years (X = 38.90; SD = 14.76), was made up of 63% women and 32% men. RESULTS: EI moderated the association between self-esteem and ED symptomatology for the total sample. However, a gender-specific analysis showed that the moderation effect was only significant for women. Specifically, when women reported a low level of self-esteem, those with high scores in EI reported lower scores in ED symptoms than those with low EI. DISCUSSION: Our findings are discussed in terms of the need for future research to understand the different gender associations and to consider these differences in further intervention programs for reducing the risk of ED, in which training in emotional skills may be more beneficial for women than men.

Content validity of a psychological e-health program of self-control and motivation for adults with excess weight.

Excess weight requires multidisciplinary treatment, including psychology in face-to-face and e-health interventions. The need to analyse interventions' content validity has become evident. The objective is to assess content validity of a psychological e-health program of self-control and motivation for adults with excess weight. Six health professionals (a nutritionist, a personal trainer, physician and three psychologists) evaluated the content validity of the program. The results showed that the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) was 1 (the maximum value) for 11 of the 22 activities that comprise the program. This index fluctuated between 0.83 and 0.85 for the other activities, and the scale-level content validity index was greater than 0.90 for the four modules. In terms of relevance, effectiveness and appropriateness, 90%, 65% and 60% of the activities, respectively, obtained the maximum possible I-CVI, while the index was acceptable for the remainder of the activities. This is the first study about content validity of a psychological program for adults with excess weight in Mexico and it supported that the content program was suitable, and it may be used as a part of multidisciplinary treatments. This study also highlights the importance of involving an expert review in the development of intervention programs. This intervention program may be useful in the context of a multidisciplinary intervention; however, it is important to conduct studies to evaluate its efficacy.

Propiedades Psicométricas del Weight Loss Motivation Questionnaire en una Muestra de Estudiantes Universitarios Mexicanos / Psychometric Properties of the Weight Loss Motivation Questionnaire in a Sample of Mexican University Students

Resumen Conocer las razones iniciales que motivan el control del peso en una persona aumenta la probabilidad de éxito en el tratamiento. No obstante, aún son escasos los instrumentos con propiedades psicométricas óptimas para medir las razones por las cuales las personas quieren perder peso corporal. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la estructura factorial y la consistencia interna de las puntuaciones del Weight Loss Motivation Questionnaire (WLM-Q) en una muestra mexicana de estudiantes universitarios. Se realizó un estudio instrumental con un diseño transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 294 participantes, quienes respondieron el WLM-Q. El análisis factorial confirmatorio comprobó los tres factores generados en el estudio original: Apariencia en Relación a Otros, Apariencia en Relación a sí Mismo, y Salud (CFI = .96; TLI = .96; RMSEA = .07; SRMR = .08). El índice de consistencia interna fue adecuado para cada factor (α = 93, .91 y .92; Omega = .90, .89 y .87). Se concluye que los resultados sobre la validez y confiabilidad de las puntuaciones del WLM-Q son adecuados en la muestra estudiada; sin embargo, es necesario generar más evidencia respecto a la validez de las puntuaciones, la estabilidad de la medida y considerar otras muestras.

Abstract Knowing the initial reasons that motivate weight control in a person increases the likelihood of success in the treatment. However, instruments with optimal psychometric properties to measure why people want to lose weight are still scarce. The aim of this research was to evaluate the factorial structure and internal consistency of the Weight Loss Motivation Questionnaire (WLM-Q) scores in a Mexican sample of college students. An instrumental study with a cross-sectional design was performed. The sample consisted of 294 participants who answered the WLM-Q in a single session. Through the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the three-factor model from the original study was confirmed: Appearance in Relation to Others, Appearance in Relation to Itself, and Health (CFI .96; TLI .96; RMSEA .07; SRMR .08). A good internal consistency indexes were found for the factors (α = 93, .91, and .92, respectively; Omega .90, .89 and .87, respectively). It was concluded that factorial structure of the WML-Q scores confirmed the original structure and its reliability was adequate in the sample studied. However, it is necessary to continue generating evidence regarding the validity of the scores, their temporal stability and to consider other samples.

