Diagnostic potential of SDHB mRNA contained in serum extracellular vesicles among patients with prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Androgen receptor signaling inhibitors(ARSIs) have been used to treat patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PC) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we aimed to identify novel serum extracellular vesicle (EV)-based biomarkers to diagnose ARSI-resistance and therapeutic targets for ARSI-resistant CRPC. METHODS: Total RNA contained in serum EVs from 5 cases of CRPC before ARSI treatment and after acquiring ARSI-resistance was subjected to RNA-sequencing. The expression changes of selected RNAs contained in EVs were confirmed in 48 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 107 PC using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and compared with tissue RNA expression using public datasets. RESULTS: RNA-sequencing revealed that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related genes were increased in EVs after acquiring ARSI-resistance. Among them, RT-qPCR and datasets analysis demonstrated that SDHB mRNA was upregulated after acquiring ARSI-resistance in EVs and ARSI-exposed PC tissue compared to ARSI-naïve EVs and tissue, respectively. SDHB mRNA levels both in EVs and tissue were increased in localized PC compared with BPH and decreased in advanced PC. Tissue expression of SDHB mRNA was significantly correlated with those of other OXPHOS-related genes. SDHB mRNA in EVs (EV-SDHB) was elevated among 3 out of 7 ARSI-treating patients with stable PSA levels who later progressed to ARSI-resistant CRPC. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of OXPHOS-related mRNAs in EVs correlated with those in PC tissue, among which SDHB mRNA was found to be a novel biomarker to diagnose ARSI-resistance. EV-SDHB may be useful for early diagnosis of ARSI-resistance.

Inhalation of hydrogen gas mitigates sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in the neonatal cortex and is associated with changes in protein phosphorylation.

Inhalation of hydrogen (H2) gas is therapeutically effective for cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and neonatal brain disorders including pathologies induced by anesthetic gases. To understand the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of H2 on the brain, we investigated the molecular signals affected by H2 in sevoflurane-induced neuronal cell death. We confirmed that neural progenitor cells are susceptible to sevoflurane and undergo apoptosis in the retrosplenial cortex of neonatal mice. Co-administration of 1-8% H2 gas for 3 h to sevoflurane-exposed pups suppressed elevated caspase-3-mediated apoptotic cell death and concomitantly decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and activation of the c-Jun pathway, all of which are induced by oxidative stress. Anesthesia-induced increases in lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage were alleviated by H2 inhalation. Phosphoproteome analysis revealed enriched clusters of differentially phosphorylated proteins in the sevoflurane-exposed neonatal brain that included proteins involved in neuronal development and synaptic signaling. H2 inhalation modified cellular transport pathways that depend on hyperphosphorylated proteins including microtubule-associated protein family. These modifications may be involved in the protective mechanisms of H2 against sevoflurane-induced neuronal cell death.

Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Levels Predict the Incidence of Frailty among Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Frailty is a crucial health issue among older adults. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are possible pathogeneses of frailty. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between GDF15 and the incidence of frailty. Therefore, we investigated whether high serum GDF15 levels are associated with the incidence of frailty. METHODS: A total of 175 older adults (mean age: 77 ± 6 years; 63% women) with cardiometabolic diseases and no frailty out of the two criteria at baseline participated. Individuals with severe renal impairment or severe cognitive impairment were excluded. Serum GDF15 levels were measured at baseline. Patients were asked to assess frailty status at baseline and annually during follow-up using the modified version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (mCHS) and the Kihon Checklist (KCL). We examined the association between GDF15 tertiles and each frailty measure during follow-up (median 38-39 months). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, with the GDF15 tertile groups as the explanatory variables, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident frailty were calculated after adjusting for covariates and using the lowest tertile group as the reference. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 25.6% and 34.0% of patients developed frailty, as defined by the mCHS and KCL, respectively. The highest GDF15 tertile group had a significantly higher incidence of mCHS- or KCL-defined frailty than the lowest GDF15 tertile group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the adjusted HRs for incident mCHS- and KCL-defined frailty in the highest GDF15 tertile group were 3.9 (95% CI: 1.3-12.0) and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.1-6.9), respectively. CONCLUSION: High serum GDF15 levels predicted the incidence of frailty among older adults with cardiometabolic diseases and could be an effective marker of the risk for frailty in interventions aimed at preventing frailty, such as exercise and nutrition.

Newer parameters of the octreotide test in patients with acromegaly.

