Factores asociados al incremento de cesáreas en México, 2011-2014 / Factors associated with the increase in cesareans in Mexico, 2011-2014

Resumen Introducción: analizamos la prevalencia del parto vía cesárea en México para 2011-2014, buscando identificar algunos de los factores asociados a la presencia de cesárea durante el parto. Metodología: se realizó un análisis descriptivo y un modelo logístico multinivel con los registros de nacimientos del periodo 2011-2014, que incluye las características de la madre y del contexto. Resultados: se identificó que la presencia de factores relacionados con una mayor posibilidad de que el parto resulte en cesárea son mujeres que habitan municipios con población indígena, mayor escolaridad, mayor número de consultas prenatales, inicio temprano de estas y atenderse en clínicas privadas. También se identificó una mayor posibilidad de estancias prolongadas de hospitalización del parto si es por cesárea. Conclusiones: se observa un incremento en el número de cesáreas en hospitales públicos a partir del esquema de aseguramiento del Seguro Popular y se confirma la relación directa entre los múltiples factores analizados y la cesárea, entre ellos, mayor escolaridad, habitar en municipios predominantemente indígenas, así como en municipios con mayor índice de desarrollo humano.

Abstract Introduction: The objective is to analyze the prevalence of delivery by cesarean section in Mexico among 2011-2014, to identify some of the factors associated with its occurrence. Methods: A descriptive analysis and a multilevel logistic model was conducted among the data for Birth Information Subsystem, characteristics for the mother and context. Results: Identified that the factors associated with a greater likelihood that delivery result in cesarean section, are higher levels of education, greater number of prenatal visits, an early start to prenatal visits, giving birth in private health. Also a greater likelihood of prolonged hospitalization when delivery is by cesarean section. Conclusions: An increase in the number of caesarean sections in public hospitals is observed from the Popular Insurance assurance scheme; and the direct relationship between the multiple factors analyzed and the caesarean section is confirmed, including higher education, living in predominantly indigenous municipalities, as well as in municipalities with the highest human development index.

The challenges facing indigenous communities in Latin America as they confront the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic struck Latin America in late February and is now beginning to spread across the rural indigenous communities in the region, home to 42 million people. Eighty percent of this highly marginalized population is concentrated in Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. Health care services for these ethnic groups face distinct challenges in view of their high levels of marginalization and cultural differences from the majority. Drawing on 30 years of work on the responses of health systems in the indigenous communities of Latin America, our group of researchers believes that countries in the region must be prepared to combat the epidemic in indigenous settings marked by deprivation and social disparity. We discuss four main challenges that need to be addressed by governments to guarantee the health and lives of those at the bottom of the social structure: the indigenous peoples in the region. More than an analysis, our work provides a practical guide for designing and implementing a response to COVID-19 in indigenous communities.