Band gap opening of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes via noncovalent symmetry breaking.

Covalent bonding interactions determine the energy-momentum (E-k) dispersion (band structure) of solid-state materials. Here, we show that noncovalent interactions can modulate the E-k dispersion near the Fermi level of a low-dimensional nanoscale conductor. We demonstrate that low energy band gaps may be opened in metallic carbon nanotubes through polymer wrapping of the nanotube surface at fixed helical periodicity. Electronic spectral, chiro-optic, potentiometric, electronic device, and work function data corroborate that the magnitude of band gap opening depends on the nature of the polymer electronic structure. Polymer dewrapping reverses the conducting-to-semiconducting phase transition, restoring the native metallic carbon nanotube electronic structure. These results address a long-standing challenge to develop carbon nanotube electronic structures that are not realized through disruption of π conjugation, and establish a roadmap for designing and tuning specialized semiconductors that feature band gaps on the order of a few hundred meV.

Addressing Signal Drift and Screening for Detection of Biomarkers with Carbon Nanotube Transistors.

Electrical biosensors, including transistor-based devices (i.e., BioFETs), have the potential to offer versatile biomarker detection in a simple, low-cost, scalable, and point-of-care manner. Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most explored nanomaterial candidates for BioFETs due to their high electrical sensitivity and compatibility with diverse fabrication approaches. However, when operating in solutions at biologically relevant ionic strengths, CNT-based BioFETs suffer from debilitating levels of signal drift and charge screening, which are often unaccounted for or sidestepped (but not addressed) by testing in diluted solutions. In this work, we present an ultrasensitive CNT-based BioFET called the D4-TFT, an immunoassay with an electrical readout, which overcomes charge screening and drift-related limitations of BioFETs. In high ionic strength solution (1X PBS), the D4-TFT repeatedly and stably detects subfemtomolar biomarker concentrations in a point-of-care form factor by increasing the sensing distance in solution (Debye length) and mitigating signal drift effects. Debye length screening and biofouling effects are overcome using a poly(ethylene glycol)-like polymer brush interface (POEGMA) above the device into which antibodies are printed. Simultaneous testing of a control device having no antibodies printed over the CNT channel confirms successful detection of the target biomarker via an on-current shift caused by antibody sandwich formation. Drift in the target signal is mitigated by a combination of: (1) maximizing sensitivity by appropriate passivation alongside the polymer brush coating; (2) using a stable electrical testing configuration; and (3) enforcing a rigorous testing methodology that relies on infrequent DC sweeps rather than static or AC measurements. These improvements are realized in a relatively simple device using printed CNTs and antibodies for a low-cost, versatile platform for the ongoing pursuit of point-of-care BioFETs.

Aerosol jet printing of surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices.

The addition of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technologies to microfluidics has greatly advanced lab-on-a-chip applications due to their unique and powerful attributes, including high-precision manipulation, versatility, integrability, biocompatibility, contactless nature, and rapid actuation. However, the development of SAW microfluidic devices is limited by complex and time-consuming micro/nanofabrication techniques and access to cleanroom facilities for multistep photolithography and vacuum-based processing. To simplify the fabrication of SAW microfluidic devices with customizable dimensions and functions, we utilized the additive manufacturing technique of aerosol jet printing. We successfully fabricated customized SAW microfluidic devices of varying materials, including silver nanowires, graphene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). To characterize and compare the acoustic actuation performance of these aerosol jet printed SAW microfluidic devices with their cleanroom-fabricated counterparts, the wave displacements and resonant frequencies of the different fabricated devices were directly measured through scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Finally, to exhibit the capability of the aerosol jet printed devices for lab-on-a-chip applications, we successfully conducted acoustic streaming and particle concentration experiments. Overall, we demonstrated a novel solution-based, direct-write, single-step, cleanroom-free additive manufacturing technique to rapidly develop SAW microfluidic devices that shows viability for applications in the fields of biology, chemistry, engineering, and medicine.

Aerosol Jet Printing Conductive 3D Microstructures from Graphene Without Post-Processing.

