Modelo alternativo para o treinamento de técnicas de microssuturas em "patch" de pericárdio bovino / Alternative model for training microsuture techniques in bovine pericardium patches

Introdução: As técnicas microcirúrgicas caracterizam-se pela aplicação de manobras e suturas em estruturas milimétricas com o auxílio de lentes de aumento. São técnicas complexas, utilizadas em diversas especialidades médicas, que demandam grande habilidade e treinamento antes da aplicação em humanos. O objetivo é desenvolver um modelo de baixo custo e alta fidelidade, para o treinamento de técnicas de microcirurgia, utilizando um fragmento de patch de pericárdio bovino. Método: São utilizados para a confecção deste modelo segmentos remanescentes de uma placa de pericárdio bovino, previamente utilizado em reparos vasculares. O material é recortado em duas partes simétricas e suas extremidades fixadas aos campos cirúrgicos, com auxílio de clamps. A borda superior de cada uma das partes é, então, suturada à borda inferior com fio de Prolene 8-0, de maneira que cada uma forme uma estrutura tubular. Posteriormente, as extremidades tubulares livres passam pela dissecção da camada adventícia e são suturadas entre si, mimetizando uma anastomose vascular término-terminal. Resultados: Com o modelo, simulam-se os mesmos inconvenientes/ dificuldades presentes nas suturas vasculares humanas, como a delaminação de camadas, excesso da camada adventícia e risco de sutura inadvertida da parede posterior, provando sua utilidade na aquisição de habilidades microcirúrgicas básicas, sem necessidade de manipulação de tecidos humanos ou animais. A prática neste modelo pode ocorrer dentro do próprio centro cirúrgico e emprega materiais que seriam descartados. Conclusão: A utilização do pericárdio bovino para confecção de suturas milimétricas mimetiza o tecido vascular humano e é um procedimento de baixo custo, que possibilita o treinamento de habilidades microcirúrgicas.

Introduction: Microsurgical techniques are characterized by the application of maneuvers and sutures to millimetric structures with the aid of magnifying lenses. These are complex techniques, used in various medical specialties, which require great skill and training before applying them to humans. The objective is to develop a lowcost and high-fidelity model for training microsurgery techniques using a fragment of bovine pericardium patch. Method: Remaining segments of a bovine pericardium plate, previously used in vascular repairs, are used to create this model. The material is cut into two symmetrical parts, and its ends are fixed to the surgical drapes with the aid of clamps. The upper edge of each part is then sutured to the lower edge with 8-0 Prolene thread so that each one forms a tubular structure. Subsequently, the free tubular ends undergo dissection of the adventitial layer and are sutured together, mimicking an end-to-end vascular anastomosis. Results: With the model, the same inconveniences/ difficulties present in human vascular sutures are simulated, such as delamination of layers, excess of the adventitial layer, and risk of inadvertent suturing of the posterior wall, proving its usefulness in the acquisition of basic microsurgical skills, without need to manipulate human or animal tissues. Practice in this model can take place within the surgical center itself and uses materials that would otherwise be discarded. Conclusion: The use of bovine pericardium to create millimetric sutures mimics human vascular tissue and is a low-cost procedure that allows the training of microsurgical skills.

The Effects of NAM on the Symmetry of the Face and Maxillary Arch in Babies With Unilateral Cleft.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) therapy through reverse engineering, or its absence, to obtain symmetry of the face and maxillary arch. Twenty-six babies with unilateral cleft lip and palate received treatment with NAM, and 12 babies with unilateral cleft lip and palate without presurgical orthopedics (control group). Patients were molded and photographed in 2-stages: the first month of life (T1/pre) and after the use of NAM/before the cheiloplasty (T2/post). In the digital models, the analyses performed were arch perimeter, arch length, and labial frenulum angle. The photographs allowed us to analyze nasal width, mouth width, columella angle, and nostril area. The results demonstrated that there was an increase in arch perimeter and arch length in control and NAM groups in the T2 period in comparison to T1. Labial frenulum angle was reduced in the NAM group compared to the NAM-T1 and control-T2 periods. Treatment with NAM yielded a reduction in nasal width in the period of T2 compared with T1. Columella angle was enhanced after NAM use in T2 and, was different from control group. The nostril area was reduced in the NAM group in T2 compared with control group. Nasoalveolar molding therapy reduced the labial frenulum angle, contributing to a reduction in the extension of the cleft. The NAM protocol improved facial symmetry, mainly through nasal effects, whereas the absence of orthopedic therapy yielded a commitment to the face and maxillary arch symmetry.