Intervención para reducir ansiedad, depresión y estrés en universitarios mexicanos durante la pandemia

RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudiantes universitarios padecen alteraciones psicológicas durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19, que es necesario atender de manera oportuna, para evitar complicaciones mayores. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de una intervención breve, en línea, para reducir síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia por la COVID-19. Métodos: Diseño cuasiexperimental, longitudinal (pretest-postest con un seguimiento) de un grupo experimental y un grupo control. Participó una muestra no probabilística intencional de 44 universitarios varones y mujeres de entre 18 y 24 años, quienes contestaron en los 3 momentos de evaluación la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Se llevó a cabo una intervención breve en línea, basada en psicoeducación y técnicas cognitivo conductuales para reducir ansiedad, depresión y estrés. Los datos grupales se analizaron con la prueba no-paramétrica de Friedman y de manera individual se calculó el cambio clínico objetivo. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en los 2 grupos en los 3 momentos de evaluación (x2 r; gl = 2; p > 0,05), pero al analizar el cambio clínico objetivo en el grupo experimental, se determinó que entre el pretest-postest y pretest-seguimiento, 40,7 % y 37,0 % de los participantes, presentaron un cambio clínico objetivo positivo en ansiedad. Para depresión fue positivo en 25,9 % y 18,5 %, y en estrés 11,1 % y 33,3 %, se observó en esta última variable, un incremento del porcentaje de universitarios con cambio positivo a través del tiempo. Conclusión: La intervención breve en línea redujo síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en universitarios durante la pandemia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: University students suffer psychological alterations during confinement due to COVID-19, that need to be addressed to in a timely manner to avoid further complications. Objective: Determine the effect of a brief online intervention to reduce anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Quasi-experimental-longitudinal design (pretest-posttest and one follow-up) of experimental and control group, 44 male and female university students between 18 and 24 years old were selected through a non-probabilistic intentional sampling, who answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale in three times of evaluation. A brief online intervention based on psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioral techniques was carried out to reduce anxiety, depression, and stress. Group data was analyzed with Friedman's non-parametric test and the clinical-objective-change was calculated individually. Results: There were no significant differences in the two groups at the three time of evaluation (x2r; gl = 2; p > 0.05), but when analyzing the clinical-objective-change in the experimental group, it was determined that between the pretest-posttest and pretest-follow up, 40,7 % y 37,0 % of the participants, presented a positive clinical-objective-change in anxiety. For depression, was also positive in 25,9% y 18,5 %; and in stress was of 11,1 % y 33,3 %, we can appreciate in this last variable an increase in the student´s percentage with a positive change through time. Conclusion: Brief online intervention reduced symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nuevas pruebas de validez y confiabilidad de la escala reducida del Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ-8D) en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas / New evidence about reliability and validity of the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8D) in a Sample of Mexican Women

Resumen: Antecedentes: El Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha utilizado ampliamente en población clínica y general destacando su carácter unidimensional para la medida de la insatisfacción corporal. Diversas investigaciones han generado hasta 10 versiones cortas basadas en reducciones del BSQ-34. Sin embargo, hasta el momento ninguna de ellas ha sido sometida a pruebas de confiabilidad y validez en muestras independientes. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura interna del BSQ-8D y su relación con los tres factores del Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés), así como la fiabilidad obtenida con un diseño de consistencia interna y otro de estabilidad temporal en una muestra de mujeres universitarias. Método: Participaron 492 mujeres universitarias quienes contestaron el BSQ-8D y el EAT-26. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura unidimensional del BSQ-8D. La consistencia interna fue adecuada, con α =.91 y ω = .89, así como la confiabilidad test-retest con un CCI = .80. La correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas de esta versión del BSQ y el EAT-26 fue de .56 y con sus factores fue .58 para Dieta, .33 para Bulimia y Preocupación por la Comida y .26 para Control Oral. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia empírica independiente que apoya la unidimensionalidad, la confiabilidad y la relación con las actitudes hacia la comida del BSQ-8D. Para fortalecer la solidez de esta versión del BSQ-8D hace falta recolectar datos en muestra clínica y en muestras de varones con y sin trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos.