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene microstructures have the potential to boost performance in high-capacity batteries and ultrasensitive sensors. Numerous techniques have been developed to create such structures; however, the methods typically rely on structural supports, and/or lengthy post-print processing, increasing cost and complexity. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as printing, show promise in overcoming these challenges. This study employs aerosol jet printing for creating 3D graphene microstructures using water as the only solvent and without any post-print processing required. The graphene pillars exhibit conductivity immediately after printing, requiring no high-temperature annealing. Furthermore, these pillars are successfully printed in freestanding configurations at angles below 45° relative to the substrate, showcasing their adaptability for tailored applications. When graphene pillars are added to humidity sensors, the additional surface area does not yield a corresponding increase in sensor performance. However, graphene trusses, which add a parallel conduction path to the sensing surface, are found to improve sensitivity nearly 2×, highlighting the advantages of a topologically suspended circuit construction when adding 3D microstructures to sensing electrodes. Overall, incorporating 3D graphene microstructures to sensor electrodes can provide added sensitivity, and aerosol jet printing is a viable path to realizing these conductive microstructures without any post-print processing.

Distinct Contact Scaling Effects in MoS2 Transistors Revealed with Asymmetrical Contact Measurements.

2D semiconducting materials have immense potential for future electronics due to their atomically thin nature, which enables better scalability. While the channel scalability of 2D materials has been extensively studied, the current understanding of contact scaling in 2D devices is inconsistent and oversimplified. Here physically scaled contacts and asymmetrical contact measurements (ACMs) are combined to investigate the contact scaling behavior in 2D field-effect transistors. The ACMs directly compare electron injection at different contact lengths while using the exact same MoS2  channel, eliminating channel-to-channel variations. The results show that scaled source contacts can limit the drain current, whereas scaled drain contacts do not. Compared to devices with long contact lengths, devices with short contact lengths (scaled contacts) exhibit larger variations, 15% lower drain currents at high drain-source voltages, and a higher chance of early saturation and negative differential resistance. Quantum transport simulations reveal that the transfer length of Ni-MoS2  contacts can be as short as 5 nm. Furthermore, it is clearly identified that the actual transfer length depends on the quality of the metal-2D interface. The ACMs demonstrated here will enable further understanding of contact scaling behavior at various interfaces.

All-Carbon Thin-Film Transistors Using Water-Only Printing.

Printing thin-film transistors (TFTs) using nanomaterials is a promising approach for future electronics. Yet, most inks rely on environmentally harmful solvents for solubilizing and postprint processing the nanomaterials. In this work, we demonstrate water-only TFTs printed from all-carbon inks of semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs), conducting graphene, and insulating crystalline nanocellulose (CNC). While suspending these nanomaterials into aqueous inks is readily achieved, printing the inks into thin films of sufficient surface coverage and in multilayer stacks to form TFTs has proven elusive without high temperatures, hazardous chemicals, and/or lengthy postprocessing. Using aerosol jet printing, our approach involves a maximum temperature of 70 °C and no hazardous chemicals─all inks are aqueous and only water is used for processing. An intermittent rinsing technique was utilized to address the surface adhesion challenges that limit film density of printed aqueous CNTs. These findings provide promising steps toward an environmentally friendly realization of thin-film electronics.

Aerosol Jet Printed Surface-Enhanced Raman Substrates: Application for High-Sensitivity Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances.

Printing technologies offer an attractive means for producing low-cost surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates with high-throughput methods. The development of these substrates is especially important for field-deployable detection of environmental contaminants. Toward this end, we demonstrate SERS-based substrates fabricated through aerosol jet printing of silver nanoparticles and graphene inks on Kapton films. Our printed arrays exhibited measurable intensities for fluorescein and rhodamine dyes down to concentrations of 10-7 M, with the highest SERS intensities obtained for four print passes of Ag nanoparticles. The substrates also exhibited an excellent shelf life, with little reduction in fluorescein intensities after 9 months of shelf storage. We also demonstrated the capability of our substrates to sense perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the so-called forever chemicals that resist degradation due to their strong C-F bonds and persist in the environment. Interestingly, the addition of graphene to the Ag nanoparticles greatly enhanced the SERS intensity of the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) molecules under basic conditions (pH ∼ 9) compared to that of fluorescein and rhodamine. We were able to successfully detect SERS spectra from nano- and picomolar (∼0.4 ppt) concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, respectively, demonstrating the viability of deploying our SERS sensors in the environment for the ultrasensitive detection of contaminants.

