Remote, Whole-Body Interval Training Improves Muscular Endurance and Cardiac Autonomic Control in Young Adults.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise modality acknowledged to maintain physical fitness with more engagement in an active lifestyle compared with other traditional exercise models. Nevertheless, its effects on cardiac control and physical performance in an online-guided setting are not yet clarified. The present work assessed physical fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) before and after an online, home-based HIIT program in college-age students while pandemic lockdowns were in effect. Twenty university students (age: 21.9 ± 2.4 years.) that were solely enrolled in online classes were distributed into three groups: control-CON-(n = 6), 14 min of HIIT-HIIT-14-(n = 8), and 21 min of HIIT-HIIT-21-(n = 6). A maximal push-up test was employed to assess muscular endurance and performance, and resting HRV signals were collected with wireless heart rate monitors and were processed in Kubios HRV Std. (Kubios Oy, Finland). There was an increase in total push-up capacity compared to CON (p < 0.05 HIIT-21 vs. CON; p < 0.001 HIIT-14 vs. CON) after 8 weeks. A significant interaction was observed in high-frequency and low-frequency spectra ratios after the HIIT-21 intervention (p < 0.05). The current work demonstrated that either short- or mid-volume online, whole-body HIIT improves muscle strength, whereas mid-volume HIIT (HIIT-21) was the only intervention that developed a sympathovagal adaptation. This study showed promising results on muscular endurance and cardiac autonomic modulation through whole-body HIIT practice at home.

Association between Body Mass Index with Sugar-Sweetened and Dairy Beverages Consumption in Children from the Mexico-USA Border.

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been associated with the onset of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to describe consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened and dairy beverages and to evaluate their correlation with the body mass index in children residing at the Mexico−USA border. A total of 722 (370 girls, 352 boys) elementary school children aged 9 to 12 years from Tijuana, Mexico, participated in the study. Anthropometric measures were recorded, and a beverage intake questionnaire was completed by the children's parents. Significant age by sex interactions were found on body mass index Z-scores (p < 0.01). Boys showed higher sugar intake (p < 0.05) and total relative energy consumption from sugar (p < 0.05) than girls. The energy consumption from sugar-sweetened and dairy beverages was similar between sexes (p > 0.05). Sugar intake from beverages was higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization in boys (66%) and girls (44%). A high frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and similar intake of dairy beverages were found in children from the Mexico−USA border. The high consumption of sugar exceeds international recommendations and should be carefully monitored.

Impact of Spirulina maxima Intake and Exercise (SIE) on Metabolic and Fitness Parameters in Sedentary Older Adults with Excessive Body Mass: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Life expectancy has increased unprecedentedly in recent decades, benefiting the longevity of the world's population. The most frequent pathological conditions presented in this age group include excessive body fat, frailty, and hypercholesterolemia. These pathological characteristics condition general health and autonomy in adults to carry out their usual activities. In this sense, the search for a healthy lifestyle is necessary, consisting in a healthy diet that includes supplementation with nutraceuticals and the daily practice of physical activity. This study protocol aims to evaluate the independent and synergistic effect of 12 weeks of Spirulina maxima intake (5 g/day), with or without an exercise program on metabolic and fitness parameters of 52 sedentary older adults with excessive body mass in a double-blind, randomized, crossover, controlled trial design. The main findings from this trial will provide novel evidence for future interventions designed for the elderly population and the result will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and international meetings. ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT04658875 (Effect of Spirulina maxima and Exercise on General Fitness and Blood Lipids in Older Adults).

Systematic Physical Exercise and Spirulina maxima Supplementation Improve Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Blood Lipid Profile: Correlations of a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

Cardiovascular diseases are part of the highly preventable chronic diseases associated with changes in lifestyle. Within them, physical activity, low-fat and high-fiber diets are distinguished as the main support for prevention, even when supplementation with nutraceuticals has become a very common practice. Fifty-two young sedentary men with excess body weight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg·m-2) were enrolled in a randomized-crossover controlled trial [six weeks of a systematic physical exercise with Spirulina maxima or placebo supplementation (4.5 g·day-1)]. Body composition, blood lipid profile, and maximal oxygen uptake were determined pre/post intervention. Pairwise comparisons showed a significant improvement (p < 0.01) on blood lipid profile in the group of exercise plus Spirulina maxima. Moreover, correlations of absolute changes of BMI, body fat percentage, blood lipids and maximal oxygen uptake were statistically significant (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the Spirulina maxima supplementation could be acting in a synergistic way with exercise due to the enhanced effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood lipid profile. This phenomenon should be considered to reduce risk of cardiovascular disorders. Trial registration: Clinical Trials, NCT02837666 (July 19, 2016).