Comparative study of the effectiveness of the surgical technique with and without preservation of the conchal cartilage in otoplasty through the measure of the cephalo-auricular and scapho-conchal angles

Abstract Objectives Prominent ear abnormalities affect 5% of the population. A prospective, double-blind study of patients who underwent otoplasty procedures to correct these abnormalities was conducted to compare two surgical techniques. They diverge by the preservation or not of conchal cartilage. Methods The two techniques were compared by measuring the cephalo-auricular and scapho-conchal angles. Measurements were performed in pre and 6-months post-operative periods using alginate molding. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to two groups (with and without cartilage preservation) with 10 participants each. Student's t-test, Covariance Analysis Model (ANCOVA), and non-parametric Mann-Whitney were used in the statistical analyses. Results A significant reduction in the average of the cephalo-auricular and scapho-conchal angles was observed in both surgical procedures (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between them (p = 0.887). Conclusion The two techniques analyzed in this study fulfilled their objectives. Therefore, further comparative studies are needed to confirm the superiority of one over the other. Level I Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial.

Pierre Robin Sequence and Respiratory Distress: Long-Term Evolution in Patients Submitted to the Conservative Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) is characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, and airway distress. The aims of initial treatment are the improvement of airway and feeding. There are many therapeutic options, including conservative techniques (prone positioning and nasopharyngeal tube) and invasive procedures (mandibular distraction and tracheostomy). In our center, initially conservative treatment is the rule and many patients have been treated with nasopharyngeal tube. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to analyze of the clinical evolution of respiratory distress in infants with PRS submitted to nonsurgical treatment. METHODS: A retrospective and observational descriptive evaluation was carried out with 56 patients with the PRS at Centro de Atendimento Integral ao Fissurado Labiopalatal (CAIF). 21 patients were selected to a transversal phase. RESULTS: The treatment has started in an average age of 1.5 months (±2.09) and 17 (94.4%) had respiratory distress at birth. Polysomnographic exams showed an average apnea/hypopnea index of 0.93, an average number of central apnea/hour of 0.3, an average number of obstructive apnea of 0.6 and an average oxygen saturation of 92%. There was the predominance of esthetic profile in class II with 16 (88.9%) patients in this group, and orthodontic profile in class II with 15 (83.3%) patients. CONCLUSION: The conservative treatment has presented remarkable results in the treatment of respiratory distress in bearers of PRS with a decrease of obstructive sleep events considering the growth of patient and the development of mandibular growth as well.

Method of closing fasciotomies by progressive tissue traction / Método de fechamento de fasciotomias por tração tecidual progressiva

High-energy trauma has increased significantly in the last decade, mostly in the lower limbs, in many cases requiring fasciotomy due to the subsequent compartment syndrome. In this context, its closure often leads to a delay in the patient's comprehensive treatment and the return to their activities and may lead to local infection, in addition to generating high costs. There are many options for the plastic surgeon to try to bring the edges together and reconstruct the extremities, such as flaps, grafts, vacuum dressings, and elastic sutures, in addition to expansion devices, sometimes with a combination of the above.

O trauma de grande energia vem aumentando de maneira expressiva na última década, em boa parte de membros inferiores, necessitando, em muitos casos, de fasciotomia devido à síndrome compartimental subsequente. Neste contexto muitas vezes seu fechamento acaba por levar a um retardo no tratamento integral do paciente, do retorno a suas atividades e podendo levar a infecção local, além de gerar altos custos. Há muitas opções ao cirurgião plástico para a tentativa de aproximação de bordos e reconstrução das extremidades, como retalhos, enxertos, curativo a vácuo e sutura elástica, além de dispositivos de expansão, sendo, às vezes, com combinação das anteriores. O método de fechamento apresentado através do alongamento progressivo da pele com fio de Kirschnner representa uma forma de baixo custo e facilmente reproduzível para lidar com este tipo de ferida.