Ionic dielectrics for fully printed carbon nanotube transistors: impact of composition and induced stresses.

Printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistors (CNT-TFTs) are candidates for flexible electronics with printability on a wide range of substrates. Among the layers comprising a CNT-TFT, the gate dielectric has proven most difficult to additively print owing to challenges in film uniformity, thickness, and post-processing requirements. Printed ionic dielectrics show promise for addressing these issues and yielding devices that operate at low voltages thanks to their high-capacitance electric double layers. However, the printing of ionic dielectrics in their various compositions is not well understood, nor is the impact of certain stresses on these materials. In this work, we studied three compositionally distinct ionic dielectrics in fully printed CNT-TFTs: the polar-fluorinated polymer elastomer PVDF-HFP; an ion gel consisting of triblock polymer PS-PMMA-PS and ionic liquid EMIM-TFSI; and crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) with a salt concentration of 0.05%. Although ion gel has been thoroughly studied, e-PVDF-HFP and CNC printing are relatively new and this study provides insights into their ink formulation, print processing, and performance as gate dielectrics. Using a consistent aerosol jet printing approach, each ionic dielectric was printed into similar CNT-TFTs, allowing for direct comparison through extensive characterization, including mechanical and electrical stress tests. The ionic dielectrics were found to have distinct operational dependencies based on their compositional and ionic attributes. Overall, the results reveal a number of trade-offs that must be managed when selecting a printable ionic dielectric, with CNC showing the strongest performance for low-voltage operation but the ion gel and elastomer exhibiting better stability under bias and mechanical stresses.

Carbon nanotube transistors: Making electronics from molecules.

Semiconducting carbon nanotubes are robust molecules with nanometer-scale diameters that can be used in field-effect transistors, from larger thin-film implementation to devices that work in conjunction with silicon electronics, and can potentially be used as a platform for high-performance digital electronics as well as radio-frequency and sensing applications. Recent progress in the materials, devices, and technologies related to carbon nanotube transistors is briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the most broadly impactful advancements that have evolved from single-nanotube devices to implementations with aligned nanotubes and even nanotube thin films. There are obstacles that remain to be addressed, including material synthesis and processing control, device structure design and transport considerations, and further integration demonstrations with improved reproducibility and reliability; however, the integration of more than 10,000 devices in single functional chips has already been realized.

Are 2D Interfaces Really Flat?

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials are subject to mechanical deformation and thus forming bubbles and wrinkles during exfoliation and transfer. A lack of interfacial "flatness" has implications for interface properties, such as those formed by metal contacts or insulating layers. Therefore, an understanding of the detailed properties of 2D interfaces, especially their flatness under different conditions, is of high importance. Here we use cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to investigate various 2D interfaces (2D-2D and 3D-2D) under the effects of stacking, atomic layer deposition (ALD), and metallization. We characterize and compare the flatness of the hBN-2D and metal-2D interfaces down to angstrom resolution. It is observed that the dry transfer of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can dramatically alter the interface structure. When characterizing 3D metal-2D interfaces, we find that Ni-MoS2 interfaces are more uneven and have larger nanocavities compared to other metal-2D interfaces. The electrical characteristics of a MoS2-based field-effect transistor are correlated to the interfacial transformation in the contact and channel regions. The device transconductance is improved by 40% after the hBN encapsulation, likely due to the interface interactions at both the channel and contacts. Overall, these observations reveal the intricacy of 2D interfaces and their dependence on the fabrication processes.

Passivation Strategies for Enhancing Solution-Gated Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Biosensing Performance and Stability in Ionic Solutions.

