Renewable aromatics through catalytic flash pyrolysis of pineapple crown leaves using HZSM-5 synthesized with RHA and diatomite.

The influence of reactor temperature of 300  and 600 °C and the acidity of the ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 catalysts on the pyrolysis product yields of the pineapple crown leaves have been investigated in a fixed bed reactor Py-GC/MS. The ZSM-5 catalyst was hydrothermally synthesized with a Si/Al ratio 50, using residual diatomite and rice husk ash as alternative sources of Al and Si for catalyst cost reduction. For the HZSM-5 synthesis, calcined ZSM-5 was activated by ion exchange between Na+ and H+. The catalysts structure was confirmed by the XRD and Rietveld treatment, SEM, FTIR, FRX, TGA and BET results. Analytical pyrolysis of the biomass was carried out at 500 °C in a Py-5200 HP-R pyrolyzer connected to the GC/MS and the pyrolysis vapors were transported to a catalytic bed at 300 and 600 °C. The results showed that the increase in the catalytic bed temperature promoted increased the aromatic content. The main pyrolysis products of the PCL were oxygenated compounds that were converted at 600 °C using the HZSM-5 catalyst into high value renewable aromatic compounds for the chemical industry, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, etilbenzene, thereby confirming the deoxygenation activity of synthesized catalyst to produce renewable aromatics compounds which are important platform chemicals and precursors for jet fuels, gases, polymers and solvents.

Comparative genomics of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from swine and human in Brazil

Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola is one of the most important pathogenic serovars for the maintenance of urban leptospirosis. Even though it is considered highly adapted to dogs, serovar Canicola infection has already been described in other animals and even a few human cases. Here, we present the genomic characterisation of two Brazilian L. interrogans serovar Canicola strains isolated from slaughtered sows (L0-3 and L0-4) and their comparison with human strain Fiocruz LV133. It was observed that the porcine serovar Canicola strains present the genetic machinery to cause human infection and, therefore, represent a higher risk to public health. Both human and porcine serovar Canicola isolates also presented sequences with high identity to the Chinese serovar Canicola published plasmids pGui1 and pGui2. The plasmids identification in the Brazilian and Chinese serovar Canicola strains suggest that extra-chromosomal elements are one more feature of this serovar that was previously unnoticed.

Comparative genomics of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from swine and human in Brazil.

Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola is one of the most important pathogenic serovars for the maintenance of urban leptospirosis. Even though it is considered highly adapted to dogs, serovar Canicola infection has already been described in other animals and even a few human cases. Here, we present the genomic characterisation of two Brazilian L. interrogans serovar Canicola strains isolated from slaughtered sows (L0-3 and L0-4) and their comparison with human strain Fiocruz LV133. It was observed that the porcine serovar Canicola strains present the genetic machinery to cause human infection and, therefore, represent a higher risk to public health. Both human and porcine serovar Canicola isolates also presented sequences with high identity to the Chinese serovar Canicola published plasmids pGui1 and pGui2. The plasmids identification in the Brazilian and Chinese serovar Canicola strains suggest that extra-chromosomal elements are one more feature of this serovar that was previously unnoticed.

Culture Strategies for Isolation of Fastidious Leptospira Serovar Hardjo and Molecular Differentiation of Genotypes Hardjobovis and Hardjoprajitno.

The Leptospira serovar Hedjo belongs to the serogroup sejroe and this serovar is the most prevalent in bovine herds worldwide. The sejroe serogroup is the most frequently detected by serology in Brazilian cattle herds suggesting that it is due serovar Hardjo. In the molecular classification, this serovar has two genotypes: Hardjobovis and Hardjoprajitno. This serovar is as considered as fastidious pathogens, and their isolation is one of the bottlenecks in leptospirosis laboratories. In addition, its molecular characterization using genomic approaches is oftentimes not simple and time-consuming. This study describes a method for isolating the two genotypes of serovar Hardjo using culture medium formulations and suggests a get-at-able molecular characterization. Ten cows naturally infected which were seropositive were selected from small dairy farms, and their urine was collected for bacterial isolation. We evaluated three modifications of liquid Leptospira medium culture supplemented with sodium pyruvate, superoxide dismutase enzyme and fetal bovine serum, and the isolates were characterized by molecular techniques. After isolation and adaptation in standard culture medium, the strains were subcultured for 1 week in the three modified culture media for morphologic evaluation using electronic microscopy. Strains were molecularly identified by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), partial sequencing and phylogenic analyses of gene sec Y. Combining the liquid culture medium formulations allowed growth of the Leptospira serovar Hardjo in three tubes. Two isolates were identified as genotype Hardjobovis, and the other as genotype Hardjoprajitno. Morphologically, compared with control media, cells in the medium supplemented with the superoxide dismutase enzyme were more elongated and showed many cells in division. The cells in the medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum were fewer and lost their spirochete morphology. This indicated that the additional supplementation with fetal bovine serum assisted in the initial growth and maintenance of the viable leptospires and the superoxide dismutase enzyme allowed them to adapt to the medium. These culture strategies allowed for the isolation and convenient molecular characterization of two genotypes of serovar Hardjo, creating new insight into the seroepidemiology of leptospirosis and its specific genotypes. It also provides new information for the immunoprophylaxis of bovine leptospirosis.