Comparative study of the effectiveness of the surgical technique with and without preservation of the conchal cartilage in otoplasty through the measure of the cephalo-auricular and scapho-conchal angles.

OBJECTIVES: Prominent ear abnormalities affect 5% of the population. A prospective, double-blind study of patients who underwent otoplasty procedures to correct these abnormalities was conducted to compare two surgical techniques. They diverge by the preservation or not of conchal cartilage. METHODS: The two techniques were compared by measuring the cephalo-auricular and scapho-conchal angles. Measurements were performed in pre and 6-months post-operative periods using alginate molding. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to two groups (with and without cartilage preservation) with 10 participants each. Student's t-test, Covariance Analysis Model (ANCOVA), and non-parametric Mann-Whitney were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the average of the cephalo-auricular and scapho-conchal angles was observed in both surgical procedures (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was found between them (p=0.887). CONCLUSION: The two techniques analyzed in this study fulfilled their objectives. Therefore, further comparative studies are needed to confirm the superiority of one over the other. LEVEL I: Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomized controlled trial.

Uso concomitante de sutura elástica associada ao curativo a vácuo no fechamento de grandes perdas de partes moles / Concomitant use of elastic suture associated with vacuum dressing in the closure of large soft tissue losses

O tratamento das feridas complexas com grande perda de partes moles é um desafio para a cirurgia plástica, principalmente quando a ferida encontra-se infectada. Várias opções são consideradas para o tratamento, como sutura, enxertos, retalhos, expansores. Devido à complexidade dos casos, frequente associação de morbidades, necessidade de intervenções multidisciplinar e longos internamentos, os custos do tratamento são frequentemente elevados. Este trabalho vem demonstrar a técnica de sutura elástica empregada em um caso clínico, utilizando tração contínua da pele em associação ao curativo a vácuo, que possibilitou reabilitação do paciente sem a necessidade de intervenções mais agressivas para o fechamento da ferida traumática extensa.

Treating complex wounds with great loss of soft tissues is a challenge for plastic surgery, especially when the wound is infected. Several options are considered for treatment, such as sutures, grafts, flaps, and expanders. Due to the complexity of the cases, the frequent association of morbidities, the need for multidisciplinary interventions, and long hospital stays, treatment costs are often high. This work demonstrates the elastic suture technique used in a clinical case, using continuous skin traction in association with a vacuum dressing, which enabled patient rehabilitation without the need for more aggressive interventions to close the extensive traumatic wound.

Síndrome autoimune induzida por adjuvantes desencadeada por implantes mamários de silicone: revisão sistemática / Adjuvant-induced autoimmune syndrome triggered by silicone breast implants: systematic review

A síndrome autoimune induzida por adjuvantes (ASIA) e seus critérios diagnósticos foram descritos por Shoenfeld em 2011, relacionando sintomas de autoimunidade a adjuvantes, como o silicone, presente em próteses mamárias. Essa revisão sistemática objetivou reunir dados da literatura sobre a sintomatologia, a incidência e os tratamentos propostos para ASIA causada por implantes mamários de silicone (IMS). Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Embase e Cochrane, utilizando os descritores "Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants", "Breast implant" e "Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome". A estratégia de busca gerou 95 artigos, dos quais 20 foram incluídos na revisão. São as três as principais teorias sugeridas pelos autores para explicar o desenvolvimento da síndrome: predisposição genética, silicone bleeding e a formação de uma cápsula periprótese. As manifestações clínicas mais frequentemente descritas incluem fadiga crônica, artralgia, mialgia, distúrbios cognitivos e do sono. Não há consenso sobre os achados laboratoriais e os fatores de risco associados, além disso, estudos recentes propõem a ampliação dos critérios diagnósticos inicialmente descritos. O tratamento adequado permanece controverso, envolvendo desde o uso de medicações até o explante da prótese. Apesar dos artigos revisados sugerirem a existência da ASIA relacionada aos IMS, sua fisiopatologia precisa é desconhecida, os sintomas relatados são inespecíficos e o tempo entre a exposição e o surgimento das manifestações é incerto. Por meio dessa revisão sistemática, conclui-se que, até o presente momento, não existem evidências científicas suficientes para estabelecer a causalidade do desenvolvimento da síndrome autoimune induzida por adjuvantes decorrente de implantes mamários de silicone.

