Consumption of hot protein-containing drink accelerates gastric emptying rate and is associated with higher hunger levels in older adults.

Meal temperature is known to affect gastric emptying and appetite. While protein intake is recommended for older age, gastric emptying is delayed with age, resulting in loss of appetite. This study aimed to investigate whether adjusting the temperature of protein-containing drinks could improve gastric emptying and appetite in older individuals. Twenty male and female participants aged 65 years and older underwent three one-day trials in random order. Participants visited the laboratory after a 10-hour fast and consumed 200 mL of protein-containing drink dissolved in 13C-sodium acetate at 4°C, 37°C, or 60°C in a 3-minute period. Then, participants sat in a chair for 90 minutes to measure gastric emptying rate by the 13C-sodium acetate breath test and subjective appetite by a visual analog scale. The results showed that 37°C and 60°C drinks had faster gastric emptying at 5 and 10 min after ingestion than did the 4°C drink (trial-time interaction, p = 0.014). Tmax-calc, an indicator of gastric emptying rate, tended to be faster for the 37°C and 60°C drinks than for the 4°C drink (49.7 ± 17.5 min vs. 44.1 ± 18.5 min vs. 45.3 ± 25.8 min for the 4°C, 37°C, and 60°C, respectively; p = 0.085). There were no significant differences in the change in hunger from baseline among the three different temperature drinks (p > 0.05). Only in the 60°C trial, a shorter gastric emptying time was associated with greater hunger (r=-0.554, p = 0.021). These findings suggest that hot protein-containing drinks may accelerate gastric emptying and contribute to rapid nutrient intake and increased appetite in older adults.

Effects of fear of COVID-19 on older volunteers' willingness to continue their activities: REPRINTS cohort study.

AIM: This study examined the effects of fear of COVID-19 on older volunteers' willingness to continue activities that required face-to-face interactions. METHODS: From September to November 2020, a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with 481 older adult volunteers. A total of 423 responses were collected; 343 had no missing items and were included in the analysis. Analysis items included willingness to continue volunteer activities, fear of COVID-19, mental and physical health, and a group of items related to factors influencing the continuation of volunteer activities. RESULTS: The structural analysis of covariance indicated that volunteer orientation, which included items considered to be factors for continuing volunteer activities, had a significant positive influence on the willingness to continue activities. Fear of COVID-19 had a significant negative effect on the latent variable mental and physical health, which consisted of a subjective sense of health, but fear of COVID-19 and physical and mental health had no significant effect on the willingness to continue volunteering. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the willingness of older adults to continue volunteer activities during the COVID-19 pandemic is influenced by their volunteer orientation and is not affected by their fear of COVID-19. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 370-376.

Factors explaining seasonal variation in energy intake: a review.

Maintaining a balance between energy intake and expenditure is crucial for overall health. There are seasonal variations in energy intake, with an increase during spring and winter as well as a decrease during summer. These variations are related to a combination of environmental factors, including changes in temperature and daylight hours; social factors, including events and holidays; and physiological factors, including changes in physical activity and emotions. Accordingly, this review aimed to summarize the environmental, social, and physiological factors that contribute to seasonal variations in energy intake. A review of the current literature revealed that changes in temperature and daylight hours may affect eating behavior by altering homeostatic responses and appetite-related hormones. Additionally, increased participation in events and frequency of eating out, especially during winter vacations, may contribute to increased energy intake. Notably, these findings may not be generalisable to all populations since environmental and social factors can vary significantly depending on the local climatic zones and cultural backgrounds. The findings of the present review indicate that seasonal climate, events, and associated hormonal changes should be taken into account in order to maintain adequate energy intake throughout the year.

Habitual Physical Activity and Dietary Profiles in Older Japanese Males with Normal-Weight Obesity.

