Snakebites caused by the genera Bothrops and Lachesis in the Brazilian Amazon: a study of factors associated with severe cases and death.

BACKGROUND: Snakebites are a major problem in developing countries owing to their high morbidity rates, severity, and sequelae. In Brazil, most cases of envenomation are caused by Bothrops and Lachesis snakes. The present study aimed to evaluate variables associated with death, systemic complications, and amputations in victims of envenomation due to Bothrops or Lachesis snake. METHODS: An analytical epidemiological study was performed with data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação [SINAN]) relating to the Brazilian Amazon for the period 2010-2015. A hierarchical Poisson regression analysis was performed with three aspects, namely, individual characteristics, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical conditions. RESULTS: The following associations were observed: i) advanced age (>65 years), sepsis, renal failure, and hemorrhagic manifestations were related to two outcomes - death due to snakebite and death from all causes; ii) more advanced age (≥46 years), time to health care longer than 6 hours, renal and hemorrhagic manifestations, and region of occurrence being rural areas were associated with systemic complications; and iii) children (up to 12 years old) were associated with amputations. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the characteristics associated with severe outcomes in snakebites may help identify patients who will require more intensive care or longer follow-up and may provide the physician with counseling rationale for their possible prognosis.

Snakebites caused by the genera Bothrops and Lachesis in the Brazilian Amazon: a study of factors associated with severe cases and death

ABSTRACT Background: Snakebites are a major problem in developing countries owing to their high morbidity rates, severity, and sequelae. In Brazil, most cases of envenomation are caused by Bothrops and Lachesis snakes. The present study aimed to evaluate variables associated with death, systemic complications, and amputations in victims of envenomation due to Bothrops or Lachesis snake. Methods: An analytical epidemiological study was performed with data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação [SINAN]) relating to the Brazilian Amazon for the period 2010-2015. A hierarchical Poisson regression analysis was performed with three aspects, namely, individual characteristics, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical conditions. Results: The following associations were observed: i) advanced age (>65 years), sepsis, renal failure, and hemorrhagic manifestations were related to two outcomes - death due to snakebite and death from all causes; ii) more advanced age (≥46 years), time to health care longer than 6 hours, renal and hemorrhagic manifestations, and region of occurrence being rural areas were associated with systemic complications; and iii) children (up to 12 years old) were associated with amputations. Conclusions: Knowledge of the characteristics associated with severe outcomes in snakebites may help identify patients who will require more intensive care or longer follow-up and may provide the physician with counseling rationale for their possible prognosis.

Visceral leishmaniasis lethality in Brazil: an exploratory analysis of associated demographic and socioeconomic factors.

INTRODUCTION: It is believed that delays in diagnosis and treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) contribute significantly to the burden of VL lethality in Brazil. METHODS: This study included several parts: a descriptive cross-sectional study of the individual characteristics of deaths from disease; a descriptive ecological study of the spatial distribution of deaths from disease; and an ecological analytical study to evaluate the association between disease lethality rates and the demographic, socioeconomic, and health indicators. The study population comprised all cases diagnosed throughout the country per the National Disease Notification System (SINAN) and the total number of disease deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 2007 to 2012. RESULTS: Of the 223 deaths from disease captured by pairing the databases, 59.1% were reported as "death from other causes". There were significant associations between VL lethality rate and municipalities with the highest proportion of vulnerable individuals (rate ratio (RR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.27), with VL lower incidence rate (RR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.58-0.67) and a higher incidence rate of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (RR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.51). CONCLUSIONS: Linking the SINAN and SIM databases allowed the inclusion of 14% of otherwise underreported deaths from VL for the study period, showing that this method is useful for the surveillance of VL-related deaths. The size of the municipal population, proportion of the vulnerable population, incidence of disease, and the incidence of AIDS were associated with municipal lethality rates related to VL in Brazil.

Visceral leishmaniasis lethality in Brazil: an exploratory analysis of associated demographic and socioeconomic factors

Abstract INTRODUCTION: It is believed that delays in diagnosis and treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) contribute significantly to the burden of VL lethality in Brazil. METHODS: This study included several parts: a descriptive cross-sectional study of the individual characteristics of deaths from disease; a descriptive ecological study of the spatial distribution of deaths from disease; and an ecological analytical study to evaluate the association between disease lethality rates and the demographic, socioeconomic, and health indicators. The study population comprised all cases diagnosed throughout the country per the National Disease Notification System (SINAN) and the total number of disease deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 2007 to 2012. RESULTS: Of the 223 deaths from disease captured by pairing the databases, 59.1% were reported as "death from other causes". There were significant associations between VL lethality rate and municipalities with the highest proportion of vulnerable individuals (rate ratio (RR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.27), with VL lower incidence rate (RR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.58-0.67) and a higher incidence rate of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (RR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.51). CONCLUSIONS: Linking the SINAN and SIM databases allowed the inclusion of 14% of otherwise underreported deaths from VL for the study period, showing that this method is useful for the surveillance of VL-related deaths. The size of the municipal population, proportion of the vulnerable population, incidence of disease, and the incidence of AIDS were associated with municipal lethality rates related to VL in Brazil.