PURPOSE: Predicting the therapeutic effects of first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (fg-SRLs) is important when assessing or planning effective treatment strategies in patients with acromegaly. The oft-used maximum growth hormone (GH) suppression rate parameter of the octreotide test has a suboptimal predictive value. Therefore, this study explored newer parameters of the octreotide test for predicting the therapeutic effect of long-acting fg-SRLs. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective study, the octreotide test parameters and the therapeutic effects of fg-SRL at 3 months were investigated in 45 consecutive treatment-naïve patients with acromegaly between April 2008 and March 2023. Additionally, the relationship between the octreotide test parameters and the therapeutic effects of fg-SRLs was investigated. Tumor shrinkage was evaluated based on changes in the longitudinal diameter of the macroadenomas. The area GH suppression rate-time under the curve (AUC) and the time to nadir GH level were calculated and compared with the maximum GH suppression rate. RESULTS: The AUC estimated reductions in serum insulin-like growth factor I, and tumor shrinkage. The time to nadir GH level predicted tumor shrinkage more robustly than the maximum GH suppression rate in patients with macroadenoma. CONCLUSION: The AUC and time to nadir GH level may potentially be newer parameters of the octreotide test for estimating the therapeutic effect of fg-SRLs.

Association Between Serum GDF15 Concentration and Total Mortality in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Populations: The Involvement of Renal Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with age-related adverse outcomes. However, renal function has not been thoroughly evaluated in studies addressing the association between GDF15 and mortality. We aimed to clarify whether GDF15 is associated with total mortality after carefully controlling renal function markers. METHODS: We divided 1 801 community-dwelling Japanese older adults into quartiles according to their serum GDF15 concentrations. The correlation of GDF15 with renal function and inflammation markers was assessed by calculating Spearman correlation coefficients. Cumulative survival rates of the quartiles were estimated. In a Cox regression analysis adjusted for confounders, the association between GDF15 and mortality was evaluated. The discriminative capacity of GDF15 for the prediction of mortality was assessed with receiver-operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: GDF15 was correlated with cystatin C (r = 0.394), ß2-microglobulin (r = 0.382), C-reactive protein (r = 0.124), and interleukin-6 (r = 0.166). The highest GDF15 quartile showed poor survival compared to the others. Older adults with higher GDF15 were associated with an increased mortality risk, independent of demographics and clinically relevant variables (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.98 [1.09-3.59]). This significant association disappeared when additionally adjusted for cystatin C (1.65 [0.89-3.05]) or ß2-microglobulin (1.69 [0.91-3.12]). The ability to predict mortality was approximately comparable between GDF15 (area under the curve: 0.667), cystatin C (0.691), and ß2-microglobulin (0.715). CONCLUSIONS: Serum GDF15 is associated with total mortality in older Japanese after adjustment for major confounders. The increased mortality risk in older adults with higher GDF15 may be partly attributed to decreased renal function.

Combined Hypophysitis and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Context: The occurrence of multiple endocrinopathies due to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a relatively common adverse event. However, the occurrence of a combination of hypophysitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is extremely rare, and its clinical features are unclear. Objective: We comparatively analyzed the clinical features of this combination and each individual ICI-induced endocrinopathy. Methods: We reported 3 cases that we encountered and reviewed previously reported cases of patients with combined hypophysitis and T1DM due to ICIs. Results: Anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies were prescribed to all 3 cases. The duration from ICI initiation to the onset of endocrine disease was 12 to 48 weeks. Several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes that have disease susceptibility to hypophysitis were detected in all 3 patients. With the 17 previously reported cases, combined endocrinopathies were more common in men (85%). The onset age was in the 60s for both combined and single endocrinopathies. Anti-PD-1 antibodies were used in most of the cases (90%). The time from ICI initiation to the onset of endocrinopathies was 24 (8-76) weeks for hypophysitis and 32 (8-76) weeks for T1DM in patients with combined endocrinopathies, which was not significantly different from that for each single endocrinopathy. Conclusion: We presented 3 cases of patients with combined endocrinopathies of hypophysitis and T1DM that may have been caused by anti-PD-1 antibodies. There was no difference in the time from ICI initiation to the onset of endocrinopathies between combined and single endocrinopathies. Further case accumulation and pathogenic investigations are required.

H2-induced transient upregulation of phospholipids with suppression of energy metabolism.