Adjuvant-induced autoimmune syndrome (ASIA) and its diagnostic criteria were described by Shoenfeld in 2011, relating symptoms of autoimmunity to adjuvants, such as silicone, present in breast implants. This systematic review aimed to gather data from the literature on symptomatology, incidence and proposed treatments for ASIA caused by silicone breast implants (SBI). Searches were carried out in PubMed, LILACS, Embase and Cochrane databases, using the descriptors "Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants," "Breast implant," and "Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome." The search strategy generated 95 articles, of which 20 were included in the review. The authors suggest three main theories to explain the development of the syndrome: genetic predisposition, silicone bleeding and the formation of a periprosthetic capsule. The most frequently described clinical manifestations include chronic fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, and cognitive and sleep disorders. There is no consensus on laboratory findings and associated risk factors; recent studies propose expanding the diagnostic criteria initially described. Adequate treatment remains controversial, ranging from medications to prosthesis explantation. Although the reviewed articles suggest the existence of ASIA related to SBI, its precise pathophysiology is unknown, the symptoms reported are nonspecific, and the time between exposure and the onset of manifestations is uncertain. This systematic review concludes that, to date, there is not enough scientific evidence to establish the causality of the development of adjuvant-induced autoimmune syndrome resulting from silicone breast implants.

Uso do retalho tubular retroauricular para reconstrução da hélice e lóbulo da orelha / Use of retroauricular tubular flap for ear helix and ear lobe reconstruction

Defeitos de orelha são frequentes e de etiologias diversas. Ainda assim, a reconstrução de orelha permanece um desafio dentro da cirurgia plástica reconstrutiva, principalmente devido a anatomia e a escassez de tecido local. Embora pouco utilizado, o retalho tubular retroauricular se apresenta como alternativa para reconstrução da hélice e lóbulo. No presente estudo os autores descrevem a técnica operatória, bem como relatam um caso em que foi utilizado. Realizou-se uma avaliação do resultado operatório de quatro casos de reconstrução de orelha utilizando o retalho tubular retroauricular, através de questionários encaminhados para avaliadores leigos e cirurgiões plásticos. O resultado estético final foi classificado como bom ou excelente por 35% dos avaliadores leigos e 50% dos cirurgiões plásticos. Já o resultado operatório foi avaliado como bom ou excelente por 70% dos leigos e 80% dos cirurgiões plásticos. Os resultados permitem concluir que a técnica do retalho tubular retroauricular para reconstrução de defeitos da borda de hélice pode ser indicada, com resultados satisfatórios.

Ear defects are frequent and result of many etiologies, even though ear reconstruction remains a challenge in plastic reconstructive surgery due to anatomy and local tissue paucity. Despite being rarely used, the tubular retroauricular flap presents as an alternative for helix and lobule reconstruction. In this article, the authors describe the operative technique and report a case in which it was used. Also, plastic surgeons and laypeople rated the operative results of four cases of ear reconstructions using the tubular retroauricular flap. The final esthetic result was rated as good or excellent by 35% of laypeople and 50% of plastic surgeons, whereas the operative result was rated as good or excellent by 70% of laypeople and 80% of plastic surgeons. Thereby the findings and authors' experience, we can recommend the tubular retroauricular flap technique for reconstructing ear helix border defects.

Dermolipectomias após procedimentos bariátricos no Sistema Público de Saúde: um longo caminho a percorrer / Dermolipectomies after bariatric procedures in the Public Health System: a long way to go