Analysis of the epidemiological situation of leprosy in an endemic area in Brazil: spatial distribution in the periods 2001 - 2003 and 2010 - 2012. / Análise da situação epidemiológica da hanseníase em uma área endêmica no Brasil: distribuição espacial dos períodos 2001 - 2003 e 2010 - 2012.

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, the spatial distribution of leprosy is heterogeneous. Areas with high transmission of the disease remain in the North, Center-west and Northeast. Areas with high transmission of the disease remain in the Northern, Central-Western and Northeastern regions of the country. OBJECTIVE: to describe the spatial distribution of leprosy in municipalities with high risk of transmission, in the periods from 2001 - 2003 and 2010 - 2012. METHODS: This was an ecological study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). They included all municipalities in the states of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Rondônia, Pará and Maranhão. The following leprosy indicators were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants: incidence rate of leprosy, incidence rate in children aged less than 15 years and rate of new cases with grade 2 disabilities. The spatial scan statistic was used to detect significant clusters (p ≤ 0.05) in the study area. RESULTS: In the period 2001 - 2003, the scan spatial statistics identified 44 significant clusters for the leprosy incidence rate, and 42 significant clusters in the period 2010 - 2012. In the period 2001 - 2003, it was possible to identify 20 significant clusters to the incidence rate in children aged less than 15, and 14 significant clusters in the period 2010 - 2012. For the rate of new cases with grade 2 disability, the scan statistics identified 19 significant clusters in the period 2001 - 2003, and 14 significant clusters in the period 2010 - 2012. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the reduction in the detection of leprosy cases, there is a need intensify disease control actions, especially in the clusters identified.

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, a distribuição espacial da hanseníase é heterogênea. Áreas com alta transmissão da doença permanecem nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do país. OBJETIVO: Descrever a distribuição espacial da hanseníase em municípios brasileiros com alto risco de transmissão, nos períodos 2001 - 2003 e 2010 - 2012. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Foram incluídos todos os municípios localizados nos Estados de Mato Grosso, do Tocantins, de Rondônia, do Pará e do Maranhão. Os seguintes indicadores de hanseníase foram calculados por 100.000 habitantes: taxa de incidência de hanseníase, taxa de incidência em menores de 15 anos e a taxa de casos novos com grau 2 de incapacidade (por 100.000 habitantes). A estatística espacial scan foi usada para detectar clusters significativos (p ≤ 0,05) na área de estudo. RESULTADOS: No período 2001 - 2003, a estatística espacial scan identificou 44 clusters significativos para a taxa de incidência da hanseníase, e 42 clusters significativos no período 2010 - 2012. No período 2001 - 2003, foram identificados 20 clusters significativos para a taxa de incidência em menores de 15 anos, e 14 clusters significativos no período 2010 - 2012. Para a taxa de casos novos com grau 2 de incapacidade, a estatística scan identificou 19 clusters significativos no período 2001 - 2003, e 14 agrupamentos significativos no triênio 2010 - 2012. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da redução na detecção de casos de hanseníase, há uma necessidade de intensificar as ações de controle da doença, especialmente nos clusters identificados.

Análise da situação epidemiológica da hanseníase em uma área endêmica no Brasil: distribuição espacial dos períodos 2001 - 2003 e 2010 - 2012 / Analysis of the epidemiological situation of leprosy in an endemic area in Brazil: spatial distribution in the periods 2001 - 2003 and 2010 - 2012