Interest in point-of-care diagnostics has led to increasing demand for the development of nanomaterial-based electronic biosensors such as biosensor field-effect transistors (BioFETs) due to their inherent simplicity, sensitivity, and scalability. The utility of BioFETs, which use electrical transduction to detect biological signals, is directly dependent upon their electrical stability in detection-relevant environments. BioFET device structures vary substantially, especially in electrode passivation modalities. Improper passivation of electronic components in ionic solutions can lead to excessive leakage currents and signal drift, thus presenting a hinderance to signal detectability. Here, we harness the sensitivity of nanomaterials to study the effects of various passivation strategies on the performance and stability of a transistor-based biosensing platform based on aerosol-jet-printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistors. Specifically, non-passivated devices were compared to devices passivated with photoresist (SU-8), dielectric (HfO2), or photoresist + dielectric (SU-8 followed by HfO2) and were evaluated primarily by initial performance metrics, large-scale device yield, and stability throughout long-duration cycling in phosphate buffered saline. We find that all three passivation conditions result in improved device performance compared to non-passivated devices, with the photoresist + dielectric strategy providing the lowest average leakage current in solution (~2 nA). Notably, the photoresist + dielectric strategy also results in the greatest yield of BioFET devices meeting our selected performance criteria on a wafer scale (~90%), the highest long-term stability in solution (<0.01% change in on-current), and the best average on/off-current ratio (~104), hysteresis (~32 mV), and subthreshold swing (~192 mV/decade). This passivation schema has the potential to pave the path toward a truly high-yield, stable, and robust electrical biosensing platform.

In-Place Printing of Flexible Electrolyte-Gated Carbon Nanotube Transistors with Enhanced Stability.

Ion gel-based dielectrics have long been considered for enabling low-voltage operation in printed thin-film transistors (TFTs), but their compatibility with in-place printing (a streamlined, direct-write printing approach where devices never leave the printer mid- or post-process) remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate a simple and rapid 4-step in-place printing procedure for producing low-voltage electrolyte-gated carbon nanotube (CNT) thin-film transistors at low temperature (80 °C). This process consists of the use of polymer-wrapped CNT inks for printed channels, silver nanowire inks for printed electrodes, and imidazolium-based ion gel inks for printed gate dielectrics. We find that the efficacy of rinsing CNT films and printing an ion gel in-place is optimized using an elevated platen temperature (as opposed to external rinsing or post-process annealing), where resultant devices exhibited on/off-current ratios exceeding 103, mobilities exceeding 10 cm2V-1s-1, and gate hysteresis of only 0.1 V. Additionally, devices were tested under mechanical strain and long-term bias, showing exceptional flexibility and electrochemical stability over the course of 14-hour bias tests. The findings presented here widen the potential scope of print-in-place (PIP) devices and reveal new avenues of investigation for the improvement of bias stress stability in electrolyte-gated transistors.

Printable and recyclable carbon electronics using crystalline nanocellulose dielectrics.

Electronic waste can lead to the accumulation of environmentally and biologically toxic materials and is a growing global concern. Developments in transient electronics-in which devices are designed to disintegrate after use-have focused on increasing the biocompatibility, whereas efforts to develop methods to recapture and reuse materials have focused on conducting materials, while neglecting other electronic materials. Here, we report all-carbon thin-film transistors made using crystalline nanocellulose as a dielectric, carbon nanotubes as a semiconductor, graphene as a conductor and paper as a substrate. A crystalline nanocellulose ink is developed that is compatible with nanotube and graphene inks and can be written onto a paper substrate using room-temperature aerosol jet printing. The addition of mobile sodium ions to the dielectric improves the thin-film transistor on-current (87 µA mm-1) and subthreshold swing (132 mV dec-1), and leads to a faster voltage sweep rate (by around 20 times) than without ions. The devices also exhibit stable performance over six months in ambient conditions and can be controllably decomposed, with the graphene and carbon nanotube inks recaptured for recycling (>95% recapture efficiency) and reprinting of new transistors. We demonstrate the utility of the thin-film transistors by creating a fully printed, paper-based biosensor for lactate sensing.

Fully printed prothrombin time sensor for point-of-care testing.