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its biological effects are largely unknown. Similar to other gaseous molecules such as inhalation anesthetics, H2 is more soluble in lipids than in water. A recent study demonstrated that H2 reduces radical polymerization-induced cellular damage by suppressing fatty acid peroxidation and membrane permeability. Thus, we sought to examine the effects of short exposure to H2 on lipid composition and associated physiological changes in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We analyzed cells by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry to define changes in lipid components. Lipid class analysis of cells exposed to H2 for 1 hour revealed transient increases in glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and cardiolipin. Metabolomic analysis also showed that H2 exposure for 1 hour transiently suppressed overall energy metabolism accompanied by a decrease in glutathione. We further observed alterations to endosomal morphology by staining with specific antibodies. Endosomal transport of cholera toxin B to recycling endosomes localized around the Golgi body was delayed in H2-exposed cells. We speculate that H2-induced modification of lipid composition depresses energy production and endosomal transport concomitant with enhancement of oxidative stress, which transiently stimulates stress response pathways to protect cells.

Temporal changes in mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species generation during the development of replicative senescence in human fibroblasts.

Mitochondria are dysfunctional in post-senescent cells. Therefore, age-dependent impairment of mitochondrial energy production accompanied by excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is proposed to be a key driver of cellular senescence, which is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest. However, it remains to be clarified whether mitochondrial dysfunction initiates or accelerates replicative senescence. In this study, we observed no increase in mitochondrial ROS or decrease in mitochondrial respiratory function in human TIG-1 fibroblasts in the transition phase, during which the population doubling rate gradually decreases due to the development of replicative senescence. The integrated stress response and expression of growth differentiation factor 15, which are triggered by respiratory chain deficiency, were also not induced in the transition phase. Mitochondria were elongated without aberrant cristae structures in the transition phase. Mitophagy-related protein levels started to decrease in the transition phase, but autophagic flux slightly increased during replicative senescence. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive mitochondrial ROS generation do not occur predominately in the transition phase and may not play a role in the development of replicative senescence in normal diploid TIG-1 fibroblasts.

Responsiveness to DDAVP in Cushing's disease is associated with USP8 mutations through enhancing AVPR1B promoter activity.

PURPOSE: To clarify the characteristics of Cushing's disease (CD) patients who respond to the desmopressin (DDAVP) test and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with CD who underwent DDAVP testing were included. Patients were divided into two groups: DDAVP test (+) (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] levels increased by ≥ 1.5-fold during the DDAVP test) and DDAVP test (-) (ACTH levels increased by < 1.5-fold). AVP receptor expression levels in these tumors were quantified using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. AVP receptor promoter activity was analyzed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. RESULTS: Females (96.9%) and USP8 mutants (85.7%) were more prevalent in the DDAVP test (+) than in the DDAVP test (-). Indeed, the ACTH and cortisol responsiveness to DDAVP was greater in USP8 mutation positive tumors than that in USP8 wild type tumors (3.0-fold vs. 1.3-fold, 1.6-fold vs. 1.1-fold, respectively). Responsiveness to DDAVP was correlated with the expression levels of AVPR1B, but not with those of AVPR2. Comparably, Avpr1b promoter activity was enhanced by the overexpression of mutant USP8 compared to the wild type. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the responsiveness of ACTH to DDAVP in CD was greater in tumors with USP8 mutations. The present data suggest that USP8 mutations upregulate the AVPR1B promoter activity. Additionally, we showed that the DDAVP test can predict the presence of USP8 mutations.

Relation between the insulin lowering rate and changes in bone mineral density: Analysis among subtypes of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: The bone mineral density in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is reduced due to impaired insulin secretion. However, it is unclear whether the rate of bone mineral density reduction is affected by the type 1 diabetes mellitus subtype. This study aimed to clarify the difference in bone mineral density across type 1 diabetes mellitus subtypes: slowly progressive (SP), acute-onset (AO), and fulminant (F). METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study conducted on 98 adult type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. The main outcome included the bone mineral density Z-score (BMD-Z) measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. RESULTS: The lumbar spine BMD-Z was lower in the acute-onset than in the slowly progressive subtype (P = 0.03). No differences were observed when compared with the fulminant subtype. The femoral neck BMD-Z tended to be higher in the slowly progressive than in the acute-onset and fulminant subtypes. Multiple regression analyses showed that the lumbar spine BMD-Z was associated with subtypes (AO vs SP) (P = 0.01), but not subtypes (F vs SP), adjusted for sex, duration, retinopathy, and C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR). When the patients were divided into disease duration tertiles, in the first and second tertiles, the CPR levels were lower in the acute-onset or fulminant than in the slowly progressive subtype. In contrast, the lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD-Z differed between the acute-onset and slowly progressive only in the second tertiles (both P < 0.01), with a similar tendency between the fulminant and slowly progressive subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Among the type 1 diabetes mellitus subtypes, bone mineral density undergoes time-dependent changes, which reveals that the bone mineral density decline follows the impaired insulin secretion. These results provide novel insights into the association between the low insulin exposure duration and bone mineral density.

