Mortality due to breast cancer in a region of high socioeconomic vulnerability in Brazil: Analysis of the effect of age-period and cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is an important public health problem worldwide, with important disparities in incidence, mortality, and survival rates between developed and developing countries due to inequalities regarding access to measures for the prevention and treatment of the disease. In Brazil, there are higher rates of incidence and a downward trend in mortality in regions of greater socioeconomic development. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on breast cancer mortality in women aged 20 years and older in the states of the Northeast Region of Brazil, an area of high socioeconomic vulnerability, from 1980 to 2019. METHODS: The death records were extracted from the DATASUS Mortality Information System website (Department of National Health Informatics) from the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Estimable functions were used to estimate the age-period and cohort models (APC) using the Epi library from the R statistical software version 6.4.1. RESULTS: The average breast cancer mortality rate for the period was 20.45 deaths per 100,000 women. The highest coefficients per 100,000 women were observed in the states of Pernambuco (21.09 deaths) and Ceará (20.85 deaths), and the lowest in Maranhão (13.58 deaths) and Piauí (15.43 deaths). In all of the locations, there was a progressive increase in mortality rates in individuals over 40 years of age, with higher rates in the last five-year period (2015-2019). There was an increase in the risk of death for the five-year period of the 2000s in relation to the reference period (1995-1999) in the Northeast region and in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Maranhão, Paraíba, and Piauí. In addition, there was an increased risk of death for women born after the 1950s in all locations. CONCLUSION: The highest mortality rates in all five-year periods analyzed were observed in states with greater socioeconomic development, with an increase in mortality rates in the 2000s, and a higher risk of death in the younger cohorts.

Mortality due to acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographical regions: analyzing the effect of age-period-cohort. / Mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e suas regiões geográficas: análise do efeito da idade-período-coorte.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age-period and cohort (APC) of birth on mortality for acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographic regions, according to sex in the period from 1980 to 2009. The data was extracted from the Mortality Information System and was corrected and adjusted by means of proportional redistribution of records with sex and age ignored, ill-defined causes, and corrections were made based on the death sub-register. The APC was calculated using the Poisson regression model with estimable functions. The APC analysis on both sexes and in all regions of the country showed gradual reductions in the risk of death in birth cohorts from the decade of the 1940s, except in the Northeast. In this region, there have been progressive increases in the risk of death from the late 1940s for both sexes. This was up until the 1950s for men and the 1960s for women. It was concluded that the observed differences in the risk of death in Brazilian regions is the result of socio-economic inequalities and poor access to health services within the Brazilian territory, favoring early mortality for this cause especially in poorer areas.

Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da idade-período e coorte (APC) de nascimento na mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e regiões geográficas, segundo sexo, no período de 1980 a 2009. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade e foram corrigidos e ajustados, por meio da redistribuição proporcional dos registros com sexo e idade ignorados, causas mal definidas, e também se realizou a correção do sub-registro de morte. O APC foi calculado pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis. A análise APC nos dois sexos e em todas as regiões do país evidenciou progressiva redução no risco de morte nas coortes de nascimento a partir da década de 1940, exceto na região nordeste. Nessa região, verificou-se aumento progressivo do risco de morte a partir da década de 1940 para ambos os sexos, até a década de 1950 para os homens e a década de 1960 para as mulheres. Concluiu-se que as diferenças observadas no risco de morte nas regiões brasileiras é fruto das desigualdades socioeconômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde existente no território brasileiro, favorecendo a mortalidade precoce por essa causa sobretudo em localidades mais pobres.

Mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e suas regiões geográficas: análise do efeito da idade-período-coorte / Mortality due to acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographical regions: analyzing the effect of age-period-cohort

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da idade-período e coorte (APC) de nascimento na mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e regiões geográficas, segundo sexo, no período de 1980 a 2009. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade e foram corrigidos e ajustados, por meio da redistribuição proporcional dos registros com sexo e idade ignorados, causas mal definidas, e também se realizou a correção do sub-registro de morte. O APC foi calculado pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis. A análise APC nos dois sexos e em todas as regiões do país evidenciou progressiva redução no risco de morte nas coortes de nascimento a partir da década de 1940, exceto na região nordeste. Nessa região, verificou-se aumento progressivo do risco de morte a partir da década de 1940 para ambos os sexos, até a década de 1950 para os homens e a década de 1960 para as mulheres. Concluiu-se que as diferenças observadas no risco de morte nas regiões brasileiras é fruto das desigualdades socioeconômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde existente no território brasileiro, favorecendo a mortalidade precoce por essa causa sobretudo em localidades mais pobres.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age-period and cohort (APC) of birth on mortality for acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographic regions, according to sex in the period from 1980 to 2009. The data was extracted from the Mortality Information System and was corrected and adjusted by means of proportional redistribution of records with sex and age ignored, ill-defined causes, and corrections were made based on the death sub-register. The APC was calculated using the Poisson regression model with estimable functions. The APC analysis on both sexes and in all regions of the country showed gradual reductions in the risk of death in birth cohorts from the decade of the 1940s, except in the Northeast. In this region, there have been progressive increases in the risk of death from the late 1940s for both sexes. This was up until the 1950s for men and the 1960s for women. It was concluded that the observed differences in the risk of death in Brazilian regions is the result of socio-economic inequalities and poor access to health services within the Brazilian territory, favoring early mortality for this cause especially in poorer areas.