Abstract: Background: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) has been widely used in the clinical and general population, highlighting its unidimensional nature. Research evidence has generated 10 short versions based on reductions of the BSQ-34. Hitherto, short versions have not been applied to analyze validity and reliability with independent samples. Aim: To analyze the internal structure of the BSQ-8D and its relationship with the three factors of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (AET-26), as well as the reliability obtained with a design of internal consistency and another of temporal stability in a sample of university women. Methods: Participants were 492 undergraduate women who completed the BSQ-8D and the EAT-26. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one factor structure of the BSQ-8D. The internal consistency was adequate, α = .91 and ω = .89, as well as the test-retest reliability ICC = .80. Correlation between this BSQ-8D version and those obtained in the EAT-26 was = .56 besides the correlations with its factors .58 for Dieting, .33 for Bulimia and Food Concerns, and .26 for Oral Control. Conclusions: These findings added independent evidence about the unidimensionality of the instrument. To strengthen the robustness of this version of the BSQ-8D it is necessary to collect data in clinical and men sample with and without feeding and eating disorders.

Evaluating different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire and invariance across age in Mexican women.

PURPOSE: To analyze the factorial structure of the eight short versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and analyze the factorial invariance of the best model, its convergent validity and its internal consistency in three age groups of Mexican women. METHODS: Women attending middle school (n = 261), high school (n = 245) and university (n = 296) participated in the study; their average age was 16.52 years (SD = 2.98), and they completed the BSQ, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Questionnaire on the Influences of the Aesthetic Body Ideal (CIMEC, its acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: The BSQ-8D model showed the best goodness-of-fit indices and evidence for configural, metric, scalar and structural invariance. Both the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the Omega coefficient for the BSQ-8D were .89. Likewise, the BSQ-8D was correlated with the EAT-40 (r = .60, p < .001) and the CIMEC (r = .77, p < .001), and both the total score and its items discriminated between women with and without abnormal eating behaviors (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The BSQ-8D has the best psychometric properties for the measurement of body dissatisfaction in the general population of Mexican women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Conductas alimentarias de riesgo, percepción de prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students / Risk eating behaviors, perception of parental practices and assertive behaviors in high school students

RESUMEN Introducción. Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentales y conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método. Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados. Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT-26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23) Conclusión. En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

ABSTRACT Background. Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method. With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing informed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results . Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion . The high school students-women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

ABSTRACT Background : Late adolescence is considered a risk stage for psychological health. The objective of this research was evaluating the association among risk eating behaviors (REB), parental practices and assertive behavior in high school students according to sex. Method : With a non-experimental design and transversal study participated 200 students (104 men and 96 women) from a public high school with age mean of 16.52 (SD = 1.05 years), who after signing in- formed consent fulfilled the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT), the Scale of Parental Practices for Adolescents (PP-A) which has nine subscales, four towards the father (PPf) and five towards the mother (PPm) and the Assertive Behavior Scale (CABS), all of them validated for Mexican population. Results : Differential associations were found according to sex: in women, EAT-26-Total was associated with CABS-Total, parental Communication, maternal Imposition and maternal Psychological Control (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectively); but in men, was only associated with parental Imposition (rs = -.30). The CABS-Total was associated with all PPm subscales in women (range rs = .22 to .36) and in men only with Communication, Psychological and Behavioral Control (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusion : The high school students -women to a greater degree- higher REB greater aggressive style (no assertiveness), greater maternal psychological control and less maternal behavioral control.

RESUMEN Introducción : Se considera que la adolescencia tardía es una etapa de vulnerabilidad para la salud psicológica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), prácticas parentalesPublication published by the Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica - IPOPS Work under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)conducta asertiva en estudiantes de preparatoria de acuerdo con el sexo. Método : Con un diseño no-experimental de tipo transversal, participaron 200 estudiantes mexicanos (104 hombres y 96 mujeres) de una preparatoria pública, con edad promedio de 16.52 (DE = 1.05 años), quienes después de un consentimiento informado contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias-26 (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés), la Escala de Prácticas Parentales para Adolescentes (PP-A) la cual posee nueve subescalas, cuatro hacia el padre (PPp) y cinco hacia la madre (PPm) y la Escala de Conducta Asertiva (CABS, por sus siglas en inglés), todos validados para población mexicana. Resultados : Se encontraron asociaciones diferenciales de acuerdo con el sexo: en las mujeres el EAT- 26-Total se asoció con: CABS-Total, Comunicación paterna, Imposición y Control Psicológico materno (rs = -.36, .25, -.28, -.36, respectivamente); mientras que, en los hombres sólo se asoció con Imposición paterna (rs = -.30). El CABS-Total se asoció con todas las subescalas de las PPm en las mujeres (rango rs = .22 a .36) y en los hombres solo con Comunicación, Control Psicológico y Conductual (rs = .30 .35, -.23). Conclusión : En los estudiantes mexicanos de preparatoria -en las mujeres en mayor grado- a mayor CAR mayor estilo agresivo (no asertividad), mayor control psicológico materno y menor control conductual materno.