Introdução: A obesidade é um dos principais problemas de saúde enfrentados pela população e sua incidência cresce gradativamente nas últimas décadas. Em meio à epidemia global de obesidade, os procedimentos bariátricos aumentaram expressivamente e, apesar do crescente número dos procedimentos pós-bariátricos, esses não se equivalem ao número de cirurgias bariátricas. Métodos: Foram coletados dados do registro de saúde pública (DATASUS) entre 2008 e 2019 para análise dos parâmetros selecionados, com avaliação das principais técnicas de dermolipectomia pós-bariátrica, sua distribuição em território nacional, seu tempo de internação, sua mortalidade, os custos para o Sistema Público, a comparação entre as dermolipectomias pós-bariátricas e a distribuição dos procedimentos bariátricos no território nacional. Além disso, comparou-se as dermolipectomias e a distribuição de cirurgiões plásticos no Brasil. Resultados: Um aumento de 164% foi evidenciado no número de dermolipectomias pós-bariátricas durante o período estudado. A dermolipectomia abdominal pós-bariátrica foi o procedimento mais realizado, sendo responsável por 65% dos procedimentos, seguido da dermolipectomia braquial (14,8%), crural (14,7%) e circunferencial (4,7%). Observou-se uma desigualdade na distribuição dos procedimentos pós-bariátricos entre as macrorregiões brasileiras, sendo a Região Sudeste com o maior número percentual (49,8%) de dermolipectomias. Conclusões: Apesar do aumento progressivo do número de dermolipectomias pós-bariátricas, elas não acompanharam o número de procedimentos bariátricos em território nacional. Por isso, há necessidade de um crescimento paralelo entre ambas, para que haja uma complementação no tratamento desses pacientes. Sendo assim, poderá existir melhora na distribuição das dermolipectomias no território nacional, fazendo com que mais pacientes possam ser beneficiados.

Introduction: Obesity is one of the main health problems faced by the population, and its incidence has gradually increased in recent decades. Amid the global obesity epidemic, bariatric procedures have increased significantly and, despite the growing number of post-bariatric procedures, these are not equivalent to the number of bariatric surgeries. Methods: Data were collected from the public health registry (DATASUS) between 2008 and 2019 to analyze the selected parameters, with an assessment of the main post-bariatric dermolipectomy techniques, their distribution in the national territory, their length of stay, their mortality, costs for the Public System, the comparison between post-bariatric dermolipectomies and the distribution of bariatric procedures in the national territory. Furthermore, dermolipectomies and the distribution of plastic surgeons in Brazil were compared. Results: An increase of 164% was evidenced in the number of postbariatric dermolipectomies during the studied period. Post-bariatric abdominal dermolipectomy was the most performed procedure, accounting for 65% of the procedures, followed by brachial (14.8%), crural (14.7%) and circumferential (4.7%) dermolipectomy. There was an inequality in the distribution of post-bariatric procedures among Brazilian macro-regions, with the Southeast Region having the highest percentage (49.8%) of dermolipectomies. Conclusions: Despite the progressive increase in post-bariatric dermolipectomies, they did not follow the number of bariatric procedures in the national territory. Therefore, there is a need for a parallel growth between both so that there is complementation in treating these patients. Then, there might be an improvement in the distribution of dermolipectomies in the national territory, allowing more patients to benefit.

Spontaneous Growth of the Palatal Plates in the Cleft Lip and Palate.

OBJECTIVE: This is a prospective study examining palatal casts from patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) in the first month of life, immediately before cheiloplasty, and immediately before palatoplasty. None of the patients receives presurgical orthopedics (nasoalveolar molding). DESIGN: In this prospective study, upper arch plaster models were taken 3 times during the treatment: in the first month of life (T1), before the cheiloplasty (T2), and before the palatoplasty (T3). Anatomic landmarks were defined and linear anthropometric measurements were obtained afterward. Dimensional analysis was performed using 3D software. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test was performed for statistical analysis. SETTING: Tertiary, institutional. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve patients with UCLP of either sex with less than 1 month of life and without any other syndrome. INTERVENTION: No intervention was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Reduction of the cleft without using orthopedics apparatus. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction in the cleft gap comparing T1 to T3. There was also a significant reduction in the intercanine width comparing T2 and T3, and T1 and T3. There was significant increase in the posterior arch width comparing T2 and T3, and T1 and T3. The palatal plate's width increased in all times analyzed. CONCLUSION: The palatal cleft narrows spontaneously as well in both midpoint and posterior point during the first 6 months of patient's treatment. This event was enhanced by cheiloplasty. This surgery might have a greater influence on the anterior arch width than in the posterior arch region.