RESUMO: Introdução: No Brasil, a distribuição espacial da hanseníase é heterogênea. Áreas com alta transmissão da doença permanecem nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do país. Objetivo: Descrever a distribuição espacial da hanseníase em municípios brasileiros com alto risco de transmissão, nos períodos 2001 - 2003 e 2010 - 2012. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Foram incluídos todos os municípios localizados nos Estados de Mato Grosso, do Tocantins, de Rondônia, do Pará e do Maranhão. Os seguintes indicadores de hanseníase foram calculados por 100.000 habitantes: taxa de incidência de hanseníase, taxa de incidência em menores de 15 anos e a taxa de casos novos com grau 2 de incapacidade (por 100.000 habitantes). A estatística espacial scan foi usada para detectar clusters significativos (p ≤ 0,05) na área de estudo. Resultados: No período 2001 - 2003, a estatística espacial scan identificou 44 clusters significativos para a taxa de incidência da hanseníase, e 42 clusters significativos no período 2010 - 2012. No período 2001 - 2003, foram identificados 20 clusters significativos para a taxa de incidência em menores de 15 anos, e 14 clusters significativos no período 2010 - 2012. Para a taxa de casos novos com grau 2 de incapacidade, a estatística scan identificou 19 clusters significativos no período 2001 - 2003, e 14 agrupamentos significativos no triênio 2010 - 2012. Conclusão: Apesar da redução na detecção de casos de hanseníase, há uma necessidade de intensificar as ações de controle da doença, especialmente nos clusters identificados.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In Brazil, the spatial distribution of leprosy is heterogeneous. Areas with high transmission of the disease remain in the North, Center-west and Northeast. Areas with high transmission of the disease remain in the Northern, Central-Western and Northeastern regions of the country. Objective: to describe the spatial distribution of leprosy in municipalities with high risk of transmission, in the periods from 2001 - 2003 and 2010 - 2012. Methods: This was an ecological study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). They included all municipalities in the states of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Rondônia, Pará and Maranhão. The following leprosy indicators were calculated per 100,000 inhabitants: incidence rate of leprosy, incidence rate in children aged less than 15 years and rate of new cases with grade 2 disabilities. The spatial scan statistic was used to detect significant clusters (p ≤ 0.05) in the study area. Results: In the period 2001 - 2003, the scan spatial statistics identified 44 significant clusters for the leprosy incidence rate, and 42 significant clusters in the period 2010 - 2012. In the period 2001 - 2003, it was possible to identify 20 significant clusters to the incidence rate in children aged less than 15, and 14 significant clusters in the period 2010 - 2012. For the rate of new cases with grade 2 disability, the scan statistics identified 19 significant clusters in the period 2001 - 2003, and 14 significant clusters in the period 2010 - 2012. Conclusions: Despite the reduction in the detection of leprosy cases, there is a need intensify disease control actions, especially in the clusters identified.

Censo de estrutura da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil (2012): estimativas de coberturas potenciais / Censo sobre la estructura de los servicios de atención primaria en salud en Brasil (2012): estimaciones de coberturas potenciales / Census of the Primary Health Care structure in Brazil (2012): potential coverage estimates*

OBJETIVO: estimar e discutir indicadores selecionados de estrutura da Atenção Primaria à Saúde (APS) no Brasil em 2012. MÉTODOS: estudo ecológico descritivo, com dados do censo das unidades de APS, etapa do Programa para Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB); indicadores de coberturas potenciais foram estimados para infraestrutura, composição da equipe e serviços disponíveis. RESULTADOS: os resultados evidenciaram altas coberturas (≥70%) para agentes comunitários de saúde (87,6%), equipes com atendimento em cinco ou mais dias na semana (71,4%), em dois turnos ou mais (70%), com consulta de enfermagem (70,9%) e curativos (70,4%); porém, coberturas ainda são incipientes (≤30%) para equipes em unidades com sinalização externa adequada (25,4%), prestando atendimento nos finais de semana (28,4%) e contando com profissionais para acolhimento (10,4%). CONCLUSÃO: os achados deste estudo apontam para as grandes desigualdades de coberturas potenciais relativas aos indicadores de estrutura da APS entre as Unidades da Federação.

OBJETIVO: estimar y analizar indicadores seleccionados de estructura de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) en Brasil 2012. MÉTODOS: fue realizado un estudio ecológico descriptivo con datos del censo de las Unidades del Programa Nacional de Mejoría de Acceso y Calidad en APS; coberturas potenciales fueron estimadas para infraestructura, composición de los equipos y servicios disponibles. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican altas coberturas (≥70%) para agentes comunitarios de salud (87,6%), equipos con oferta de atención en 5 o más días de la semana (71,4%), en 2 o más turnos por día (70%), con consultas de enfermería (70,9%) y apósitos (70,4%); las coberturas fueron bajas (≤30%) para los equipos en unidades con señalización externa adecuada (25,4%) y con atendimiento en los finales de semana (28,4%) y con profesionales para acoger el paciente (10,4%). CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados apuntan las grandes desigualdades de cobertura potenciales, relacionadas con los indicadores de estructura de las APS entre las unidades federales.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate and discuss selected indicators of Primary Health Care (PHC) structure in Brazil in 2012. METHODS: a descriptive ecological study was carried out using Primary Health Care Centre census data from the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB); potential coverage indicators were estimated for infrastructure, health team composition and services available. RESULTS: the results revealed high coverage (≥70%) in Brazil for Community Health Agents (87.6%), teams providing care 5 days or more a week (71.4%), in 2 or more daily periods (70%), with nursing care services (70.9%) and dressing changes (70.4%); on the other hand, coverage is still poor (≤30%) for teams in health centres with adequate external signage (25.4%), delivering care at the weekend (28.4%) and reception of service users by health professionals (10.4%). CONCLUSION: the findings of this study point to the great inequalities between Brazilian states in potential coverage as shown by APS structure indicators.