Profiling of Leptospira interrogans, L. santarosai, L. meyeri and L. borgpetersenii by SE-AFLP, PFGE and susceptibility testing--a continuous attempt at species and serovar differentiation.

Leptospirosis is a widespread systemic zoonosis, considered as reemerging in certain developing countries. Although the cross agglutinin absorption test is still considered the standard method for Leptospira identification, it presents several disadvantages. The aim of this study was to characterize Leptospira spp. isolated from various hosts by genotyping and broth microdilution susceptibility testing in an attempt to differentiate Leptospira species, serogroups and serovars. Forty-seven isolates were studied. They were previously serotyped, and species confirmation was performed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism (SE-AFLP) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis enabled the distinction of L. interrogans from L. santarosai, L. meyeri and L. borgpetersenii in two main clusters. Among L. interrogans, it was possible to differentiate into two new clusters the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae from the serogroups Canicola and Pomona. L. santarosai isolates presented higher genetic variation than the other species in both techniques. Interestingly, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) cluster analysis also provided Leptospira serogroup differentiation. Further studies are necessary regarding serovar Bananal isolates, as they presented the highest MIC values for most of the antimicrobials tested. All studied techniques successfully distinguished Leptospira species and serogroups. Despite being library-dependent methods, these approaches are less labor intensive and more economically viable, particularly SE-AFLP, and can be implemented in most reference laboratories worldwide to enable faster Leptospira typing.

Estudo da ocorrência de infecção hospitalar em cães e gatos em um centro cirúrgico veterinário universitário / Study of nosocomial infections in dogs and cats in an academic veterinary surgical center

Infecção hospitalar ou nosocomial é aquela adquirida durante a hospitalização do paciente, e que pode ser relacionada os procedimentos hospitalares invasivos realizados durante o internamento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a ocorrência de infecção hospitalar em animais atendidos em um Centro Cirúrgico Veterinário Universitário de Pequenos Animais submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos e/ou invasivos; discutir as possíveis causas de infecção, detectar as bactérias presentes quando possível e verificar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana destes agentes. O trabalho foi desenvolvido através do acompanhamento diário de 131 animais internados neste setor e busca ativa de casos de infecção hospitalar. Em 104 animais (91 cães e 13 felinos), foram realizados 113 procedimentos cirúrgicos e em 27 animais condutas não cirúrgicas tais como acompanhamento de parto e pós-parto, desobstrução uretral e colocação de talas. Todos os animais foram submetidos à colocação de cateter para fluidoterapia e/ou aplicação de medicamentos e/ou anestésicos em algum momento durante o internamento. O índice de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foi de 7,96% sendo 4,54% nas cirurgias limpas, 4,25% nas cirurgias limpa-contaminadas, 10,53% nas cirurgias contaminadas e 16% nas cirurgias infectadas. A taxa de infecção hospitalar não cirúrgica no paciente cirúrgico foi de 2,88% e 3,7% no paciente não cirúrgico. Foram cultivados sete isolados bacterianos, sendo Pseudomonas sp. (3), Streptococcus sp. (2), Acinetobacter sp. (1) e bacilo Gram negativo (1), constatando-se multirresistência bacteriana alta em todos os isolados. A duração da cirurgia e os tempos de internamento pré e pós-operatório não influenciaram na ocorrência de infecção hospitalar, mas os fatores que provavelmente colaboraram para a ocorrência de infecções no presente trabalho foram a própria gravidade da doença que motivou o tratamento, o tipo de procedimento realizado e a gravidade das lesões concomitantes.