Estudo da prevalência das variedades morfológicas de fissuras labiopalatinas em um centro médico terciário / Study of the prevalence of morphological varieties of cleft lip and palate in a tertiary medical center

Introdução: Verificar a prevalência, num centro médico especializado, das diferentes variedades morfológicas de fissuras orofaciais e classificá-las com detalhes das estruturas anatômicas acometidas. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo, baseado em revisão de prontuários de crianças nascidas entre os anos de 1989 e 2014, que apresentassem algum tipo de fissura de lábio e/ou palato. Foi analisado o tipo de fissura, tendo por referência o forame incisivo. Além disso, detalhes sobre o acometimento do lábio, arcada dentária, filtro nasal, palato mole e/ou palato duro e úvula também foram coletados. Resultados: Foram analisados 1078 prontuários de pacientes com fissura lábio palatina. Comparando entre os sexos, no feminino houve predomínio da fissura pós-forame (16,7%), enquanto que no masculino a transforame foi mais prevalente (25,2%). Separando as fendas como uni ou bilaterais, as unilaterais apareceram em mais de 75% dos pacientes. Em relação a posição pré, pós e transforame, as duas primeiras apareceram de forma semelhante, cerca de 30% cada, enquanto a transforame apareceu em cerca de 40%. Quanto ao lado, as fendas unilaterais à esquerda tiveram predomínio em ambos os sexos (62% das unilaterais). Sobre o detalhamento anatômico das estruturas envolvidas, as lesões mais comuns foram aquelas que envolveram desde o lábio até o palato mole. Conclusão: O tipo de fissura mais prevalente foi a transforame unilateral. No sexo feminino a fissura pós-forame e no masculino a transforame foram as de maior ocorrência. As fissuras unilaterais foram mais comuns do que as bilaterais e quando unilaterais houve um predomínio de lesões à esquerda.

Introduction: To verify the prevalence, in a specialized medical center, of the different morphological varieties of orofacial clefts and classify them with details of the affected anatomical structures. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study, based on a review of medical records of children born between 1989 and 2014 who had some kind of cleft lip and/or palate. The type of cleft was analyzed regarding the incisive foramen. Besides, details on the involvement of the lip, dental arch, nasal filter, soft palate, and/or hard palate and uvula were also collected. Results: 1078 medical records of patients with cleft lip and palate were analyzed. When comparing genders, in females, there was a predominance of post-foramen cleft (16.7%), while in males, trans-foramen was more prevalent (25.2%). Separating the cleft as unilateral or bilateral, unilateral ones appeared in more than 75% of patients. Regarding the pre, post, and trans-foramen position, the first two appeared similarly, about 30% each, while the trans-foramen appeared in about 40%. As for the side, the unilateral slits on the left were predominant in both sexes (62% of the unilateral ones). Regarding the anatomical details of the structures involved, the most common injuries were those that involved from the lip to the soft palate. Conclusion: The most prevalent type of cleft was unilateral trans-foramen. In the female gender, the post-foramen cleft, and in the male, the transformation was the most frequent. Unilateral fissures were more common than bilateral fissures, and when unilateral, there was a predominance of lesions on the left.

Avaliação do uso de expansor de tecido em um serviço universitário / Evaluation of the use of tissue expander in a university service

Introdução: Expansão tecidual é um método de reconstrução importante para a cobertura de defeitos como queimaduras e nevos gigantes ou na reconstrução mamária. Esse artigo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência do Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) com o uso de expansores. Métodos: Esse é um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico dos pacientes que foram submetidos à expansão tecidual para cirurgia reconstrutora no Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR, entre o período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2016. Resultados: Foram analisados 61 pacientes e 80 cirurgias, incluindo os procedimentos de reexpansão. A idade variou entre 2 a 73 anos (média 31). A grande maioria dos pacientes pertenceu ao sexo feminino (83,6%), na faixa etária acima de 40 anos, sendo submetidos ao tratamento para reconstrução mamária após mastectomia radical (36%). As complicações observadas nesses pacientes foram: sinais de infecção (14,7%), deiscência da sutura (3,2%), seroma (3,2%), defeito no expansor (3,2%), exposição do expansor (3,2%), necrose (1,6%) e sinais de hipoperfusão (1,6%). Pacientes submetidos à reconstrução mamária tiveram o maior número de complicações (40,1%). A reexpansão foi necessária em 37,7% dos pacientes. Conclusão: A técnica de expansão de pele é indicada para o tratamento de diversas patologias. O procedimento de expansão tecidual apresenta taxas de complicações altas e o conhecimento do perfil do paciente, dos principais tipos de complicações e dos fatores associados a essas complicações podem auxiliar na sua prevenção.