Estatus de peso, conductas alimentarias de riesgo e insatisfacción corporal en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes / Weight status, risk eating behaviors and body dissatisfaction in adolescent and young women

Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo, estatus de peso e insatisfacción corporal en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes mexicanas. Materiales y métodos: participaron 487 mujeres, de una preparatoria pública (50,3%; Edad: media = 16,5, desviación estándar = 1,0 años) y de una universidad pública (49,7%; Edad: media = 19,7, desviación estándar = 1,4 años), seleccionadas con un muestreo no-probabilístico de tipo intencional. Considerando la edad se formaron dos grupos etarios (adolescentes y jóvenes). Las participantes contestaron una cédula de datos generales donde se reportó peso y estatura, asimismo, contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias y el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, ambos validados para población mexicana. Resultados: se encontró que 11,4% de las adolescentes y 6,6% de las jóvenes reportaron conductas alimentarias de riesgo; las de mayor presencia fueron la dieta restrictiva, evitar alimentos con azúcar y el conteo de calorías. Entre las jóvenes, a mayor índice de masa corporal mayor presencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo, no así entre las adolescentes. De manera general, las participantes con exceso de peso presentaron cinco veces mayor probabilidad de desarrollar conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Mientras que 18,8% de las adolescentes y 19,8% de las jóvenes presentaron insatisfacción corporal. Finalmente, en ambos grupos las conductas alimentarias de riesgo se asociaron con la insatisfacción corporal, excepto la conducta de vómito. Conclusiones: es necesario implementar medidas preventivas en esta población considerando el estatus de peso y la presencia de insatisfacción corporal..(AU)

Objective: to assess the association between risk eating behaviors, weight status and body dissatisfaction in adolescents and young women. Materials and methods: the sample comprised 487 Mexican students' women at public high school (50.3%; Age: mean = 16.5, standard deviation = 1.0 years) and public university (49.7%; Age: mean = 19.7, standard deviation = 1.4 years) selected according to a non-probabilistic method. Regarding the age two groups were formed (adolescents and young). All the participants completed identification card including weight and height as well as two test validated for Mexican population, Eating Attitude Test and Body Image Questionnaire. Results: between adolescents and young women 11.4 and 6.6% showed risk eating behaviors,respectively being the most frequent restrictive diet, avoiding sugar foods and counting calories. A direct relation between increasing body mass index and presence of risk eating behaviors was found for young women but not for adolescents. All the participants with overweight showed five more risk to develop risk eating behaviors while 18.8% of adolescents and 19.8% of young women showed body dissatisfaction. Finally, for both age groups risk eating behaviors were associated with body dissatisfaction except for vomiting. Conclusions: it is necessary preventive efforts in this population taking into account the weight status and the presence of body dissatisfaction..(AU)

Health-related quality-of-life model in adolescents with different body composition.

The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a causal model of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents with different body composition. The participants were 209 adolescents (107 women and 102 men) ranging from 10 to 15 years of age. A model based on that proposed by Wilson and Cleary (JAMA 273(1):59-65, 1995) was elaborated. The body composition of the participants was analyzed. They were asked to complete a battery of questionnaires composed of the following factors: biological status (BS; included body mass index and weight), symptomatic psychological status (SPS; included the variables of drive for thinness and food concerns), functional status (FS; composed of physical activity, food consumption estimation, and socioeconomic status), and HRQoL, which included the dimensions of psychological well-being, autonomy and relationship with parents, social support and peers, and the academic environment. Structural equation modeling produced a model, which obtained an adequate fit for the prediction of HRQoL (χ2(38) = 51.88, p = .07; NNFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.95, and RMSEA = 0.04). The main outcome demonstrated the indirect effect of BS (0.44) and SPS (- 0.45) as well as a direct effect of FS (0.21) on HRQoL. In addition, a second path was observed, BS has an indirect effect on FS (0.34) and FS on HRQoL (0.21). These results provide empirical support for the evaluated model.Level of evidence: Level V, Descriptive study.