The Effect of Aging on Quality of Life in Acromegaly Patients Under Treatment.

Context: With the increasing number of older patients with acromegaly, it is important to understand the effects of aging on the quality of life (QoL) in acromegaly. Objective: To investigate the factors associated with the QoL of older acromegaly patients. Design: This was a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted between 2014 and 2019. Methods: Among 90 acromegaly patients at Kobe University Hospital, 74 who had completed the QoL evaluation under treatment were enrolled (age = 62.0 [50.7-70.0], female 52%). SF-36 and the AcroQoL questionnaire were used to quantify QoL. The patients were divided into two groups: the young and middle-aged group, aged <65 years (51.0 [46.0-59.2], n =42), and the older group, aged ≥65 years (70.5 [69.0-73.0], n =32). The factors associated with the QoL scores were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: The scores for the physical component summary of SF-36 were negatively associated with age (P <0.01), while those for the mental or role/social component summary were positively associated (P <0.01, P =0.03, respectively). In contrast, AcroQoL scores were not associated with age. However, the different factors were associated with lower AcroQoL scores; arthropathy and higher BMI in the older group (P <0.01, and P =0.01, respectively), and treatment modalities and size of pituitary tumor in the young and middle-aged group (P <0.01, P =0.04, respectively). Replacement of hydrocortisone was commonly associated both in young and middle-aged group (P =0.04), and in older group (P =0.02). Conclusion: We showed that the factors associated with impaired QoL differed in the young and middle-aged, and older patients with acromegaly. In older patients, arthropathy and higher BMI were associated with poor QoL. These suggest the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment in preventing arthropathy in acromegaly.

Gene therapy of prostate cancer using liposomes containing perforin expression vector driven by the promoter of prostate-specific antigen gene.

Perforin secreted from cytotoxic lymphocytes plays a critical role in cancer immunosurveillance. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of liposomes containing perforin expression vector driven by the promotor of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The anti-tumor effect of perforin was analyzed using prostate cancer (PC) PC-3 cells in which perforin expression was controlled by Tet-on system (PC-3PRF cells). Liposomes encapsulating PSA promoter-driven perforin expression vector (pLipo) were constructed for its specific expression in PC. The anti-tumor effect of pLipo was evaluated in vitro using docetaxel-resistant PC 22Rv1 PC cell line, 22Rv1DR, and PC-3 cells in the presence of human peripheral blood mono nuclear cells (PBMCs) and also in vivo using male nude mice bearing 22Rv1DR cell-derived tumor xenograft. Induction of perforin significantly inhibited growth of PC-3PRF cells. Treatment with pLipo induced perforin expression in 22Rv1DR cells expressing PSA but not in PC-3 cells lacking it. Treatment with pLipo at a low concentration was prone to inhibit growth of both cell lines and significantly inhibited growth of 22Rv1DR cells when co-incubated with PBMCs. The combined use of pLipo at a high concentration with PBMCs showed nearly complete inhibition of 22Rv1DR cell growth. Intravenous administration of pLipo via tail vein increased the level of perforin in tumor and serum and significantly decreased the tumor volume. Our results suggest that liposome-mediated PC-specific expression of perforin could be a novel therapy for advanced PC.

Analysis of thyroid function in Japanese patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Thyroid dysfunction that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is becoming increasingly recognized. However, only a few reports in Japan have addressed this issue to date. In this study, we sought to clarify whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 affected thyroid hormone levels and whether these hormones could be better predictors of prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Accordingly, we retrospectively examined 147 cases wherein thyroid hormones were measured at the time of admission among 848 Japanese patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center. All patients underwent thyroid function testing upon hospital admission. More than half (59.1%) of the patients were euthyroid. Twenty-four percent of patients had serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels lower than the reference range with normal serum free thyroxine (fT4) levels, and 3.4% of the patients had low TSH with high fT4 levels. Over 70% of the patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 had low serum free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels. Serum TSH and fT3 levels were inversely correlated with disease severity. The mortality rate in patients with low serum fT3 levels was significantly higher than that in those with normal serum fT3 levels.