Introduction: Tissue expansion is an important reconstruction method to solve defects such as burns and giant nevi or breast reconstruction. This article aims to report the experience of the Plastic Surgery Service of the Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) with the use of expanders. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of patients who underwent tissue expansion for reconstructive surgery at the Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR, from January 2010 to December 2016. Results: 61 patients and 80 surgeries were analyzed, including re-expansion procedures. Age ranged from 2 to 73 years (mean 31). The majority of patients were female (83.6%), aged over 40 years, undergoing breast reconstruction treatment after radical mastectomy (36%). The complications observed in these patients were: signs of infection (14.7%), suture dehiscence (3.2%), seroma (3.2%), defect in the expander (3.2%), exposure of the expander (3, 2%), necrosis (1.6%) and signs of hypoperfusion (1.6%). Patients undergoing breast reconstruction had the highest number of complications (40.1%). Reexpansion was necessary for 37.7% of patients. Conclusion: The skin expansion technique is indicated for several pathologies' treatment. The tissue expansion procedure has high complication rates. Knowing the patient's profile, the main types of complications, and the factors associated with these complications can help prevent them.

Nasal Bone Osteoma Approach.

Osteoma is a benign osteogenic lesion that arises most frequently in the craniomaxillofacial region. Rarely, it can appear on the outer side of nasal bone and cause aesthetic problems. The authors present an unusual case of outer side nasal bone osteoma with a brief review of its main clinical presentations, diagnostic studies, and treatment options.

Dermal-Fat Graft for Facial Contouring in Patients With Craniofacial Microsomia.

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a variable craniofacial malformation, related to the development of the structures originated from the first and second brachial arches, affecting skeletal tissue, soft tissue, and neuromuscular components. In the situation of subcutaneous tissue and chewing muscles hypoplasia, free tissue transfer is a treatment option. Dermal-fat graft allows easy modeling during surgery, volumetric gain and improvement of asymmetry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the facial contour and the percentage of symmetry after the use of dermal-fat graft in patients with CFM, who had already submitted to osteotomies, attended at the Associate Center for Cleft Lip and Palate (CAIF) during 2001 to 2018. For analysis, the authors selected 17 patients who fulfilled the above prerequisites. The symmetry study was done by the analysis of preoperative and postoperative photographs in the Image J software. Two standard points were used: nasal base and upper lip limit. On the nasal base, the preoperative analysis showed a hypoplastic side with a median of 93.00% of the normal side size, rising to 97.78% in the postoperative period. On the upper lip limit, the preoperative analysis showed a median of 87.80% and, in the postoperative period, 98.15%. Analysis of the interaction between the operative moments and the modified Pruzansky classification showed that there were no significant differences between grades. Long-term evaluation demonstrated that the use of a dermal-fat graft for correction of facial symmetry was effective and close to 100%, regardless of the degree of hypoplasia of the patient.

Analysis In Vivo of the Hemifacial Transplantation Surgical Technique.

Approximately 35 facial transplants have been performed worldwide. Many under-explored aspects of this procedure remain, some emerging as the survivors age. Human-like preclinical trial models, including swine, can be explored and developed as a foundation for subsequent studies. A previously described surgical technique for face transplantation in swine carcasses has been employed herein, evaluating its reproducibility in a live pig and the viability of the vascular pedicles. METHOD: Flap construction was performed according to the experimental model developed in our service. Under general anesthesia, the structures of the left hemiface of a pig were dissected. Vascular pedicles were the facial artery, caudal auricular artery, and external jugular vein. After dissection, adequate tissue perfusion of the entire explant by those pedicles was documented through vessel filling, observation of the ischemic area, and posterior reperfusion. RESULTS: A capillary reperfusion test confirmed that the main arterial pedicle irrigating the hemiface flap was the facial artery. The same technique showed that despite divergent literary opinions on the irrigation of the auricular region, the caudal auricular artery provides the arterial supply for the external ear. Performing the surgical technique was more difficult in vivo due to the inherent complications of a live subject. CONCLUSION: The methodology for the facial transplant technique in swine carcasses was satisfactorily reproducible in a live animal. The main arterial pedicle responsible for flap irrigation is the facial artery, and the fact that the vessel supplying the outer ear is the caudal atrial artery was confirmed.