Escala de Estimación del Consumo de Alimentos y Bebidas para Niños: Evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas / Estimation of Food and Beverages Intake Scale for Children: Evaluation of psychometric properties

Resumen Las estrategias para disminuir el sobrepeso y la obesidad no han tenido el impacto esperado. Se requiere desarrollar mayor conocimiento sobre las variables estimación del alimento y frecuencia de consumo. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento dirigido a evaluar la estimación de alimentos (EAL) y su frecuencia de consumo (FRC) en niños. Participaron 1,090 niños y niñas de 9 años de edad de la región Sur de Jalisco (México), quienes completaron la Escala de Estimación y Consumo de Alimentos en Niños (ECA-N), que consta de dos secciones: EAL y FRC. El análisis factorial exploratorio realizado con 545 de los participantes derivó tres factores para cada sección, mismos que posteriormente fueron corroborados con base a dos análisis factoriales confirmatorios, uno por sección, practicados con la segunda mitad de la muestra (n = 545). Ambos modelos registraron adecuados índices de bondad de ajuste. La versión final de la ECA-N, con 23 ítems, mostró poseer adecuada consistencia interna en sus dos secciones: EAL (α = .86) y FRC (α = .84). Se discute sobre la necesidad de extender el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la ECA-N en niños de otras regiones del país.

Abstract The strategies to reduce overweight and obesity have not had the expected impact. It is necessary to develop greater knowledge regard food estimation and intake frequency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of an instrument aimed at the evaluation of meals (EM) and its intake frequency (IFR) in children. A total of 1,090 9-year-old boys and girls from the South region of Jalisco (Mexico) answered the Scale of Estimation and Consumption of Foods in Children, which consists of two sections: EM and IFR. The exploratory factor analysis carried out with 545 participants derived three factors for each section, which were subsequently corroborated based on two confirmatory factor analyses, one per section, performed with the second half of the sample (n = 545). Both models registered some goodness of fit indexes. The final version of the scale, with 23 items, showed appropriate internal consistency in its both sections: EM (α = .86) and IFR (α = .84). The need to extend the analysis of the psychometric properties of the scale in children from other regions of the country is discussed.

Psychometric evaluation of the muscle appearance satisfaction scale in a Mexican male sample.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the muscle appearance satisfaction scale (MASS) shows acceptable psychometric properties in Mexican bodybuilders. METHODS: A total of 258 Mexican male bodybuilders were recruited. Two self-report questionnaires, including the MASS and drive for muscularity scale (DMS), were administered. Six models of the latent structure of the MASS were evaluated, using confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood, considering robust Satorra-Bentler correction to estimate the fit of the models to the data. RESULTS: Similar to the original MASS, the series of CFA confirmed that the Mexican version was well represented with the 17-item five-factor structure, which showed a good model fit [Satorra-Bentler Chi-square (109, n = 258) = 189.18, p < 0.0001; NNFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; IFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05 (0.04, 0.07)]. Internal consistency was estimated with McDonald's omega, which was acceptable for the MASS (0.88), and their subscales (0.80 to 0.89), except for muscle checking scale (0.77). Test-retest reliability analysis showed stability of the MASS total as well as of the subscale scores over a 2-week period (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.75-0.91). Construct validity was demonstrated by a significant positive correlation between MASS and DMS results (r = 0.75; p = 0.0001). These results were similar to those of previous studies, which demonstrate the scale's usefulness. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the suitability of the MASS and its subscales to measure muscle dysmorphia symptoms in Mexican male bodybuilders.

Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica de la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios en el periodo 2010-2014 / Bibliometric analysis of scientific production of Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders, 2010-2014

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la producción científica de la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders del periodo 2010-2014. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo retrospectivo de los artículos publicados en el periodo 2010-2014. Se analizó el tipo de artículo, el patrón de autoría, país, promedio de referencias incluidas en los artículos y tipo de referencia incluida. Los resultados mostraron que se publicaron 70 artículos en los cinco volúmenes de la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders . El mayor porcentaje de artículos correspondió a trabajos originales (64.28%). El promedio de autores por artículo fue de cuatro y se identificaron cinco autoras con la mayor producción. Investigadores mexicanos han realizado el mayor porcentaje de contribuciones (60%) y la mayoría pertenece a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Asimismo, se identificó la colaboración entre investigadores de dos o tres países. En promedio se incluyeron 46 referencias por artículo, principalmente artículos de revistas científicas. Se concluye que la Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders presentó índices similares a los obtenidos en revistas del área de la salud y de psicología.