Entrenamiento de resistencia muscular en jóvenes universitarios ¿método de oclusión vascular o tradicional? / Resistance training in college students ¿vascular occlusion training or traditional method?

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si existen diferencias significativas en la circunferencia del brazo y en el número de repeticiones realizadas en base a dos métodos de entrenamiento: oclusión vascular y tradicional. Se reclutaron ocho sujetos a los cuales, de manera aleatoria, se les asignó el método de oclusión vascular (OVbi) para un brazo y el entrenamiento tradicional (ETmi) para el otro. Se realizó un pretest en el cual se midió la circunferencia del brazo y la cantidad de repeticiones que pudieran realizar con una carga equivalente al 9% de la masa corporal. Después de cuatro semanas de tratamiento (tres sesiones por semana) se realizó el postest. Los resultados no encontraron interacción significativa en la circunferencia del brazo (p = 0.164) ni en la cantidad de repeticiones (p = 0.390), sin embargo, si se encontraron diferencias en la cantidad de repeticiones realizadas entre el pretest y postest (p = 0.048). Estos resultados demuestran que, independientemente del tratamiento (OVbi y ETmi), los sujetos aumentaron el número de repeticiones realizadas, en pocas palabras, un entrenamiento a baja intensidad con oclusión vascular durante cuatro semanas es igual de efectivo a un entrenamiento tradicional de moderada intensidad.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of vascular occlusion (VO) and traditional resistance training (TRT) methods on arm circumference and number of repetitions to exhaustion. Eight participants were randomly assigned to VO in one arm and TRT on the other. Before and after four weeks of training performed three times per week, measurements were obtained on arm circumference and number of repetitions with a workload equivalent to 9% of body mass. No significant treatment by measurements interactions were found on arm circumference (p = 0.164) and number of repetitions to exhaustion (p = 0.390). Regardless of the training method, participants improved number of repetition to exhaustion following the intervention (p = 0.048). In conclusion, four weeks of VO is as effective as TRT for improving arm muscular performance to exhaustion.

[Obesity and high health risk due to beberages consumption and obesity among high school students in méxico]. / ALTO RIESGO PARA LA SALUD DEBIDO AL CONSUMO DE BEBIDAS Y OBESIDAD ENTRE BACHILLERES DE MÉXICO.

The purpose of this study was to identify the consumption of beverages among high school Mexican students and to determine obesity (OB) and abdominal obesity (AB). Differences in range and calorie beverage consumption between gender and BMI categories were calculated with the Mann-Whitney test. We assessed 1,677 students 15 to 17 yo. The prevalence of OB and AO was 15% and 53% in men and 12% and 47% in women. The consumption of energy, sugary drinks, and alcohol in milliliters and kilocalories per week, was higher in men (p = 0.001). More than 70% of students consumed per day more than 25 g/day of sugar from beverages, and more than 38% consumed more than 50 g/day of sugar. This high risk food consumption warrants immediate intervention.

El propósito del estudio fue identificar el consumo de bebidas y determinar la obesidad (O) y la obesidad abdominal (OA) en mexicanos de bachillerato. Se calcularon diferencias en rangos de consumo de bebidas entre sexo en categorías del IMC con la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se evaluaron 1677 estudiantes entre 15 y 17 años. La prevalencia de O y OA fue en hombres y mujeres de 15% y 53% y de 12% y 43%, respectivamente. El consumo semanal de bebidas energéticas, alcohólicas, lácteas y azucaradas en mililitros y kilocalorías por semana fue mayor en hombres (p=0.001). Más del 70% de estudiantes consumen más de 25 g de azúcar al día proveniente de bebidas y más del 38% consumen más de 50 g de azúcar al día. Este consumo de alto riesgo requiere de intervenciones inmediatas.