Completeness of death-count coverage and adult mortality (45q15) for Brazilian states from 1980 to 2010. / Estimativas do grau de cobertura e da mortalidade adulta (45q15) para as unidades da federação no Brasil entre 1980 e 2010.

OBJECTIVE:: Assess the completeness of the DataSUS SIM death-count registry, by sex and Brazilian state, and estimate the probability of adult mortality (45q15), by sex and state, from 1980 to 2010. METHODS:: The study was based on mortality data obtained in the DataSUS Mortality Information System, from 1980 to 2010, and on population data from the 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010 demographic censuses. The quality assessment of the registry data was conducted using traditional demographic and death distribution methods, and death probabilities were calculated using life-table concepts. RESULTS:: The results show a considerable improvement in the completeness of the death-count coverage in Brazil since 1980. In the southeast and south, we observed the complete coverage of the adult mortality registry, which did not occur in the previous decade. In the northeast and north, there were still places with a low coverage from 2000 to 2010, although there was a clear improvement in the quality of data. For all Brazilian states, there was a decline in the probability of adult mortality; we observed, however, that the death probability for males is much higher than that for females throughout the whole analysis period. CONCLUSION:: The observed improvements seem to be related to investments in the public health care system and administrative procedures to improve the recording of vital events.

Estimativas do grau de cobertura e da mortalidade adulta (45q15) para as unidades da federação no Brasil entre 1980 e 2010 / Completeness of death-count coverage and adult mortality (45q15) for Brazilian states from 1980 to 2010

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade do registro de óbitos do Datasus, por sexo e estados brasileiros, e estimar as probabilidades de morte adulta, 45q15, por sexo e estados, entre 1980 e 2010. Métodos: O estudo foi baseado em dados de mortalidade obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Datasus, de 1980 a 2010, e em dados de população dos censos demográficos de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010. A avaliação da qualidade dos dados de registro foi feita utilizando-se métodos demográficos tradicionais e métodos de distribuição de mortes, e as probabilidades de morte foram calculadas a partir dos conceitos de tabelas de vida. Resultados: Os resultados indicam uma melhoria considerável do grau de cobertura de óbitos no Brasil desde 1980. Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, observamos uma completa cobertura do registro de mortalidade adulta, o que não ocorria no decênio anterior. Por outro lado, no Nordeste e no Norte ainda existem localidades com baixo grau de cobertura entre 2000 e 2010. Em todos os estados do Brasil, observa-se um declínio da probabilidade de morte dos adultos. Observamos que as probabilidades de morte dos homens são muito mais elevadas do que as das mulheres. Conclusão: As melhorias observadas parecem estar relacionadas aos investimentos no sistema público de saúde e aos procedimentos administrativos para melhorar o registro dos eventos vitais.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Assess the completeness of the DataSUS SIM death-count registry, by sex and Brazilian state, and estimate the probability of adult mortality (45q15), by sex and state, from 1980 to 2010. Methods: The study was based on mortality data obtained in the DataSUS Mortality Information System, from 1980 to 2010, and on population data from the 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010 demographic censuses. The quality assessment of the registry data was conducted using traditional demographic and death distribution methods, and death probabilities were calculated using life-table concepts. Results: The results show a considerable improvement in the completeness of the death-count coverage in Brazil since 1980. In the southeast and south, we observed the complete coverage of the adult mortality registry, which did not occur in the previous decade. In the northeast and north, there were still places with a low coverage from 2000 to 2010, although there was a clear improvement in the quality of data. For all Brazilian states, there was a decline in the probability of adult mortality; we observed, however, that the death probability for males is much higher than that for females throughout the whole analysis period. Conclusion: The observed improvements seem to be related to investments in the public health care system and administrative procedures to improve the recording of vital events.