Abstract: The aim of this research was to characterize the scientific production of the Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios /Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders during the 2010-2014 period. A retrospective and descriptive analysis of published articles in the period 2010-2014 was performed. The type of production, authorship pattern, country, average number of references per article, and type of documents cited were analyzed. The results showed that 70 articles were published in five volumes of the Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios /Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders. The highest percentage was original studies (64.28%). The mean number of author per article was four, and five women were the highest productive ones. Mexican researchers have been made the most percentage of contributions (60%) and most of them belong to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . Furthermore, the collaboration among researchers of two or three different countries was identified. On average of 46 references were cited per article, mostly of them were scientific journal articles. It is concluded that Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios /Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders showed similar indexes to those obtained by health journals and psychology journals.

Psychometric properties of the drive for muscularity scale in Mexican males.

This study refers to the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Drive for Muscularity Scale among Mexican population. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out with 369 university males (mean age = 20.93 years). A three-factor structure that explains 45.64 % of the variance was found for the scale: 31.10 % by attitudes (α = 0.87), 10.70 % by substance intake (α = 0.72) and 3.84 % by training adherence (α = 0.68). Only the two first sub-scales and total score (α = 0.86) offered acceptable levels of internal consistence. The confirmatory factor analysis, carried out with 200 males (mean age = 20.79 years), verified both the suitability of this factor structure and the two-factor structure proposed by McCreary et al. (Psychol Men Masc 5:49-58, 1). Drive for muscularity is important in comprehending male body image and Drive for Muscularity Scale has demonstrated to be psychometrically suitable to assess this construct in Mexican males.

Role of Peer Influence and Thin-ideal Internalization on Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating in Mexican Girls / Rol de la Influencia de Pares y de la Interiorización del Ideal de Delgadez sobre la Insatisfacción Corporal y Alimentación No Saludable en Jóvenes Mexicanas / O Papel da Influência de Pares e da Interiorização do Ideal de Delgadeza na Insatisfação Corporal e na Alimentação Não Saudável em Jovens Mexicanas

The aim of this study was to examine the role of peer influence and thin-ideal internalization on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The Eating Attitudes Test, the Body Shape Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Sociocultural Influences on the Aesthetic Body Shape Model were administered to 130 female students, with a mean age of 19.44. The results showed that thin-ideal internalization mediated the relationship between peer influence and body dissatisfaction (β=0.14, p>.05), and the relationship between peer influence and disordered eating (β=0.09, p>.05). This study supports the hypothesis that the thin-ideal internalization is an important mediator on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in Mexican girls.

Con el objetivo de examinar el rol de la influencia de pares y de la interiorización del ideal de delgadez sobre la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación no saludable en una muestra comunitaria, se aplicó el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias, el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal y el Cuestionario de Influencias del Modelo Estético Corporal a 130 mujeres estudiantes, cuya media de edad fue de 19.44 años. El análisis de datos reveló que la interiorización del ideal de delgadez medió la relación entre la influencia de pares y la insatisfacción corporal (β=0.14, p>.05), así como la relación entre la influencia de pares y la alimentación no saludable (β=0.09, p>.05). Este estudio apoya la hipótesis de que la interiorización del ideal de delgadez es un importante mediador sobre la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación no saludable en jóvenes mexicanas.

Com o objetivo de examinar o papel da influência de pares e da interiorização do ideal de delgadeza na insatisfação corporal e na alimentação não saudável em uma amostra comunitária, aplicou-se o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares, o Questionário de Imagem Corporal e o Questionário de Influências do Modelo Estético Corporal a 130 mulheres estudantes, cuja média de idade foi de 19.44 anos. A análise de dados revelou que a interiorização do ideal de delgadeza mediou a relação entre a influência de pares e a insatisfação corporal (β=0.14, p>.05), assim como a relação entre a influência de pares e a alimentação não saudável (β=0.09, p>.05). Este estudo apoia a hipótese de que a interiorização do ideal de delgadeza é um importante mediador na insatisfação corporal e na alimentação não saudável em jovens mexicanas.