Hospital or nosocomial infections are infections acquired during patient hospitalization, and that can be related to surgical and invasive procedures performed during the hospital admission. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of nosocomial infection in animals treated at a Veterinary Surgical Center of Small Animals, submitted to surgical or invasive procedures, to discuss the possible causes of infection, to detect the bacteria present when possible, and to verify the antimicrobial sensitivity of these agents. The study was developed through daily monitoring of 131 animals admitted in this surgical center and doing active surveillance of cases of nosocomial infection. In 104 animals (91 dogs and 13 cats), 113 surgical procedures were performed, and in 27 animals were performed non-surgical procedures such monitoring of delivery and postpartum, urethral catheterization and placement of splints. All animals were submitted to catheter placement for fluid therapy and application of medications and/or anesthetic at some point during hospitalization. The rate of surgical site infection was 7.96%, and by categories was 4.54% in clean surgeries, 4.25% in clean-contaminated surgeries, 10.53% in contaminated surgeries, and 16% in infected surgeries. The rate of non-surgical nosocomial infection in surgical patients was 2.88% and in the non-surgical patient was 3.7%. Bacteria were cultured as follows: Pseudomonas sp. (3), Streptococcus sp. (2), Acinetobacter sp. (1) and Gram negative bacilli (1), and high bacterial multidrug resistance were observed in all isolates. The duration of surgery and pre and postoperative time of hospitalization did not affect the occurrence of nosocomial infection, but factors that probably contributed to the occurrence of infections in this study were the severity of the condition responsible for the treatment, the kind of procedure performed and the severity of lesions.

Molecular and serological characterization of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from dogs, swine, and bovine in Brazil.

The identification of Leptospira clinical isolates through genotyping and serotyping, besides the recognition of its reservoirs, are important tools for understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis, and they are also keys for identifying new species and serovars. Fourteen clinical isolates from animals were characterized by means of single enzyme amplified length polymorphism, variable number of tandem repeat analysis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, and serotyping. All isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans, serovar Canicola. Infections by this serovar occur in urban regions, where dogs represent the main maintenance hosts, whereas bovine and swine may act as reservoirs of serovar Canicola in rural areas. Both urban and rural aspects of leptospirosis, and the role of domestic animals as maintenance hosts, cannot be neglected in developing and developed countries.

Prevalência e fatores de risco associados à Leptospira spp. em rebanhos bovinos da região centro-sul do estado do Paraná / Prevalence and risk factors for Leptospira spp. in cattle herds in the south central region of Paraná state

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp e os fatores de risco associados à infecção em rebanhos bovinos com atividade reprodutiva da região centro-sul do estado do Paraná. Foram utilizados o delineamento estatístico, as amostras sorológicas e as informações referentes às propriedades empregadas no estudo da brucelose bovina no estado do Paraná dentro do Contexto do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose. Foram estudadas 1.880 fêmeas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses, provenientes de 274 rebanhos não vacinados contra a Leptospira spp. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção foi utilizada a prova de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) com 22 sorovares de Leptospira spp. Em cada propriedade foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico, a fim de obter informações epidemiológicas e práticas de manejo empregadas. Dos 274 rebanhos analisados, 181 foram considerados positivos para a Leptospira spp., com a prevalência de rebanhos de 66,06% (I.C.95%=60,12- 71,65%). Presença de > 43 bovinos (OR=3,120; I.C=1,418- 6,867), compra de reprodutores (O.R=2,010; I.C=1,154- 3,500), aluguel de pasto (O.R=2,925; I.C=1,060-8,068), presença de piquete de parição (O.R=1,981; I.C=1,068- 3,676) foram identificados como fatores de risco para a infecção para qualquer sorovar de Leptospira spp. na análise de regressão logística multivariada. Os fatores de risco para a infecção pelo sorovar Hardjo foram presença de >43 bovinos (O.R=3,622; I.C=1,512-8,677), compra de reprodutores (O.R=3,143; I.C=1,557-6,342), aluguel de pasto (O.R=4,070; I.C=1,370-12,087) e presença de eqüinos (O.R=2,981; I.C=1,321-6,726). Estes resultados indicam que a infecção pela Leptospira spp está amplamente distribuída na região centro-sul do estado do Paraná e que fatores elacionados às características das propriedades e ao manejo estão associados à infecção.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies and the risk factors for Leptospira spp. infection in breeding cattle herds in the south central region of Paraná state. It was based on the statistic delineation/serological samples and information regarding the selected farms employed in the study of bovine brucellosis for Paraná state in the context of National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. A total of 1.880 females aged >24 months from 274 non vaccinated herds were studied. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against Leptospira spp. using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with 22 Leptospira serovars. The epidemiological questionnaire was applied on all the selected farms and aimed to obtain epidemiological data. Hundred eighty one of 274 herds were positive for Leptospira spp./presenting prevalence of positive herds of 66.06% (IC95%=60.12-71,65%). Presence of >43 cattle (OR=3.120; IC=1.418-6.867)/animal purchase (OR=2.010; IC=1.154-3.500)/rent of pastures (OR=2.925; IC=1.060-8.068) and presence of maternity paddock (OR=1.981; IC=1,068-3,676) were identified as risk factors for leptospirosis due to any serovar in the multivariate logistic regression. Risk factors for leptospirosis due to serovar Hardjo were presence of >43 cattle (OR=3.622; IC=1.512-8,677)/animal purchase (OR=3.143; IC=1.557-6.342)/rent of pastures (OR=4.070; IC=1.370-12.087) and presence of horses (OR=2.981; IC=1.321-6.726). These results indicate that Leptospira spp. infection is widespread in the south central region of Paraná state and that factors related to the herd characteristic and management are associated with the infection.