Normal-weight obesity is defined as having high body fat but a normal body mass index (BMI). This study examined whether there are differences in habitual physical activity and diet between individuals with normal-weight obesity and obese or non-obesity. This study included 143 males aged 65-75 years, and they were classified into the following three groups according to BMI and visceral fat area (VFA): obese group (n = 27 (BMI: ≥25 kg/m2 and VFA: ≥100 cm2)), normal-weight obese group (n = 35 (BMI: <25 kg/m2 and VFA: ≥100 cm2)) and non-obese group (n = 81 (BMI: <25 kg/m2 and VFA < 100 cm2)). Lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride and alanine transaminase were observed in the normal-weight obese group than in the non-obese group (all for p ≤ 0.04, effect size ≥ 0.50). No differences were found in physical activity and dietary habits between non-obese and normal-weight obese groups (all for p > 0.05). Although impaired lipid and liver function parameters were observed in older males with normal-weight obesity compared with older males with non-obesity, physical activity and dietary profiles in themselves were not shown these differences in the present study.

Relationships among Physical Activity, Physical Function, and Food Intake in Older Japanese Adults Living in Urban Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Japan is experiencing a super-ageing society faster than anywhere else in the world. Consequently, extending healthy life expectancy is an urgent social issue. To realize a diet that can support the extension of healthy life expectancy, we studied the quantitative relationships among physical activities (number of steps and activity calculated using an accelerometer), physical functions (muscle strength, movement function, agility, static balance, dynamic balance, and walking function), and dietary intake among 469 older adults living in the Tokyo metropolitan area (65-75 years old; 303 women and 166 men) from 23 February 2017 to 31 March 2018. Physical activities and functions were instrumentally measured, and the dietary survey adopted the photographic record method. There was a significant positive association (p < 0.05) between physical activities (steps, medium-intensity activity, and high-intensity activity) and physical functions (movement function, static balance, and walking function), but no association with muscle strength. These three physical functions were significantly positively correlated with intake of vegetables, seeds, fruits, and milk; with magnesium, potassium, and vitamin B6; and with the dietary fibre/carbohydrate composition ratio (p < 0.05). Future intervention trials must verify if balancing diet and nutrition can improve physical activities in older adults through increased physical functions.

Effect of Acute Walking on Endothelial Function and Postprandial Lipemia in South Asians and White Europeans.

INTRODUCTION: South Asians (SAs) have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with White Europeans (WEs). Postprandial endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation (FMD%)) in SA women and SA men with central obesity has not been investigated. Research in other populations has highlighted that a 1% higher FMD% is associated with a ~13% lower risk of future CVD events. We investigated whether FMD% and lipemia, two markers for CVD risk, were higher in SAs versus WEs, whether walking improved FMD% and lipemia, and if there were ethnic differences in the response. METHODS: Lean premenopausal women (study 1; 12 SA, 12 WE) and men with central obesity (study 2; 15 SA, 15 WE) completed two 2-d trials. On day 1, participants walked for 60 min at 60% of their peak oxygen uptake or rested. On day 2, participants rested and consumed two high-fat meals over 8 h. Repeated ultrasound assessments of endothelial function and venous blood samples for CVD risk markers were taken. RESULTS: Compared with WEs, SAs had lower postprandial FMD% (study 1, -1.32%; study 2, -0.54%) and higher postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (study 1, 0.31 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ; study 2, 0.55 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ). Walking improved postprandial FMD% (study 1, 1.12%; study 2, 0.94%) and resulted in no significant change or small reductions in postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations (study 1, -0.01 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ; study 2, -0.25 mmol·L -1 ·h -1 ). Exercise-induced changes in FMD% and triacylglycerol were consistent between ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Walking mitigated the adverse postprandial effect of a high-fat diet on FMD% to a similar extent in SA and WE women and men, even with no/small improvements in triacylglycerol. This study highlights the importance of exercise to clinically improve FMD% in SAs and WEs.