Census of the Primary Health Care structure in Brazil (2012): potential coverage estimates. / Censo de estrutura da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil (2012): estimativas de coberturas potenciais.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate and discuss selected indicators of Primary Health Care (PHC) structure in Brazil in 2012. METHODS: a descriptive ecological study was carried out using Primary Health Care Centre census data from the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB); potential coverage indicators were estimated for infrastructure, health team composition and services available. RESULTS: the results revealed high coverage (≥70%) in Brazil for Community Health Agents (87.6%), teams providing care 5 days or more a week (71.4%), in 2 or more daily periods (70%), with nursing care services (70.9%) and dressing changes (70.4%); on the other hand, coverage is still poor (≤30%) for teams in health centres with adequate external signage (25.4%), delivering care at the weekend (28.4%) and reception of service users by health professionals (10.4%). CONCLUSION: the findings of this study point to the great inequalities between Brazilian states in potential coverage as shown by APS structure indicators.

[Domestic and family violence against women: a case-control study with victims treated in emergency rooms]. / Violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher: estudo de casos e controles com vítimas atendidas em serviços de urgência e emergência.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with treatment of victims of domestic and family violence in emergency rooms in Brazil. This is a case-control study based on the Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA), 2011. Women ≥ 18 years who were victims of family and domestic violence were selected as cases and compared to accident victims (controls). Adjusted odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. 623 cases and 10,120 controls were included. Risk factors according to the adjusted analysis were younger age (18-29 years), low schooling, lack of paid work, alcohol consumption, having sought treatment in a different health service, and violence on weekends or at night or in the early morning hours. The study concludes that domestic and family violence shows alcohol consumption as a strongly associated factor. Days and hours with the highest ocurrence reveal the need to adjust emergency services to treat victims.

Violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher: estudo de casos e controles com vítimas atendidas em serviços de urgência e emergência / Domestic and family violence against women: a case-control study with victims treated in emergency rooms / La violencia doméstica y familiar contra la mujer: estudio de casos y controles con víctimas tratadas en salas de emergencia

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores associados ao atendimento por violência doméstica e familiar entre vítimas atendidas em serviços de urgência e emergência no Brasil. Realizou-se estudo de casos e controles baseado no Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA), 2011. Foram selecionadas mulheres com 18 anos ou mais de idade, vítimas de violência doméstica e familiar (casos) em comparação com aquelas vítimas de acidentes (controles). As razões de chances ajustadas foram estimadas por regressão logística não condicional. Foram incluídos 623 casos e 10.120 controles. Na análise ajustada, foram fatores de risco: idade mais jovem (18-29 anos), baixa escolaridade, não exercer atividade remunerada, consumo de bebida alcoólica, procura de atendimento em outro serviço, ocorrência em final de semana e durante a noite ou madrugada. A violência doméstica e familiar teve o consumo de bebida alcoólica como fator fortemente associado. Os dias e horas de maior ocorrência evidenciam a necessidade de adequação dos serviços de atendimento às vítimas.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with treatment of victims of domestic and family violence in emergency rooms in Brazil. This is a case-control study based on the Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA), 2011. Women ≥ 18 years who were victims of family and domestic violence were selected as cases and compared to accident victims (controls). Adjusted odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. 623 cases and 10,120 controls were included. Risk factors according to the adjusted analysis were younger age (18-29 years), low schooling, lack of paid work, alcohol consumption, having sought treatment in a different health service, and violence on weekends or at night or in the early morning hours. The study concludes that domestic and family violence shows alcohol consumption as a strongly associated factor. Days and hours with the highest ocurrence reveal the need to adjust emergency services to treat victims.

El objetivo fue identificar factores asociados a la atención por violencia doméstica y familiar entre víctimas atendidas en servicios de urgencia y emergencia en Brasil. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, basado en el Sistema de Vigilancia de Violencia y Accidentes (VIVA), 2011. Se seleccionaron mujeres con 18 años o más de edad, víctimas de violencia doméstica y familiar (casos), en comparación con aquellas víctimas de accidentes (controles). Las razones de momios ajustadas se estimaron por regresión logística no condicional. Se incluyeron 623 casos y 10.120 controles. En el análisis ajustado, fueron factores de riesgo: una edad más joven (18-29 años), baja escolaridad, no ejercer actividad remunerada, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, búsqueda de atención en otro servicio, incidente acaecido durante el fin de semana y durante la noche o madrugada. La violencia doméstica y familiar tuvo el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas como factor fuertemente asociado. Los días y horas de mayor incidencia evidencian la necesidad de adecuación de los servicios de atención a las víctimas.