Resistência de bactérias isoladas de cães e gatos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (2008-2009) / Resistance of bacteria isolated from dogs and cats at Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual de Londrina (2008-2009)

The bacterial resistance profile was studied in several disorders affecting dogs and cats treated at the Small Animals Surgical Clinics Division of Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual de Londrina. The disorders etiologic agents recovered were identified and Staphylococcus spp. was the most prevalent (27.6 percent), followed by Pseudomonas spp. (22.7 percent) and Escherichia coli (16.6 percent). In the antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion method, there was a high percentage of resistance to main antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infections, especially of Gram negative bacteria, which showed over 66 percent resistance to the antibiotics tested, except for norfloxacin. In wounds, only gentamicin and amikacin had resistance rates less than 50.0 percent. In otological disorders, less resistance to norfloxacin and higher to neomycin, and lower rates of resistance in Gram positive bacteria were observed. In the orthopedic cases, the Gram positive bacteria showed higher resistance to ciprofloxacin, and in peritonitis was found 100 percent resistance to various antibiotics. This study emphasizes the importance of bacterial identification and implementation of testing of susceptibility to antibiotics to choose the appropriate antimicrobial agent in the treatment of the major diseases seen in this field of small animal veterinary medicine.

Foi determinado o perfil de resistência de bactérias isoladas de diversas afecções em cães e gatos atendidos no Setor de Clinica Cirúrgica de Animais de Companhia do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Houve maior frequência de Staphylococcus spp. (27,6 por cento), seguido por Pseudomonas spp. (22,7 por cento) e Escherichia coli (16,6 por cento). Na prova de sensibilidade antimicrobiana pelo método de difusão em ágar houve alta porcentagem de resistência das bactérias isoladas aos principais antibióticos usados no tratamento das infecções do trato urinário, principalmente das bactérias Gram negativas que apresentaram resistência superior a 66 por cento aos antibióticos testados, com exceção da norfloxacina. Nas bactérias isoladas de feridas, apenas a gentamicina e a amicacina demonstraram índices de resistência inferior a 50,0 por cento. Nas bactérias isoladas das afecções otológicas observou-se menor resistência à norfloxacina e maior à neomicina, sendo os menores índices de resistência observados nas bactérias Gram positivas. As bactérias Gram positivas apresentaram maior resistência à ciprofloxacina nos casos ortopédicos, e nas bactérias isoladas das peritonites houve 100 por cento de resistência a diversos antibióticos. Este trabalho ressalta a importância da identificação bacteriana e a realização de antibiogramas para a escolha do agente antimicrobiano apropriado no tratamento das principais afecções atendidas na área de animais de companhia em medicina veterinária.