[Mortality differentials according to schooling in Brazilian adults in 2010]. / Diferenciais de mortalidade por escolaridade da população adulta brasileira, em 2010.

This study aims to estimate mortality differentials by level of schooling in the adult population in Brazil as a whole and its major geographic regions, according to sex and age. The article uses data from the item on household mortality in the 2010 Population Census conducted by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, combined with information on schooling of the household's reference person. The results show an important mortality differential by level of schooling, especially in males. Life expectancy in Brazilian men with a complete university education is 4.37 years more than the mean for the national male population and 6.27 years more than for males with less than a complete primary education. Among women, the educational gradient in life expectancy is less pronounced, with an additional 2.25 years for women with a complete university education, compared to women with less schooling. Mortality differentials according to schooling are more pronounced in the Northeast and Southeast regions.

Diferenciais de mortalidade por escolaridade da população adulta brasileira, em 2010 / Mortality differentials according to schooling in Brazilian adults in 2010 / Diferenciales de mortalidad por escolaridad en la población adulta brasileña en 2010

Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo estimar os diferenciais de mortalidade por nível de escolaridade da população adulta do Brasil e suas regiões, segundo sexo e idade. O artigo utiliza os dados do novo quesito de mortalidade domiciliar do Censo Demográfico de 2010 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, combinado com as informações do nível de escolaridade da pessoa de referência do domicílio. Os resultados indicam um considerável diferencial de mortalidade por grau de escolaridade, particularmente entre a população masculina. A expectativa de vida de homens com o ensino superior completo no Brasil era 4,37 anos maior do que a média da população masculina nacional, e 6,27 anos maior do que a da população masculina com menos do que o Ensino Fundamental completo. Entre a população feminina, o gradiente educacional de expectativa de vida é menos acentuado, com um adicional de 2,25 anos na expectativa de vida de mulheres com o Ensino Superior completo em comparação às com menor nível de escolaridade. Os diferenciais de mortalidade por educação aparecem mais acentuados nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste.

Abstract: This study aims to estimate mortality differentials by level of schooling in the adult population in Brazil as a whole and its major geographic regions, according to sex and age. The article uses data from the item on household mortality in the 2010 Population Census conducted by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, combined with information on schooling of the household's reference person. The results show an important mortality differential by level of schooling, especially in males. Life expectancy in Brazilian men with a complete university education is 4.37 years more than the mean for the national male population and 6.27 years more than for males with less than a complete primary education. Among women, the educational gradient in life expectancy is less pronounced, with an additional 2.25 years for women with a complete university education, compared to women with less schooling. Mortality differentials according to schooling are more pronounced in the Northeast and Southeast regions.

Resumen: Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estimar los diferenciales de mortalidad por nivel de escolaridad de la población adulta de Brasil y sus regiones, según sexo y edad. El artículo utiliza los datos del nuevo apartado de mortalidad domiciliaria del Censo Demográfico 2010 del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística, combinado con la información del nivel de escolaridad de la persona de referencia del domicilio. Los resultados indican un considerable diferencial de mortalidad por grado de escolaridad, particularmente entre la población masculina. La expectativa de vida de hombres con enseñanza superior completa en Brasil era 4,37 años mayor que la media de la población masculina nacional, y 6,27 años mayor que la población masculina con menos que la enseñanza fundamental completa. Entre la población femenina, el gradiente educacional de expectativa de vida es menos acentuado, con un adicional de 2,25 años en la expectativa de vida de mujeres con enseñanza superior completa, en comparación con las mujeres con menor nivel de escolaridad. Los diferenciales de mortalidad por educación aparecen más acentuados en las regiones Nordeste y Sudeste.

Flow cytometry immunophenotyping evaluation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: correlation to factors affecting clinic outcome.

The authors conducted a flow cytometry immunophenotyping study in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The patients (n = 126) were newly diagnosed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies: CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD13, CD33, CD14, CD19, CD22, CD79a, CD117, CD34, anti-IgM, anti-TdT, anti-HLA-Dr, and anti-human kappa and lambda light chains. Additional data, such as patients' age and gender, clinical and laboratory findings such as presence of tumor masses, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, leukemic infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) were also investigated. Results showed that 56.7% of the cases were B-lineage ALL and 55% were T-cell ALL. Also, we found that males were more affected by the disease, regardless of immunological classification. The correlation between age and immunological subtypes showed that the B-lineage ALL occurred more frequently in patients aged under 15 while the T-cell ALL subtype was more frequent in adults. Immunophenotypic profiles and morphological subtypes showed a direct correlation between L3 subtype and B-lineage ALL, while L1 and L2 subtypes correlated more often with B-cell lineage and T-cell ALL, respectively. Correlation analysis between immunophenotypic and clinical profiles showed that T-cell ALL was more associated with a higher incidence of lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and CNS leukemic infiltration, also showing a greater blast cell count in peripheral blood than the other subgroups. The presented data suggest that immunophenotyping is an important method in the diagnosis, monitoring and prognostic assessment in determining the pathological mechanisms of evolution of ALL.