[Tobacco control policy and variation in Brazilian family spending on cigarettes: results of the Brazilian Household Budget Surveys in 2002/2003 and 2008/2009]. / A política antitabagismo e a variação dos gastos das famílias brasileiras com cigarro: resultados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares, 2002/2003 e 2008/2009.

This study aimed to describe trends in family spending on cigarettes and its share of family budget, comparing 2002 and 2009, using the Brazilian Household Budget Surveys from 2002/2003 and 2008/2009. The Expanded Consumer Price Index (IPCA) was used. The proportion of families that purchased cigarettes decreased from 23.5% to 18.2%, however their spending increased from BRL 55.36 to BRL 59.45. Spending on cigarettes was proportional to family income and head-of-family's schooling. Higher-income families still accounted for most of the expenditure, although the share of family income spent on cigarettes declined. The share of income for purchasing cigarettes was 5.2% in the lowest income quintile and 1.2% in the highest. Tobacco control policy has succeeded in reducing smoking prevalence in Brazil. However, economic measures are still important in the country, since the family's share of income and spending on cigarettes have decreased.

A política antitabagismo e a variação dos gastos das famílias brasileiras com cigarro: resultados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares, 2002/2003 e 2008/2009 / Tobacco control policy and variation in Brazilian family spending on cigarettes: results of the Brazilian Household Budget Surveys in 2002/2003 and 2008/2009 / Política de control sobre el tabaco y variación del gasto de las familias brasileñas respecto al mismo: resultados de Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares, 2002/2003 y 2008/2009

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a evolução dos gastos com cigarro das famílias brasileiras e seu peso sobre a renda dessas no período de 2002-2009. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2002/2003 e 2008/2009. Foi realizada correção dos valores mediante o Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA). A proporção de famílias que tiveram gastos com cigarro reduziu de 23,5% para 18,2%, no período estudado, mas o valor do gasto aumentou de R$ 55,36 para R$ 59,45. O gasto foi maior à medida que aumentavam a renda e a escolaridade do chefe das famílias. As famílias com maior renda concentram a maior parte desses gastos, apesar da redução de sua contribuição no gasto total com cigarro. O comprometimento da renda na aquisição de cigarros foi de 5,2% no primeiro e de 1,2% no último quinto de renda. A política antitabagismo logrou êxitos na redução da prevalência do tabagismo no Brasil. Porém, medidas econômicas ainda são importantes no contexto nacional, tendo em vista que a parcela da renda e da despesa das famílias comprometida com cigarro apresentou redução.

This study aimed to describe trends in family spending on cigarettes and its share of family budget, comparing 2002 and 2009, using the Brazilian Household Budget Surveys from 2002/2003 and 2008/2009. The Expanded Consumer Price Index (IPCA) was used. The proportion of families that purchased cigarettes decreased from 23.5% to 18.2%, however their spending increased from BRL 55.36 to BRL 59.45. Spending on cigarettes was proportional to family income and head-of-family’s schooling. Higher-income families still accounted for most of the expenditure, although the share of family income spent on cigarettes declined. The share of income for purchasing cigarettes was 5.2% in the lowest income quintile and 1.2% in the highest. Tobacco control policy has succeeded in reducing smoking prevalence in Brazil. However, economic measures are still important in the country, since the family’s share of income and spending on cigarettes have decreased.

El objetivo fue describir la evolución de los gastos en las familias brasileñas con el tabaco y su peso en los ingresos familiares durante el período de 2002-2009. Se utilizaron datos de las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) 2002/2003 y 2008/2009. Se aplicó el Índice de Precios al Consumidor Ampliado (IPCA). La proporción de familias que habían gastado en tabaco disminuyó de 23,5 % a un 18,2 %. Sin embargo, el gasto de los hogares aumentó de R$ 55,36 a R$ 59,45. El gasto fue mayor con el aumento de los ingresos y de la educación del cabeza de familia. Los hogares con ingresos más altos concentran la mayor parte de estos gastos, mientras existe una reducción de su participación en el gasto total con el tabaco. El gasto comprometido con el tabaco fue un 5,2 % en la primera franja de ingresos y el 1,2 % en la última franja de ingresos. La política de control sobre el tabaco tuvo éxito en la reducción del consumo de tabaco en Brasil. No obstante, siguen siendo importantes las medidas económicas, dado que la proporción de ingresos y gastos comprometidos por las familias con el tabaco disminuyó.