Tratamento simultâneo de úlceras de pressão sacral e isquiática com retalho único: apresentação de um caso / Simultaneous treatment of sacral and ischial pressure ulcers with a single flap: case presentation

Úlceras de pressão são alterações da integridade da pele e tecidos subjacentes, causadas por pressão, mais usualmente sobre proeminências ósseas, especialmente em áreas desprovidas de sensibilidade, levando à necrose e ulceração. Dados da literatura internacional estimam que 3 a 14% dos pacientes hospitalizados desenvolvem úlceras de pressão. Descrevemos a correção simultânea de úlceras sacral e isquiática extensas em paciente paraplégico jovem utilizando retalho fasciomiocutâneo de glúteo máximo e de face posterior da coxa.

Pressure ulcers are alterations of the integrity of the skin and underlying tissues, caused by pressure, more commonly on bony prominences, especially in areas devoid of sensitivity, which lead to necrosis and ulceration. Data from the international literature estimate that 3­14% of hospitalized patients develop pressure ulcers. We herein describe the simultaneous correction of extensive sacral and ischial ulcers in a young paraplegic patient, using a gluteus maximus fasciomyocutaneous flap from the posterior aspect of the thigh.

Retalho anterolateral da coxa reverso: uma opção de reconstrução para os membros inferiores / Reverse anterolateral thigh flap: a reconstruction option for the lower limbs

Introdução: A reconstrução cutânea e de tecidos moles na região ao redor do joelho é frequentemente desafiadora para o cirurgião plástico e tem como objetivo fornecer uma boa função articular do joelho com aparência estética aceitável. O planejamento cirúrgico requer considerar a técnica mais simples que leve ao fechamento da ferida, com mínima morbidade na área doadora. Há poucos relatos do uso do retalho anterolateral (ALT) reverso na literatura, em se tratando de defeitos na fossa poplítea, joelho e porção proximal da perna. O objetivo é descrever uma serie de casos de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução de ferida em fossa poplítea, joelho e terço superior da perna com retalho ALT reverso. Métodos: Quatro pacientes, dos quais 3 eram reconstruções de fossa poplítea e 1 reconstrução de joelho e terço proximal da perna. Todos submetidos à ressecção ampla da ferida/ tumor, dissecção do retalho ALT reverso, e transposição para o defeito. Resultados: Follow-up de 2 a 18 meses, evidenciando-se morbidade mínima para área doadora, com cobertura total do defeito e ótimo resultado funcional do membro afetado, com bom resultado estético. Apenas em um dos casos evidenciou-se sofrimento e necrose parcial (15%) do retalho devido a hematoma e compressão do pedículo, nos demais não foi evidenciado sofrimento dos retalhos, deiscência, seroma ou infecção. Conclusão: O retalho ALT da coxa reverso mostrou-se uma opção viável, apresentando bom resultado funcional e estético para a reconstrução cutânea e de tecidos moles na região de fossa poplítea, joelho e terço superior da perna.

Introduction: Cutaneous and soft tissue reconstruction in the region around the knee is often challenging for the plastic surgeon and aimed at providing good knee joint function with acceptable aesthetic appearance. Surgical planning requires considering the simplest technique that leads to wound closure, with minimal morbidity in the donor area. The literature has reported only few cases of the use of the reverse anterolateral (ALT) flap for defects in the popliteal fossa, knee, and leg proximal portion. The objective is to describe a series of cases of patients who underwent reconstruction with a reverse ALT flap for wounds in the popliteal fossa, knee, and upper third of the leg. Methods: Among four patients, three received popliteal fossa reconstructions and one received knee and leg proximal third reconstructions. All the patients underwent wound/tumor extensive resection, dissection of the reverse ALT flap, and transposition to the defect. Results: During follow-up for 2 to 18 months, minimal morbidity was observed in the donor area, with a total coverage of the defect, optimal functional result of the affected limb, and good aesthetic result. Only one case had a partial necrosis (15%) of the flap due to hematoma and pedicle compression. In the other patients, no evidence of flap failure, dehiscence, seroma, or infection were found. Conclusion: The reverse ALT flap was a viable option, presenting good functional and aesthetic results for cutaneous and soft tissue reconstructions in the popliteal fossa, knee, and upper third of the leg.