Kartogenin Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Through Smad2 Activation and Decreases Androgen Receptor Nuclear Localization.

BACKGROUND/AIM: De-differentiation is a key step for the progression of cancer cells. This study investigated the anti-tumor effect of kartogenin (KGN), which has the ability to differentiate cells, on prostate cancer (PC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of KGN on androgen receptor (AR) nuclear localization, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression, and Smad2 activation as well as the growth of PC cell lines (LNCaP, 22Rv1 and PC-3) were analyzed. RESULTS: KGN significantly inhibited growth of AR-expressing LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells but not of AR-lacking PC-3 cells. KGN decreased AR nuclear localization and PSA expression, but did not enhance the anti-tumor effect of bicalutamide in LNCaP cells. KGN activated Smad2 both in the absence and presence of TGF-ß1. KGN also inhibited growth of docetaxel-resistant PC cells, 22Rv1DR, and re-sensitized them to the agent. CONCLUSION: KGN has a potential as a novel therapeutic for PC patients after treatment failure.

Diagnostic potential of serum extracellular vesicles expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen in urologic malignancies.

We aimed to develop a sandwich ELISA to detect prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on small extracellular vesicles (EVs) using T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (Tim4) as a capture molecule for EVs and to evaluate its diagnostic potential in urologic malignancies. First, we optimized the conditions for sandwich ELISA measuring the PSMA level on EVs captured from serum by Tim4 and found that the use of highly-purified EVs released from Tim4 that had captured EVs in serum reduced the background. Second, we confirmed its validity by studying mouse xenograft model for prostate cancer (PC). Lastly, we measured PSMA-EVs in serum of patients with urologic malignancies. The PSMA-EV levels were significantly higher in metastatic PC and castration-resistant PC (CRPC) patients than in therapy-naïve PC patients. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, PSMA-EVs were elevated in those with metastasis compared with those without metastasis, which may reflect the development of the neovasculature positive for PSMA in tumors. In conclusion, we developed a sandwich ELISA for detection of PSMA-EVs using highly-purified EVs isolated from serum by Tim4. Our results suggest that PSMA-EVs may be useful to diagnose and monitor not only PC but also RCC and possibly other hypervascular solid tumors.

miRNA-93 in Serum Extracellular Vesicles Before and After Low Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To identify novel biomarkers for prostate cancer (PC), we evaluated changes of miRNAs contained in serum small extracellular vesicles (EVs) in patients who received low dose rate prostate brachytherapy (BT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EVs were isolated from the pooled serum of 10 PC patients prior to and 1 month after BT. miRNA profiling and quantitation in EVs was performed by microarray analysis and RT-digital PCR, respectively. Expression of miRNA-93 in prostate tissue was evaluated using the TCGA database and its level in EVs was determined in 25 patients before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after BT. RESULTS: Profiling and quantitation identified miRNA-93 as significantly down-regulated in EVs after BT. TCGA database analysis showed that miRNA-93 was increased in PC tissue. miRNA-93 in EVs significantly decreased in 3, 6 and 12 months after BT. CONCLUSION: miRNA-93 contained in serum EVs may be a novel diagnostic and monitoring biomarker for PC.

Mechanistic insights into immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitis: a form of paraneoplastic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as a cancer immunotherapy have emerged as a treatment for multiple advanced cancer types. Because of enhanced immune responses, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including endocrinopathies such as hypophysitis, have been associated with the use of ICIs. Most underlying mechanisms of ICI-related hypophysitis remain unclear, especially for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. We hypothesized that ICI-related hypophysitis is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome caused by ectopic expression of pituitary-specific antigens. METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients with ICI-related hypophysitis between 2017 and 2019 at Kobe University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Circulating anti-pituitary antibodies were detected using immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. Ectopic expression of pituitary autoantigens in tumor specimens was also examined. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and two were treated with a combination of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and PD-1 inhibitors. All patients showed adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency and additionally, three showed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency, and one showed gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Among these patients, three exhibited anti-pituitary antibodies, two with anti-corticotroph antibody and one with anti-somatotroph antibody. Interestingly, the anti-corticotroph antibody recognized proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and those two patients exhibited ectopic ACTH expression in the tumor, while the patients without anti-corticotroph antibody did not. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated 10% of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors-related hypophysitis were associated with the autoimmunity against corticotrophs and maybe caused as a form of paraneoplastic syndrome, in which ectopic expression of ACTH in the tumor was observed. It is also suggested that the pathophysiology is heterogenous in ICI-related hypophysitis.