The Development and Initial Validation of the Estimation and Frequency of Food Intake Scale / Desarrollo y Validación Inicial de la Escala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento (ECA)

One way to contribute to solving problems related to eating behavior is to develop valid and reliable instruments to measure estimation and food consumption frequency in Mexican population. The present study describes the development and initial validation of the estimation and food intake scale (ECA, for its Spanish acronym). The first version comprised 143 items in a Likert-type scale with five options each one and it was applied to 432 participants from Jalisco State, Mexico City and Mexico State. According to item-total correlation 32 items were selected and reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach alpha of .92 and .90 to estimation and frequency of food intake consumption respectively. Factor analysis only for estimation section yielded a six-factor structure which explained 53.3% of the total variance and reliability indices ranged between .55 and .76. The mean of food estimation showed that food was considered unhealthy and were consumed once a month. It is necessary to modify the current version of the scale and applied to a wider and heterogeneous sample.

Una forma de contribuir a la solución de los problemas relacionados con la conducta alimentaria es desarrollar instrumentos válidos y confiables para medir estimación y consumo de alimento en población mexicana. En el presente estudio se describe la construcción de la escala Estimación y Consumo de Alimento (ECA). La primea versión de la ECA quedó conformada por 143 reactivos con cinco opciones de respuesta tipo Likert y se aplicó a un total de 432 participantes del Estado de Jalisco, Distrito Federal y Estado de México. Considerando la correlación reactivo-total se seleccionaron 32 reactivos, el análisis de confiabilidad mostró una consistencia interna de .92 y .90 respectivamente a estimación y frecuencia de consumo. El análisis factorial de la sección de estimación arrojó una estructura de seis factores que explicaron el 53.3 % de la varianza y los índices de confiabilidad variaron entre .55 y .76. La media de estimación mostró que los participantes juzgaron los alimentos como poco saludables y se consumieron una vez al mes. Es necesario mejorar conceptualmente la versión actual del instrumento y aplicar en muestras de otros estados la versión más refinada de la escala ECA.

Instrumentos para trastornos del comportamiento alimentario validados en mujeres mexicanas: Una revisión de la literatura / Eating disorders questionnaires validated in Mexican women: A review of the literature

El propósito de la presente revisión fue hacer un análisis de aquellos estudios en que se han examinado las propiedades psicométricas de instrumentos de evaluación de trastornos del comportamiento alimentario (TCA) en mujeres mexicanas. Se buscaron artículos publicados en revistas científicas sobre propiedades psicométricas de instrumentos para medir síntomas o características asociadas a los TCA. Se localizaron 17 publicaciones en las que se evaluó la confiabilidad y/o validez de 16 cuestionarios de autoinforme (11 creados en otros países y cinco construidos por investigadores mexicanos). Se encontró que los instrumentos poseen confiabilidad adecuada, sin embargo, sólo se ha analizado la consistencia interna. Para evaluar la validez de los instrumentos se han empleado diferentes procedimientos, siendo el más común el análisis factorial exploratorio y el análisis de la homogeneidad de la prueba. Siete de los instrumentos cuentan con punto de corte, el cual permite identificar a personas en riesgo de desarrollar algún TCA. Se concluyó que es necesario realizar más investigaciones que fortalezcan la evidencia existente sobre las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos revisados.

The purpose of this review was to analyze the studies about psychometric properties of eating disorders (ED) questionnaires validated in Mexican women. We search papers published in scientific journal about psychometric properties of questionnaires to measure symptoms or characteristics associated with ED. Seventeen papers that evaluated the reliability or validity of 16 questionnaires were identified (11 were created in another countries and five were created by Mexican researchers). It was found that questionnaires have adequate reliability; however, the researchers only analyzed the internal consistency. Several methods were employed to analyze the validity of the questionnaires; the most common were factorial analysis exploratory and homogeneity of the scale. There are seven questionnaires with cut-off point, which permit to identify people at risk for ED. It was concluded that it is necessary that future researches provide further evidences about psychometric properties of the revised questionnaires.