Effects of the timing of acute mulberry leaf extract intake on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Glucose tolerance is controlled by the internal clock and is worse in the evening. From a chrononutrition perspective, diabetes prevention requires evaluating the antidiabetic effects of the timing of functional ingredients and nutrient intake. The purpose of this study was to investigate the timing effects of acute mulberry leaf extract (MLE) intake on postprandial glucose levels in young adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twelve young adults underwent four trials. Blood samples were collected in a fasting state and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after eating a mixed meal. The study had a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial design involving: (1) morning placebo trial (08:00 h; MP trial), (2) evening placebo trial (18:00 h; EP trial), (3) morning MLE trial (08:00 h; MM trial), and (4) evening MLE trial (18:00 h; EM trial). RESULTS: The incremental area under the blood glucose curve (iAUC) in the EM trials was significantly lower than that in the EP trials (P = 0.010). The postprandial glucose concentrations 120 min after the meal were significantly lower in the EM trials than those in the EP trials (P = 0.006). The postprandial insulin concentrations at 120 min were significantly lower in the MM trials than those in the MP trials (P = 0.034). Moreover, the postprandial insulin concentrations 180 min after the meal were significantly lower in the EM trials than those in the EP trials (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: MLE intake in the evening, but not in the morning, was effective in improving glucose tolerance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial reference: UMIN 000045301; website of trial registry: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000051340 .

Effects of different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks on gastric emptying rate after exercise in healthy young men: randomized crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise on the subsequent gastric emptying rate in healthy young men. METHODS: Twelve healthy young men completed two, 1-day trials in random order. In both trials, the participants completed intermittent cycling exercise for 20 min, consisting of a 120% heart rate peak for 20 s, followed by 25 W for 40 s. Participants consumed 400 mL of carbohydrate-protein-containing drink (0.85 MJ) at 4 °C (EX + 4 °C) or 60 °C (EX + 60 °C) over a 5-min period after exercise. The participants sat on a chair for 2.5 h to measure their gastric emptying rate using the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. Subjective feelings of gastrointestinal discomfort and appetite were measured using a visual analog scale. Interstitial fluid glucose levels after drinking were measured using a continuous glucose-monitoring device. RESULTS: The percentage excretion of 13CO2 tended to be higher at EX + 60 °C than at EX + 4 °C from the start of the test until 30 min after drink ingestion (5.7 ± 0.5 vs. 6.5 ± 0.4%dose/h for the EX + 4 °C and EX + 60 °C trials, respectively; effect sizes [ES] = 0.277, p = 0.065). The time of maximum 13CO2 emissions per hour (Tmax-calc) and the time of half 13CO2 emissions per hour (T1/2) did not differ between trials. Subjective gastrointestinal discomfort was lower at EX + 60 °C compared to EX + 4 °C (ES = 0.328, p = 0.041). There were no significant differences in interstitial fluid glucose levels between the different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise (p = 0.698). CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of warm carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise may accelerate gastric emptying in the very early phase and may reduce gastric discomfort. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network, UMIN000045626. Registered on June 10, 2021.

The effects of different temperatures of post-exercise protein-containing drink on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men.

The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of protein-containing drink after exercise on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve healthy young men completed three, 1-d trials in a random order. In all trials, the subjects ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 80% of maximum heart rate. In exercise + cold drink (2°C) and exercise + hot drink (60°C) trials, the subjects consumed 300 ml of protein-containing drink (0·34 MJ) at 2°C or 60°C over a 5-min period after exercise. In the exercise (i.e. no preload) trial, the subjects sat on a chair for 5 min after exercise. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for 30 min to measure their gastric motility with an ultrasound imaging system in all trials. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt comfortably full. Energy intake in the exercise + hot drink trial was 14 % and 15 % higher than the exercise (P = 0·046, 95% CI 4·010, 482·538) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·001, 95% CI 160·089, 517·111) trial, respectively. The frequency of the gastric contractions in the exercise + hot drink trial was higher than the exercise (P = 0·023) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·007) trial. The total frequency of gastric contractions was positively related to energy intake (r = 0·386, P = 0·022). These findings demonstrate that consuming protein-containing drink after exercise at 60°C increases energy intake and that this increase may be related to the modulation of the gastric motility.