With an increasing number of patients relying on blood thinners to treat medical conditions, there is a rising need for rapid, low-cost, portable testing of blood coagulation time or prothrombin time (PT). Current methods for measuring PT require regular visits to outpatient clinics, which is cumbersome and time-consuming, decreasing patient quality of life. In this work, we developed a handheld point-of-care test (POCT) to measure PT using electrical transduction. Low-cost PT sensors were fully printed using an aerosol jet printer and conductive inks of Ag nanoparticles, Ag nanowires, and carbon nanotubes. Using benchtop control electronics to test this impedance-based biosensor, it was found that the capacitive nature of blood obscures the clotting response at frequencies below 10 kHz, leading to an optimized operating frequency of 15 kHz. When printed on polyimide, the PT sensor exhibited no variation in the measured clotting time, even when flexed to a 35 mm bend radius. In addition, consistent PT measurements for both chicken and human blood illustrate the versatility of these printed biosensors under disparate operating conditions, where chicken blood clots within 30 min and anticoagulated human blood clots within 20-100 s. Finally, a low-cost, handheld POCT was developed to measure PT for human blood, yielding 70% lower noise compared to measurement with a commercial potentiostat. This POCT with printed PT sensors has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of life for patients on blood thinners and, in the long term, could be incorporated into a fully flexible and wearable sensing platform.

Printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistors: progress on printable materials and the path to applications.

Printing technologies have attracted significant attention owing to their potential use in the low-cost manufacturing of custom or large-area flexible electronics. Among the many printable electronic materials that have been explored, semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown increasing promise based on their exceptional electrical and mechanical properties, relative stability in air, and compatibility with several printing techniques to form semiconducting thin films. These attractive attributes make printed CNT thin films promising for applications including, but not limited to, sensors and display backplanes - at the heart of which is electronics' most versatile device: the transistor. In this review, we present a summary of recent advancements in the field of printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistors (CNT-TFTs). In addition to an introduction of different printing techniques, together with their strengths and limitations, we discuss key aspects of ink/material selection and processing of various device components, including the CNT channels, contacts, and gate insulators. It is clear that printed CNT-TFTs are rapidly advancing, but there remain challenges, which are discussed along with current techniques to resolve them and future developments towards practical applications from these devices. There has been interest in low-cost, printable transistors for many years and the CNT-TFTs show great promise for delivering, but will not become a reality without further research advancement.

Uniform and Stable Aerosol Jet Printing of Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film Transistors by Ink Temperature Control.

Semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) networks exhibit electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties attractive for thin-film applications, and printing allows for scalable and economically favorable fabrication of CNT thin-film transistors (TFTs). However, device-to-device variation of printed CNT-TFTs remains a concern, which largely stems from variations in printed CNT thin-film morphology and resulting properties. In this work, we overcome the challenges associated with printing uniformity and demonstrate an aerosol jet printing process that yields devices exhibiting a hole mobility of µh = 12.5 cm2/V·s with a relative standard deviation as small as 4% (from over 38 devices). The enabling factors of such high uniformity include control of the CNT ink bath temperature during printing, ink formulation with nonvolatile and viscosifying additives, and a thermal treatment for polymer removal. It is discovered that a low CNT ink temperature benefits aerosol jet printing uniformity and stability in both short-term (∼1 min) and long-term (∼1 h) printing settings. These findings shed light on the effect of a commonly overlooked dimension of CNT aerosol jet printing and provide a practical strategy for large-scale, high-consistency realization of CNT-TFTs.

Capping Layers to Improve the Electrical Stress Stability of MoS2 Transistors.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer exciting possibilities for numerous applications, including next-generation sensors and field-effect transistors (FETs). With their atomically thin form factor, it is evident that molecular activity at the interfaces of 2D materials can shape their electronic properties. Although much attention has focused on engineering the contact and dielectric interfaces in 2D material-based transistors to boost their drive current, less is understood about how to tune these interfaces to improve the long-term stability of devices. In this work, we evaluated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transistors under continuous electrical stress for periods lasting up to several days. During stress in ambient air, we observed temporary threshold voltage shifts that increased at higher gate voltages or longer stress durations, correlating to changes in interface trap states (ΔNit) of up to 1012 cm-2. By modifying the device to include either SU-8 or Al2O3 as an additional dielectric capping layer on top of the MoS2 channel, we were able to effectively reduce or even eliminate this unstable behavior. However, we found this encapsulating material must be selected carefully, as certain choices actually amplified instability or compromised device yield, as was the case for Al2O3, which reduced yield by 20% versus all other capping layers. Further refining these strategies to preserve stability in 2D devices will be crucial for their continued integration into future technologies.