Profiling of Serum Extracellular Vesicles Reveals miRNA-4525 as a Potential Biomarker for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma.

AIM: To identify novel diagnostic markers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we analyzed miRNAs in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EVs were purified from serum of healthy controls and patients with localized and advanced RCC using T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing protein 4 conjugated to magnetic beads. miRNA profiling of EVs was conducted by microarray analysis. miRNA expression was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Lastly, proteomic analysis of RCC cells transfected with a miRNA inhibitor was performed to identify its potential targets. RESULTS: Microarray analysis revealed that nine miRNAs were increased by more than 1.5-fold in EVs from patients with RCC. Among them, miRNA-4525 was significantly elevated; miRNA-4525 expression was higher in RCC tissue than in the adjacent normal tissue. Proteomic analysis identified alpha fetoprotein and albumin as its potential targets. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the potential of miRNA-4525 in serum EVs as a novel biomarker for advanced RCC.

Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles identified PI3K pathway as a potential therapeutic target for cabazitaxel-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is now widely used for prostate cancer (PC) patients resistant to docetaxel (DOC), however, most patients eventually acquire resistance. It will, therefore, be of great benefit to discover novel therapeutic target for the resistance. We aimed to identify candidate therapeutic targets for CBZ-resistance by proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from serum of DOC-resistant PC patients who later developed CBZ-resistance as well as those harvested from culture medium of DOC- and CBZ-resistant PC cell lines. METHODS: Using T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (Tim4) conjugated to magnetic beads, EVs were purified from serum of PC patients with DOC-resistance that was collected before and after acquiring CBZ-resistance and conditioned medium of DOC-resistant (22Rv1DR) and CBZ-resistant (22Rv1CR) PC cell lines. Protein analysis of EVs was performed by nanoLC-MS/MS, followed by a comparative analysis of protein expression and network analysis. The cytotoxic effect of a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, ZSTK474, was evaluated by WST-1 assay. The expression and phosphorylation of PI3K and PTEN were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: Among differentially regulated proteins, 77 and 61 proteins were significantly increased in EVs from CBZ-resistant PC cell line and patients, respectively. A comparison between the two datasets revealed that six proteins, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase, CD63, CD151, myosin light chain 9, and peroxiredoxin-6 were elevated in EVs from both cell line and patients. Network analysis of the increased EV proteins identified pathways associated with CBZ-resistance including PI3K signaling pathway. ZSTK474 significantly inhibited growth of 22Rv1CR cells and improved their sensitivity to CBZ. In 22Rv1CR cells, PI3K was activated and PTEN that inhibits PI3K was deactivated. CONCLUSIONS: Proteomic analysis of serum EVs was successfully accomplished by using Tim-4 as a tool to isolate highly purified EVs. Our results suggest that the combination use of CBZ and PI3K inhibitor could be a promising treatment option for CBZ-resistant PC patients.

Clinical Heterogeneity of Acquired Idiopathic Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency.

Objective: Heterogeneous clinical characteristics are observed in acquired isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency (IAD); however, its classification remains to be established because of its largely unknown pathophysiology. In IAD, anti-pituitary antibodies have been detected in some patients, although their significance remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to classify patients with IAD and to clarify the significance of anti-pituitary antibodies. Design and Methods: We analyzed 46 consecutive patients with IAD. Serum anti-pituitary antibodies were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining using a mouse pituitary tissue. Principal component and cluster analyses were performed to classify IAD patients based on clinical characteristics and autoantibodies. Results: Immunofluorescence analysis using the sera revealed that 58% of patients showed anti-corticotroph antibodies and 6% of patients showed anti-follicular stellate cell (FSC) antibodies. Principal component analysis demonstrated that three parameters could explain 70% of the patients. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed three clusters: Groups A and B comprised patients who were positive for anti-corticotroph antibodies, and plasma ACTH levels were extremely low. Groups A and B comprised middle-aged or elderly men and middle-aged women, respectively. Group C comprised patients who were positive for the anti-FSC antibody and elderly men; plasma ACTH levels were relatively high. Conclusions: Patients with IAD were classified into three groups based on clinical characteristics and autoantibodies. The presence of anti-corticotroph antibody suggested severe injury to corticotrophs. This new classification clearly demonstrated the heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of IAD.