Gum chewing while walking increases walking distance and energy expenditure: A randomized, single-blind, controlled, cross-over study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Gum chewing while walking increases walking distance and energy expenditure in middle-aged male and female individuals. This study aimed to examine the effects of gum chewing while walking on walking distance and energy metabolism in male and female individuals of various age groups. METHODS: Fifty participants (25 male and 25 female individuals) aged 22-69 years completed two trials in a random order. In the gum trial, participants walked at a natural pace for 15 min while chewing two gum pellets (1.5 g, 3 kcal per pellet) following a 50-min rest period. In the tablet trial, participants rested for 50 min before walking, and the participants then walked at a natural pace for 15 min after ingesting two pellets of tablet containing the same ingredients with the exception of the gum base. The walking distance, step count, walking speed, stride, heart rate, energy expenditure, and respiratory exchange ratio were measured. RESULTS: Walking distance, step count, walking speed, heart rate, and energy expenditure during walking were significantly higher in the gum trial than in the tablet trial. In participants aged ≥40 years, walking distance, walking speed, stride, heart rate, and energy expenditure during walking were significantly increased during the gum trial compared with those during the tablet trial. CONCLUSION: The study findings demonstrated that gum chewing while walking increased walking distance and energy expenditure in both male and female individuals.

Correction to: Energy replacement diminishes the postprandial triglyceride­lowering effect from accumulated walking in older women.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The error of NEFA AUC values in first (mean and 95% CI) and the main text (effect size and 95% CI).

Energy replacement diminishes the postprandial triglyceride-lowering effect from accumulated walking in older women.

PURPOSE: Dietary replacement of an acute exercise-induced energy deficit offsets the postprandial triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect of exercise in young boys and middle-aged men. It is unclear whether these findings are observed when exercise is accumulated in older adults. This study examined the effect of accumulating short bouts of exercise, with and without dietary replacement of an exercise-induced energy deficit, on postprandial TG in older women. METHODS: Seventeen older women (≥ 65 years) underwent three, 8-h trials: (1) control, (2) accumulated walking and (3) accumulated walking with energy replacement. During the control trial, participants rested for 8 h. The accumulated walking trials comprised twenty 1.5 min brisk walking bouts performed at a pre-determined self-selected pace separated by 15 min seated rest. In each trial, participants consumed a standardised breakfast and lunch. The breakfast in the accumulated walking with energy replacement trial included replacement of the energy deficit (0.62 MJ, 149 kcal) induced by exercise. Venous blood samples were collected fasted and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after breakfast. RESULTS: Time-averaged postprandial serum TG concentrations over 8 h were lower after accumulated walking than control and accumulated walking with energy replacement (mean ± SD: 1.46 ± 0.93 vs 1.71 ± 1.01 vs 1.60 ± 0.98 mmol/L, respectively: main effect of trial p = 0.017). There was little difference between control and accumulated walking with energy replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Replacing the energy expenditure induced by accumulating 30 min of brisk walking in short (1.5 min) bouts diminishes the postprandial TG-lowering effect in older women.

High-intensity cycling re-warm up within a very short time-frame increases the subsequent intermittent sprint performance.

This study investigated the effect of high-intensity cycling re-warm up (RW) within a very short time-frame on the subsequent intermittent sprint performance. Twelve active males completed three trials in random order: control (CON); 3-min RW at 30% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (RW30); and 1-min RW at 90% of VO2max (RW90). During the experimental trials, participants performed 40-min intermittent cycling exercise followed by 15-min rest. During the rest period, participants completed CON, RW30, or RW90. After the rest period, participants performed the Cycling Intermittent-Sprint Protocol (CISP), which consisted of 10-s rest, 5-s maximal sprint, and 105-s active recovery with the cycles repeated over 10 min. The mean work during sprint for the CISP was significantly higher in both RW trials than in the CON trial (mean±standard deviation; CON: 3539±698 J; RW30: 3724±720 J; RW90: 3739±736 J; p<0.05). The mean electromyogram amplitude during the sprint for the CISP was higher in the RW30 trial than in the CON trial; however, there was no significant difference between the two trials (p=0.06). The mean median frequency during sprint for the CISP was significantly higher in the RW90 trial than in the other trials (p<0.05). Rectal temperature did not differ among the three trials. Oxygenated haemoglobin during the initial 30 s of the CISP was significantly higher in the RW90 trial than in the CON trial (p<0.05). Compared with seated rest, RW, irrespective of whether it comprised 1-min at 90% of VO2max or 3-min at 30% of VO2max, increased the subsequent intermittent sprint performance.