Consumo abusivo de álcool no Brasil: resultados da pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013 / Heavy drinking in Brazil: results from the 2013 national health survey

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência do consumo abusivo de álcool na população brasileira, segundo características sociodemográficas e de saúde, em 2013. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), referentes ao consumo abusivo de álcool nos 30 dias anteriores à entrevista, entre indivíduos com idade ≥18 anos. Foram estimadas as prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC95 por ento). RESULTADOS: a prevalência foi 13,7 por cento (IC95 por cento 13,1; 14,2 por cento), superior entre os homens (21,6 por cento; IC95 por cento 20,7; 22,5 por cento) em relação às mulheres (6,6 por cento; IC95 por cento 6,1; 7,1 por cento). Prevalências maiores foram observadas entre adultos jovens (18 a 29 anos de idade: 18,8 por cento; IC95 por cento 17,5; 20,0 por cento), de cor da pele preta (16,6 por cento; IC95 por cento 14,9; 18,4 por cento), fumantes ocasionais (35,2 por cento; IC95 por cento 30,4; 40,0 por cento), que avaliaram sua saúde como boa ou muito boa (15,6 por cento; IC95 por cento 14,9; 16,3 por cento), e sem morbidades referidas. CONCLUSÃO: a prevalência do consumo abusivo de álcool apresentou diferenças segundo características sociodemográficas e de saúde.

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia del consumo excesivo de alcohol en la población brasileña, según características sociodemográficas y de salud, en 2013. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) sobre el consumo excesivo de alcohol en los 30 días anteriores, entre personas con edad ≥18 años. Se estimó la prevalencia e intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento). RESULTADOS: la prevalencia fue del 13,7 por ciento (IC del 95 por ciento: 13,1; 14,2 por ciento), más elevada en los hombres (21,6 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento: 20,7; 22,5 por ciento) en comparación con las mujeres (6,6 por ciento; IC 95 por ciento 6,1; 7,1 por ciento), entre adultos jóvenes (18 a 29 años: 18,8 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento: 17,5; 20,0 por ciento), de piel negra (16,6 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento: 14,9; 18 4 por ciento), fumadores ocasionales (35,2 por ciento, IC 95 por ciento 30,4; 40,0 por ciento), que calificaron su salud como buena o muy buena (15,6 por ciento; 95 por ciento IC 14,9 por ceinto, 16,3 por ciento) y sin morbilidades. CONCLUSIÓN: la prevalencia de consumo abusivo de alcohol mostró diferencias según las características sociodemográficas y de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of heavy drinking in the Brazilian population, according to sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, in 2013. METHODS: a descriptive study was conducted with National Health Survey (PNS) data regarding heavy drinking in the 30 days prior to interview, among individuals aged≥18 years. Prevalence and 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent CI) were estimated. RESULTS: overall prevalence was 13.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 13.1; 14.2 per cent). It was higher among men (21.6 per cent; 95 per cent CI 20.7; 22.5 per cent) compared to women (6.6 per cent; 95 per cent CI 6.1; 7.1 per cent). Higher prevalence was found among young adults (18-29 years: 18.8 per cent; 95 per cent CI 17.5; 20.0 per cent), those with black skin color (16.6 per cent; 95 per cent CI 14.9; 18.4 per cent), occasional smokers (35.2 per cent; 95 per cent CI 30.4; 40.0 per cent), individuals who rated their health as good or very good (15.6 per cent; 95 per cent CI 14.9, 16.3 per cent) and with no reported morbidities. CONCLUSION: prevalence of heavy drinking showed notable differences according to sociodemographic and health-related characteristics.

Gastos com planos de saúde das famílias brasileiras: estudo descritivo com dados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares 2002-2003 e 2008-2009 / Spending on private health insurance plans of Brazilian families: a descriptive study with data from the Family Budget Surveys 2002-2003 and 2008-2009

As despesas com planos de saúde correspondem a uma parcela importante dos gastos privados com saúde no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a evolução dos gastos com planos de saúde das famílias brasileiras, segundo sua renda. Foram utilizados dados das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2002-2003 e 2008-2009. Para a comparação dos valores dos gastos entre as POF, foi feita correção mediante o Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (IPCA). A proporção de famílias que tiveram gastos com planos de saúde permaneceu estável, nas duas POF estudadas (2002-2003 e 2008-2009), em torno de 24%. Todavia, o valor do gasto das famílias com planos de saúde aumentou. Entre aquelas que tiveram gasto com planos de saúde, o valor médio elevou-se de R$ 154,35 para R$ 183,97. O gasto médio com planos de saúde foi maior à medida que aumentava a renda das famílias, assim como as parcelas da renda e da despesa comprometidas com esses gastos. O gasto com planos de saúde está concentrado entre as famílias com maior renda. Para estas, os planos de saúde foram o principal componente do gasto total com saúde.