Estimação de sub-registros de óbitos em pequenas áreas com os métodos bayesiano empírico e algoritmo EM / Estimation of death underreporting at small areas using empiric Bayesian and EM algorithm methods / /Estimación de subregistros de fallecimientos en pequeñas áreas con los métodos bayesiano empírico y algoritmo EM

Um grande problema em estimativas demográficas no Brasil diz respeito ao nível e padrão da mortalidade. Os demógrafos que trabalham com mortalidade, no país, ainda não se sentem tão seguros sobre o real comportamento desta componente da dinâmica populacional. Por outro lado, necessita-se da disponibilidade de indicadores de mortalidade para níveis geográficos mais desagregados, sobretudo municípios. O problema é que quanto mais desagregado, mais complexo se torna o trabalho de estimar qualquer indicador social ou demográfico. Neste trabalho, objetiva-se estimar e propor correção de sub-registros de óbitos no nível municipal, segundo grupos etários, por meio de dois métodos: estimador bayesiano empírico (BE) e algoritmo EM (Expectation-Maximization). Para que os dois métodos fossem operacionalizados entre municípios semelhantes, foram realizados dois exercícios: agruparam-se os municípios segundo a mesorregião; e agruparam-se os municípios em grupos homogêneos, gerados a partir de uma análise de cluster utilizando as variáveis grau de urbanização, proporção de óbitos por causas externas e a população de cada município. Foram utilizados dados do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, referentes a 2000. Para o total do Estado, estimou-se um sub-registro de 11% com o estimador BE e de 12,9% com o algoritmo EM. Outro resultado importante é a possibilidade de avaliar o grau de cobertura de óbitos por grupos etários em municípios e em qualquer nível de agregação a partir deste.

Level and standard of mortality are major demographic estimation problems in Brazil. Demographists dealing with mortality in Brazil still do not fell assured of the real behavior of this population dynamics component. On the other hand, there is a need for mortality indicators available for more disaggregated geographic levels, mostly municipalities. The difficulty is that the more disaggregated, the more complex is the task for estimating any social or demographic indicator. In this study, we aimed to estimate and to propose the correction of death underreporting at the municipal level, according to age, using two methods: the empiric Bayesian estimator (BE) and the EM (Expectation-Maximization) algorithm. For the two methods to be operational within comparable municipalities, two steps were performed: we grouped the municipalities according to a mesoregion; and we grouped them into two homogeneous groups, created from a cluster analysis using the variables level of urbanization, proportion of death from external causes and the population of each municipality. We used data collected in 2000 from the State of Rio Grande do Norte. For the entire State, we estimated underreporting to be 11% using the BE estimator, and 12.9 % using the EM algorithm. Another important finding was the capability to assess the level of death coverage by age groups in the municipalities and, at any level of aggregation.

Un gran problema, en lo que se refiere a estimativas demográficas en Brasil, está relacionado con el nivel y patrón de la mortalidad. Los demógrafos que trabajan con mortalidad en el país todavía no se sienten muy seguros sobre el comportamiento real de este componente de la dinámica poblacional. Por otro lado, es necesario que se disponga de indicadores de mortalidad para niveles geográficos más desagregados, sobre todo municipios. El problema es que cuanto más desagregado, más complejo se hace el trabajo de estimar cualquier indicador social o demográfico. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estimar y proponer una corrección de subregistros de fallecimientos en el nivel municipal, según grupos de edad, por medio de dos métodos: estimador bayesiano empírico (BE) y algoritmo EM (Expectation-Maximization). Con el objeto de que los dos métodos fueran puestos en funcionamiento entre municipios semejantes, se realizaron dos ejercicios: se agruparon los municipios según la mesorregión; y se agruparon los municipios en grupos homogéneos, generados a partir de un análisis de cluster, utilizando las variables grado de urbanización, proporción de óbitos por causas externas y la población de cada municipio. Se utilizaron datos del Estado de Río Grande do Norte, referentes al año 2000. Para el total del Estado, se estimó un subregistro de un 11% con el estimador BE y de un 12,9% con el algoritmo EM. Otro resultado importante es la posibilidad de evaluar el grado de cobertura de óbitos por grupos de edad en municipios y en cualquier nivel de agregación a partir de este nivel.