Frequency of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea in the North Parana State, Brazil / Frequência de genes de virulência em Escherichia coli isolada de suínos com diarréia no norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Identification of Escherichia coli causing porcine postweaning diarrhea requires knowledge regarding the prevalent pathotypes within a given region. A total of 100 Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with diarrhea in Londrina city, Parana State, South Brazil, were screened for the presence of genes for F4, F5, F6, F18, F41 fimbrial antigens by specific probes and for enterotoxins (STa, STb, LT and STx2e) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that 60% of the isolates were positive for one or more of the fimbrial antigens and 92% were positive at least for one of the virulence factors examined. Virulence factor genesdetected were F4 (44%), F18 (38%), F5 (30%), F41 (32%), F6 (25%), LTp-I (71%), STa (40%), STb (47%) andSTx2e (3%). Twenty four patterns of virulence factor according to the different virulence genes form werefound and the most frequent virulence gene pattern was F4, F18, F41, STa, STb and LT. Most of the isolates that carried genes for adhesins also harboured genes for toxins.

A identificação de amostras de Escherichia coli responsáveis por diarréia pós-desmame em suínos requerconhecimento dos patotipos prevalentes dentro de uma dada região. Cem amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de leitões com diarréia no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, foram testadas para apresença dos genes que codificam antígenos fimbriais F4, F5, F6, F18, F41 e para a produção de enterotoxinas (STa, STb, LT and STx2e), através de sondas e da técnica da PCR (polymerasechain reaction). Os resultados mostraram que 60% dos isolados foram positivos para um ou mais antígenos fimbriais e 92% foram positivos para pelo menos um dos fatores de virulência examinados. Os genes de virulência detectados foram F4 (44%), F18 (38%), F5 (30%), F41 (32%), F6 (25%), LTp-I (71%), STa(40%), STb (47%) e STx2e (3%). Vinte e quatro padrões de virulência, de acordo com as diferentes combinações dos genes de virulência, foram encontrados e o mais prevalente foi F4,F18, F41, STa, STb e LT. A maioria das amostras que carreiam genes para adesinas também transportam genes para produção de toxinas.

Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila spp. em propriedades rurais com histórico de aborto bovino no estado do Paraná / Prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydophila spp. in herds with bovine abortion of Paraná state, Brazil

Chlamydophila abortus é o agente etiológico do aborto epizoótico bovino, cujas manifestações clínicas mais freqüentes são aborto, nascimento de bezerros prematuros e de animais fracos, natimorto e repetição de cio em intervalos irregulares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila spp. em fêmeas bovinas de propriedades rurais com histórico de aborto, selecionadas dentro do delineamento amostral do Plano Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose no estado do Paraná. Foram testadas pela prova de fixação de complemento 3.102 amostras de soro de fêmeas bovinas (idade > 24 meses), provenientes de 373 propriedades. Ao total, 44 (1,42 por cento) animais foram positivos com títulos > 32. A prevalência de focos foi de 8,82 por cento (6,15 por cento-12,17 por cento). Animais confinados ou semi-confinados (OR=3.339, P=0.004), propriedade com menos de 35 matrizes (OR=3.339, P=0.017), presença de produtos do aborto na pastagem (OR=2.372, P=0.037) e aluguel de pasto (OR=3.398, P=0.006) foram considerados fatores de risco para Chlamydophila spp. A infecção por Chlamydophila spp. acometeu um número pequeno de animais, oriundos de propriedades com histórico de aborto. A importância deste agente como causa de aborto em bovinos no estado do Paraná, se existir, é muito pequena.

Chlamydophila abortus is a recognized cause of bovine epizootic abortion. Abortion, premature birth and weak lamb/calf, stillbirth and repeat breeding in irregular intervals are the most frequent disease manifestations. The complement fixation test is the recommended by the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) for Chlamydophila spp. serologic diagnosis. The aim of this study was estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydophila spp. in cattle herds with abortion, selected inside the sampling design of National Program of Control and Erradication of Brucellosis in Paraná state. Serum samples of 3,102 cows (age > 24 months) from 373 herds were analyzed by complement fixation test. Totally, 44 (1.42 percent) animal were positive with titers > 32. The seroprevalence of Chlamydophila spp. in the herds was 8.82 percent (6.15 percent-12.17 percent). Four variables were associated with seroprevalence for Chlamydophila spp. in the final model of logistic regression: confined or semi-confined breeding (OR=3.339, P=0.004), farms with less than 35 cows (OR=3.339, P=0.017), abortion in the pasture (OR=2.372, P=0.037) and pasture rent (OR=3.398, P=0.006) were risk factors for Chlamydophila spp. This bacterium infected a small number of cattle from herds with abortion in Paraná state. Chlamydophila spp impact as abortion cause is reduced in this state.

Frequency of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea in the North Parana State, Brazil.