Spending on health insurance represents an important share of private expenditure on health in Brazil. The study aimed to describe the evolution of spending on private health insurance plans of Brazilian families, according to their income. Data from the Family Budget Surveys (POF) 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 were used. To compare the spending figures among the surveys, the Consumer Price Index (IPCA) was applied. The proportion of families with private health insurance expenses remained stable in both surveys (2002-2003 and 2008-2009), around 24%. However, the household spending on health insurance plans increased. Among those families who spent money oh health insurance plans, the average spending increased from R$154.35 to R$183.97. The average spending on health insurance plans was greater with increasing household income, as well as portions of the family income and total expenditure committed to these expenses. Spending on health insurance is concentrated among higher-income families, for which it was the main component of total health expenditure.

Estimativas corrigidas de feminicídios no Brasil, 2009 a 2011 / Corrected estimates of femicides in Brazil, 2009 to 2011

OBJETIVO: Estimar as taxas de feminicídios corrigidas e apresentar o perfil desses óbitos no Brasil durante o triênio de 2009 a 2011. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foram considerados como feminicídios os óbitos de mulheres cuja causa básica foi classificada nos códigos X85-Y09 da CID-10 (agressões). Esses dados foram corrigidos em duas etapas: redistribuição proporcional dos eventos cuja intenção é indeterminada (Y10-Y34) e aplicação de fatores de correção das taxas de mortalidade descritos anteriormente na literatura. RESULTADOS: No período analisado, foram registrados 13 071 feminicídios no SIM. Após a correção, estimou-se a ocorrência de 17 167 feminicídios, o que equivale a uma taxa de 5,86 óbitos por 100 000 mulheres. Taxas mais elevadas foram observadas nas regiões Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte (6,93, 6,88 e 6,43 óbitos por 100 000 mulheres, respectivamente), enquanto as mais baixas foram nas regiões Sul e Sudeste (5,07 e 5,09 óbitos por 100 000 mulheres, respectivamente). Entre as vítimas, 29,7% tinham entre 20 e 29 anos; 60,9% eram negras; 48% daquelas com 15 ou mais anos de idade tinham até 8 anos de estudo. Houve envolvimento de armas de fogo em 50,2% das mortes; 27,6% ocorreram no domicílio e 35,1% aos finais de semana. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de feminicídios foram elevadas e corroboram a necessidade de correção, visando a reduzir a subestimação. As vítimas foram mulheres de todas as faixas etárias, etnias e níveis de escolaridade. Todavia, as principais vítimas foram mulheres jovens, negras e com baixa escolaridade, residentes nas regiões Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the corrected femicide rates and to describe the characteristics of these deaths in Brazil during the 2009-2011 triennium. METHODS: A descriptive study was performed with data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. Femicides were defined as all female deaths classified in the Assault chapter of ICD-10 (X85-Y09). These data underwent two correction procedures: proportional redistribution of events of undetermined intent (Y10-Y34) and application of correction factors for mortality rates previously described in the literature. RESULTS: During the period analyzed, 13 071 femicides were recorded in the Mortality Information System. After the first correction procedure, 17 167 femicides were estimated, corresponding to a death rate of 5.86 per 100 000 women. Higher femicide rates were recorded in the Northeast, Midwest and North regions of Brazil (6.93, 6.88 and 6.43 deaths per 100 000 women respectively) vs. 5.07 and 5.09 per 100 000 women in the South and Southeast respectively. Of the victims, 29.7% were between 20 and 29 years of age and 60.9% were black. Among women aged 15 years or older, 48% had schooling of not more than 8 years. Fire guns were used in 50.2% of deaths; 27.6% of deaths took place in the household; and 35.1% took place on weekends. CONCLUSIONS: Femicide death rates were high and support the need for correction to reduce underestimation. The victims were women of all age groups, ethnicities, and schooling levels. However, most victims were young, black, with low schooling, living in the Northeast, Midwest, and North of Brazil.

Deaths of bicycle riders in Brazil: characteristics and trends during the period of 2000 - 2010 / Mortalidade de ciclistas no Brasil: caracteristicas e tendencias no periodo 2000 - 2010

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, bicycle use has been increasing. Accidents involving cyclists are important causes of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mortality of cyclists injured in transport accidents in Brazil, the characteristics of the victims and of the occurrence, and to investigate its trends during the period between 2000 and 2010. METHODS: A descriptive study with data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) was conducted in the period of 2000 - 2010. Crude and age-standardized corrected mortality rates were calculated for Brazil, its macro-regions and states. Linear regression was used to study the trends. RESULTS: In the period of 2000 - 2010, 32,422 bicycle-related deaths were identified in Brazil. In 2010, there were, on average, 8.8 bicycle-related deaths per day. Age-standardized mortality rates for the country were 15.3 and 15.9 deaths per million inhabitants in 2000 and 2010, respectively (p = 0.725). During the whole period, the Center-Western region showed the highest rates, though stable, corresponding to 23.4 deaths per million inhabitants in 2010. Men accounted for 85.4% of deaths, with death risk 5 times higher than women. CONCLUSION: In spite of the stable rates for the country, there was an increase trend in the Northern and Northeastern regions, while a decreasing trend was observed in the Southern and Southeastern regions. The risk of death was higher among men, elderly, and people living in large cities and at the Center-Western region. .