Understanding and Mapping Sensitivity in MoS2 Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Sensors.

Sensors based on two-dimensional (2D) field-effect transistors (FETs) are extremely sensitive and can detect charged analytes with attomolar limits of detection (LOD). Despite some impressive LODs, the operating mechanisms and factors that determine the signal-to-noise ratio in 2D FET-based sensors remain poorly understood. These uncertainties, coupled with an expansive design space for sensor layout and analyte positioning, result in a field with many reported highlights but limited collective progress. Here, we provide insight into sensing mechanisms of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) FETs by realizing precise control over the position and charge of an analyte using a customized atomic force microscope (AFM), with the AFM tip acting as an analyte. The sensitivity of the MoS2 FET channel is revealed to be nonuniform, manifesting sensitive hotspots with locations that are stable over time. When the charge of the analyte is varied, an asymmetry is observed in the device drain-current response, with analytes acting to turn the device off leading to a 2.5× increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We developed a numerical model, applicable to all FET-based charge-detection sensors, that confirms our experimental observation and suggests an underlying mechanism. Further, extensive characterization of a set of different MoS2 FETs under various analyte conditions, coupled with the numerical model, led to the identification of three distinct SNRs that peak with dependence on the layout and operating conditions used for a sensor. These findings reveal the important role of analyte position and coverage in determining the optimal operating bias conditions for maximal sensitivity in 2D FET-based sensors, which provides key insights for future sensor design and control.

Aerosol jet printing of biological inks by ultrasonic delivery.

Printing is a promising method to reduce the cost of fabricating biomedical devices. While there have been significant advancements in direct-write printing techniques, non-contact printing of biological reagents has been almost exclusively limited to inkjet printing. Motivated by this lacuna, this work investigated aerosol jet printing (AJP) of biological reagents onto a nonfouling polymer brush to fabricate in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays. The ultrasonication ink delivery process, which had previously been reported to damage DNA molecules, caused no degradation of printed proteins, allowing printing of a streptavidin-biotin binding assay with sub-nanogram ml-1 analytical sensitivity. Furthermore, a carcinoembryogenic antigen IVD was printed and found to have sensitivities in the clinically relevant range (limit of detection of approximately 0.5 ng ml-1 and a dynamic range of approximately three orders of magnitude). Finally, the multi-material printing capabilities of the aerosol jet printer were demonstrated by printing silver nanowires and streptavidin as interconnected patterns in the same print job without removal of the substrate from the printer, which will facilitate the fabrication of mixed-material devices. As cost, versatility, and ink usage become more prominent factors in the development of IVDs, this work has shown that AJP should become a more widely considered technique for fabrication.

Flexible, Print-in-Place 1D-2D Thin-Film Transistors Using Aerosol Jet Printing.

Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) printed into thin films offer high electrical performance, significant mechanical stability, and compatibility with low-temperature processing. Yet, the implementation of low-temperature printed devices, such as CNT thin-film transistors (CNT-TFTs), has been hindered by relatively high process temperature requirements imposed by other device layers-dielectrics and contacts. In this work, we overcome temperature constraints and demonstrate 1D-2D thin-film transistors (1D-2D TFTs) in a low-temperature (maximum exposure ≤80 °C) full print-in-place process (i.e., no substrate removal from printer throughout the entire process) using an aerosol jet printer. Semiconducting 1D CNT channels are used with a 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) gate dielectric and traces of silver nanowires as the conductive electrodes, all deposited using the same printer. The aerosol jet-printed 2D h-BN films were realized via proper ink formulation, such as utilizing the binder hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, which suppresses redispersion between adjacent printed layers. In addition to an ON/OFF current ratio up to 3.5 × 105, channel mobility up to 10.7 cm2·V-1·s-1, and low gate hysteresis, 1D-2D TFTs exhibit extraordinary mechanical stability under bending due to the nanoscale network structure of each layer, with minimal changes in performance after 1000 bending test cycles at 2.1% strain. It is also confirmed that none of the device layers require high-temperature treatment to realize optimal performance. These findings provide an attractive approach toward a cost-effective, direct-write realization of electronics.