The effects of water temperature on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men.

PURPOSE: Although immediate pre-meal water ingestion has been shown to reduce energy intake in healthy young men, no studies are available regarding potential mechanisms underlying the effect of energy intake in response to different temperatures of pre-meal water ingestion. This study examined the effects of consuming different temperatures of water on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. METHODS: Eleven young men were completed three, 1-day trials in a random order. Subjects visited the laboratory after a 10-h overnight fast and consumed 500 mL of water at 2 °C, 37 °C, or 60 °C in 5 min. Then, subjects sat on a chair over 1 h to measure the cross-sectional gastric antral area and gastric contractions using the ultrasound imaging systems. Thereafter, subjects consumed a test meal until they felt completely full. Energy intake was calculated from the amount of food consumed. RESULTS: Energy intake in the 2 °C (6.7 ± 1.8 MJ) trial was 19% and 26% lower than the 37 °C (7.9 ± 2.3 MJ, p = 0.039) and 60 °C (8.5 ± 3.2 MJ, p = 0.025) trials, respectively. The frequency of the gastric contractions after 1-h consuming water was lowered in the 2 °C trial than the 60 °C trial (trial-time interaction, p = 0.020). The frequency of gastric contractions was positively related to energy intake (r = 0.365, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that consuming water at 2 °C reduces energy intake and this reduction may be related to the modulation of the gastric motility.

The effects of pre-meal drink volume on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy men.

Pre-meal drink ingestion is an effective method of controlling energy intake in humans. However, no studies have addressed the influence of differences in the volume of drink intake on gastric motility and energy intake. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of differences in the volume of drink intake before a meal on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve men completed two, one-day trials in a random order. Subjects visited the laboratory after a 10-h overnight fast and consumed the nutrient drink (0.84 MJ) in either 100 mL or 600 mL quantities over a 5-min period. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for over 2 h to measure their cross-sectional gastric antral areas and gastric contractions with an ultrasound imaging system. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt completely full. Energy intake was calculated from the amount of food consumed. Energy intake in the 600 mL trial was 12% higher than the 100 mL trial (5.1 ±â€¯1.3 vs. 4.6 ±â€¯1.4 MJ, P = 0.046). The antral area (P = 0.046) and the frequency of the gastric contraction (P = 0.001) over 2 h after consuming the nutrient drink were higher in the 600 mL trial than the 100 mL trial. These findings demonstrated that consumption of a 600 mL nutrient drink increased energy intake. The modulation of gastric motility might have some effects on energy intake.

The effects of isomaltulose ingestion on gastric parameters and cycling performance in young men.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Isomaltulose is a disaccharide with a low glycaemic index and plays a role in maintaining postprandial glucose. The maintenance of glucose availability during prolonged exercise has been shown to enhance exercise performance. The present study compared the effects of pre-exercise isomaltulose versus maltodextrin ingestion on gastric parameters and cycling performance in young men. METHODS: Fourteen young men (mean ±â€¯S.D., age 23 ±â€¯2 years) performed 60 min of continuous cycling at 75% of maximum heart rate followed by a 15-min exercise performance test while ingesting a 500-mL of water containing 100 mg of 13C-sodium acetate with either 50 g of isomaltulose or 50 g of maltodextrin. Gastrointestinal discomfort was assessed periodically using an 11-point visual analogue scale throughout the study. The gastric emptying rate was evaluated periodically with the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. For the exercise performance test, participants were instructed to pedal a cycle ergometer, exerting as much effort as possible at a self-selected pace. RESULTS: Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations measured at 30 min after ingestion were lower in the isomaltulose trial than in the maltodextrin trial. There were no differences in mean power output during the exercise performance test, gastric emptying rate or the subjective feelings of gastrointestinal discomfort between both trials. CONCLUSION: Under the current exercise protocol, pre-exercise ingestion of isomaltulose compared with maltodextrin provided no additional benefit relative to gastric emptying or aerobic exercise performance. Both isomaltulose and maltodextrin ingestion did not influence gastrointestinal distress during 60 min of cycling and performance test.