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, o uso da bicicleta tem sido crescente. Os acidentes envolvendo ciclistas são causas importantes de morbidade e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Descrever a mortalidade de ciclistas traumatizados em acidentes de transporte, as características das vítimas e da ocorrência e investigar sua tendência no período 2000 - 2010. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no período 2000 - 2010. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade específicas corrigidas brutas e padronizadas por idade, para o Brasil, regiões e Unidades da Federação, além da mortalidade proporcional. Regressão linear simples foi empregada para estudo das tendências. RESULTADOS: No período 2000 - 2010, após correção, foram identificados 32.422 óbitos de ciclistas traumatizados em acidentes de transporte no Brasil. Em 2010, ocorreram em média 8,8 óbitos por dia. As taxas de mortalidade padronizadas para o país corresponderam a 15,3 e 15,9 óbitos de ciclistas por milhão de habitantes, em 2000 e 2010, respectivamente (p = 0,725). Em todo o período, a região centro-oeste apresentou taxas estáveis e mais elevadas que as demais regiões, equivalente a 23,4 óbitos por milhão de habitantes, em 2010. Os homens representaram 85,4% dos óbitos, com risco de morte cinco vezes superior às mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da estabilidade das taxas no país, houve tendência de aumento nas regiões nordeste e norte e redução no sul e sudeste. O risco de morte foi mais elevado entre homens, pessoas idosas e residentes em municípios de grande porte e na região centro-oeste. .

[Brazilian family spending on medicines: an analysis of data from the Family Budget Surveys, 2002-2003 and 2008-2009]. / Gastos das famílias brasileiras com medicamentos segundo a renda familiar: análise da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003 e de 2008-2009.

This study aimed to investigate spending on medicines by Brazilian families and related income inequalities, according to types of medicines. A cross-sectional study used data from the Family Budget Surveys conducted in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009. Expenditures were corrected according to the Extended National Consumer Price Index (IPCA). The Concentration Index (CI) was calculated as a measure of inequality. Average monthly spending on medicines was BRL 53.54 in the 2002-2003 survey and BRL 59.02 in 2008-2009. CI showed spending concentration in higher-income families. Spending composition varied according to family income. Lower-income families spent predominantly on analgesics, cold medicines, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Higher-income families concentrated their spending on medicines for diabetes and hypertension (and other cardiovascular diseases). From one survey to the next, even though lower-income households reduced the percentage of their budget spent on medicines, the latter still consume a large proportion of their health spending.

Avaliação do impacto da Lei Maria da Penha sobre a mortalidade de mulheres por agressões no Brasil, 2001-2011 / Impact of Maria da Penha Law on female mortality due to aggression in Brazil, 2001-2011

Objetivo: avaliar o impacto da Lei Maria da Penha sobre a mortalidade de mulheres por agressões no Brasil. Métodos: foi realizado estudo de séries temporais, de tipo antes e depois, com dados do período 2001-2011; foi realizada correção do número de óbitos mediante redistribuição proporcional daqueles com intenção indeterminada; foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade corrigidas por 100 mil mulheres e utilizado o processo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis (ARIMA). Resultados: foram estimados 54.107 óbitos de mulheres por agressões, no período estudado; as taxas de mortalidade corrigidas foram de 5,28 e 5,22 por 100 mil mulheres, nos períodos antes (2001-2006) e após (2007-2011) a vigência da Lei, respectivamente; comparando-se esses períodos, não houve redução das taxas anuais de mortalidade de mulheres por agressões (p=0,846). Conclusão: a Lei, que criou mecanismos para coibir a violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, não apresentou impacto sobre a mortalidade de mulheres por agressões no Brasil.

Objective: to evaluate the impact of the ‘Maria da Penha’ Law on the female mortality due to aggression in Brazil. Methods: a time series study with before-and-after design was conducted with data from the period 2001-2011. The number of deaths was corrected through proportional redistribution of the events of undetermined intent. Corrected mortality rates were calculated, and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) process was used. Results: 54,107 deaths of women due to aggression were estimated in the study period. The corrected mortality rates were 5.28 and 5.22 per 100,000 women in the periods 2001-2006 and 2007-2011, respectively. Comparing the periods before and after the enactment of the law (2006), there was no reduction in annual female mortality rates due to aggression (p=0.846). Conclusion: the Law that created mechanisms to prevent domestic and family violence against women had no impact on the female mortality due to aggression.