Identification of Escherichia coli causing porcine postweaning diarrhea requires knowledge regarding the prevalent pathotypes within a given region. A total of 100 Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with diarrhea in Londrina city, Parana State, South Brazil, were screened for the presence of genes for F4, F5, F6, F18, F41 fimbrial antigens by specific probes and for enterotoxins (STa, STb, LT and STx2e) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that 60% of the isolates were positive for one or more of the fimbrial antigens and 92% were positive at least for one of the virulence factors examined. Virulence factor genes detected were F4 (44%), F18 (38%), F5 (30%), F41 (32%), F6 (25%), LTp-I (71%), STa (40%), STb (47%) and STx2e (3%). Twenty four patterns of virulence factor according to the different virulence genes form were found and the most frequent virulence gene pattern was F4, F18, F41, STa, STb and LT. Most of the isolates that carried genes for adhesins also harboured genes for toxins.

Fatores de risco associados à infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino 1 em rebanhos bovinos da região Oeste do Estado do Paraná / Risk factors for bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in cattle herds in the West region of Parana State

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de rebanhos positivos (focos) e identificar os fatores de risco que possam estar associados com a infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino 1 (BoHV-1) em rebanhos bovinos com atividade reprodutiva, na região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. O delineamento estatístico, amostras de soro e informações referentes às propriedades foram as empregadas para o estudo da brucelose bovina no Estado do Paraná dentro do contexto do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose. Foram avaliadas 1930 fêmeas com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses, provenientes de 295 rebanhos não vacinados contra o BoHV-1. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção pelo BoHV-1, foi utilizado um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) indireto. Em cada propriedade foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico, afim de obter informações epidemiológicas e práticas de manejo empregadas. Dos 295 rebanhos analisados, 190 foram considerados positivos para o BoHV-1, com a prevalência de rebanhos de 64,41 por cento (I.C.95 por cento = 58,65-69,87 por cento). As variáveis consideradas fatores de risco para a infecção pelo BoHV-1 na análise de regressão logística multivariada foram: i) número (>23) fêmeas com idade >24 meses (OR=2,22; IC: 1,09-4,51); ii) compra de reprodutores (OR=2,68; IC: 1,48-4,82); iii) uso de pastagens comuns (OR=5,93; IC: 1,31-26,82); iv) histórico de abortamento nos últimos 12 meses (OR=2,37; IC: 1,09-5,16); v) presença de animais silvestres (OR=8,86; IC: 1,11-70,73). Estes resultados indicam que a infecção pelo BoHV-1 está amplamente distribuída na região estudada e que fatores relacionados às características das propriedades e ao manejo estão associados à infecção.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive herds and to identify the risk factors for BoHV-1 infection in breeding cattle herds in the Western region of Parana State. The statistic delineation, the serum samples and information regarding the selected farms, were the same employed in the study of bovine brucellosis for Parana State in the context of National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. The sampling was performed in two stages. Blood samples were collected from 1930 females aged >24 months from 295 non vaccinated herds. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against BoHV-1 using an indirect ELISA. The epidemiological questionnaire was applied on all the selected farms and aimed to obtain epidemiological data. Hundred ninety of the 295 herds were positive for BoHV-1, presenting prevalence of positive herds of 64.41 percent [58.65-69.87 percent]. The number (>23) of females aged 24 months (OR=2.22; IC: 1.09-4.51), purchased cattle (OR=2.68; IC: 1.48-4.82), use of common grass (OR=5.93; IC: 1.31-26.82), history of abortion in the last 12 months (OR=2.37; IC: 1.09-5.16) and presence of wildlife animals (OR=8.86; IC: 1.11-70.73) were identified as risk factors for BoHV-1 infection in the multivariate logistic regression. These results indicate that BoHV-1 infection is widespread in the studied region and that factors related to the herd characteristic and management are associated with the infection.

Avaliação do desempenho reprodutivo de um rebanho bovino de corte naturalmente infectado com o BoHV-1, BVDV e Leptospira hardjo1 / Reproductive performance evaluation of a beef cattle herd naturally infected with the BoHV-1, BVDV and Leptospira hardjo

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a performance reprodutiva de um rebanho bovino de corte, criado extensivamente, naturalmente infectado pelo herpes vírus bovino 1 (BoHV-1), pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) e pela Leptospira hardjo. No rebanho, constituído por 1.331 fêmeas, foram selecionados aleatoriamente 208 animais que foram subdivididos em três grupos: i) 60 novilhas virgens; ii) 60 vacas de primeira cria; iii) 88 vacas com duas ou mais crias. No período correspondente a uma estação de reprodução, obtida por inseminação artificial (IA) seguida por repasse com touro, foram avaliados o desempenho reprodutivo e os perfis sorológicos para a rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina (IBR), a diarréia viral bovina (BVD) e a leptospirose. As taxas de animais soropositivos para IBR, BVD e leptospirose nos grupos avaliados foram de 68,3, 98,0 e 78,8, respectivamente. O grupo de animais com duas ou mais crias apresentaram baixo desempenho reprodutivo com 35,6 de repetições de cio; 18,6 de abortamentos; 2,3 doses de sêmen por bezerro nascido e 35,6 de animais nascidos de IA. A mais baixa performance reprodutiva foi observada no grupo de novilhas. A análise do perfil sorológico anterior à estação de monta, em associação com os resultados de alguns parâmetros de eficiência reprodutiva sugere a provável participação do BoHV-1 e da L. hardjo no baixo desempenho reprodutivo do rebanho avaliado.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of some reproductive rates of a beef cattle herd that werenaturally infected by the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) andLeptospirahardjo. In a herd with 1331 females, we randomly selected 208 animals that were distributedin three groups: i) 60 virgin heifers; ii) 60 first suckling cows; iii) 88 cows with two or more sucklings. Allgroups were evaluated for infectious bovine rinothracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), andleptospirosis serological profile, and the reproductive performance in a breeding station that had artificialinsemination (AI) followed by bull repass. The IBR, BVD and leptospirosis seropositive rates in thethree groups were 68.3%, 98.0% and 78.8%, respectively. The highest seropositives rates for the threeinfections simultaneously were obtained in the cows with two or more sucklings. The three groupspresented low reproductive performance with 35.6% of repeat breeding; 18.6% of abortions, 2.3 semendoses by born calf, and 35.6% of born calves by AI. The lowest reproductive performance was observedin the virgin heifers group. The serological profile analysis before the breeding time with associationwith the results of some reproductive efficiency rates suggest the BoHV-1 and L. hardjo participation inthe low reproductive performance observed in the beef cattle herd studied

Mastite bovina por Mycoplasma bovis em rebanhos leiteiros / Mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis in dairy cattle

Foram examinadas 713 vacas de três rebanhos leiteiros localizados na regiäo norte do Estado do Paraná e sudoeste do Estado de Säo Paulo, das quais 137 apresentaram mastite. Nas três propriedades foram detectados oito animais (1,12 por cento) com mastite clínica por Mycoplasma bovis. Destes animais, quatro tratados com oxitetraciclina e tilosina e três com enrofloxacina, näo responderam ao tratamento e foram descartados no decorrer da lactaçäo. Uma vaca medicada com enrofloxacina recuperou quase que totalmente a secreçäo láctea mas a eliminaçäo de M. bovis persistiu por toda lactaçäo. Esta vaca apresentou cura bacteriológica na lactaçäo seguinte. O descarte dos animais positivos, monitoramento bacteriológico e a aplicaçäo correta das medidas de prevençäo para as mastites contagiosas controlaram a disseminaçäo de M. bovis nos rebanhos

Frequency of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) non-reducing bacteria in pasteurized milk

2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is a dye largely used for enumeration of microbial colonies in solid culture media, being a key component of the dry rehydratable film system used for microbiological analysis of food. This dye is colorless in the oxidized form and red when reduced by microorganisms, due to formation of formazan. In this study, TTC was added to Plate Count Agar (PCA) for enumeration of microorganisms in thirty four pasteurized milk samples, with the aim to verify the frequency of microorganisms that are unable to reduce TTC. Milk samples were decimally diluted in saline and pour-plated in PCA plus 0.015(per cent) TTC. Colonies were counted after 24h and 48 h of incubation at 35(degree)C. From a total of 50,574 colonies 19,665(38.88 per cent) did not reduce TTC in 48h. It was observed that 571(6.36 per cent) colonies that were colorless in 24h became red in 48h. From those that didn't reduce TTC in 48h, 233 were purified and Gram stained. 229(98.71 per cent) of them were Gram positive cocci and bacilli. The results show that there is a high percentage of microorganisms unable to reduce TTC in pasteurized milk, which cannot be detected by laboratory procedures based on the formation of red colonies.