[Adiposity as a risk factor of non alcoholic fat disease; systematic review]. / La adiposidad como factor de riesgo del hígado graso no alcohólico: revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Adiposity has been described as a risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of prospective studies assessing risk factors of adiposity indicators for developing NAFLD. METHODOLOGY: All prospective studies in English and Spanish from January 2005 to December 2013 published in the database MEDLINE/PubMed, with a follow up greater than or equal to one year were reviewed. The quality of the articles was assessed using GRADE criteria. RESULTS: Total study population was 10,640 (6,394 men and 4,246 women), and the age range was 20-88 years. Five prospective studies met the inclusion criteria and the follow-up ranged from one to seven years. The diagnostic criteria used were ultrasonography (4) and computed tomography (1). The OR of BMI, waist circumference and weight gain ranged from 1.19 to 1.43, 1.04 to 2.15 and 1.21 to 1.57, respectively. CONCLUSION: A consistent relationship between adiposity indicators and NAFLD was observed.

Introducción: Se ha descrito que la adiposidad es un factor de riesgo del hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA). Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios prospectivos que evaluaran la asociación de indicadores de adiposidad con el desarrollo del HGNA. Metodología: Se revisaron todos los artículos originales encontrados en inglés y en español publicados de enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2013, en la base de datos de MEDLINE/ PubMed, de estudios prospectivos con una duración igual o mayor a un año de seguimiento. La calidad de los artículos fue evaluada mediante los criterios de GRADE. Resultados: La población total estudiada fue de 10.640 (6.394 hombres y 4.246 mujeres), y el rango de edad fue de 20-88 años. Cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión cinco estudios prospectivos, y el seguimiento osciló entre uno y siete años. Los criterios de diagnóstico utilizados fueron la ultrasonografía (4) y la tomografía computarizada (1). Los OR de IMC, circunferencia de cintura y ganancia de peso oscilaron entre 1,19 a 1,43, 1,04 a 2,15 y 1,21 a 1,57 respectivamente. Conclusión: Se observó una relación consistente entre los indicadores de adiposidad y el HGNA.

[Consumption of sweetened, energy and alcoholic beverages among college students in the México-US border]. / consumo de bebidas energéticas, alcohólicas y azucaradas en jóvenes universitarios de la frontera México-USA.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of sugary, energy and alcoholic drinks among college students might be a health risk factor. OBJECTIVE: To assess the consumption of sugary, energy and alcoholic drinks and to determine their associations with body mass index (BMI) status among college students. METHODS: Second and third year college students enrolled in five different majors at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California were evaluated. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured and BMI was calculated. A frequency questionnaire of 19 drinks was administered. RESULTS: A total of 1138 students participated in the study. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was 12 and 33% with 14 and 17% in women and men respectively. Fifty-five per cent of women and 68% of men consumed more than 25g of sugar drinks per day; 12% consumed more than 100g of sugar daily. The daily caloric intake from beverages was greater than 450kcal with 350kcal in men and women respectively. Ten per cent of women and 15% of men consumed more than 30g of alcohol daily. The sugary drinks more frequently consumed were fruit juices (90%), whole milk (69%), regular soft drinks (83%), beer (37%), liquor (27%) and energy drinks (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of sugary, energy, and alcoholic drinks is very high, which may be a health risk in this population.

Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas, energéticas y alcohólicas en universitarios puede ser un riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: Determinar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, energéticas, y alcohólicas y compararlo con el estado del IMC en universitarios. Metodología: Se evaluaron estudiantes de segundo y tercer año de la UABC. Se midieron el peso, la talla y la circunferencia de cintura, y se calculó el IMC. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre consumo de 19 bebidas. Resultados: Participaron 1138 estudiantes. La prevalencia de obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue de 12 y 33% y de 14 y 17% en mujeres y hombres respectivamente. El 55% de las mujeres y el 68% de los hombres consumían más de 25g de azúcar de bebidas al día; 12% consumían más de 100g de azúcar al día. El consumo calórico diario proveniente de bebidas fue mayor de 450 kcal en hombres y de 350kcal en mujeres. Diez por ciento de mujeres y 15% de hombres consumen más de 30g de alcohol diarios. Las bebidas que contienen carbohidratos y que se consumen con mayor frecuencia son los zumos de frutas (90%), la leche entera (69%), los refrescos regulares (83%), las cervezas (37%), los licores (27%) y las bebidas energéticas (12%). Conclusiones: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas, alcohólicas y energéticas es muy alto, lo que podría ser un riesgo para la salud en esta población.

[Reference values for cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in a population of Hispanic children from 6 to 11 y, in the northern border of Mexico and the United States of America]. / Valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 a 11 años, en estados de la frontera norte de México y Estados Unidos de América.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in children in the Mexico-USA border have evolved differently to the rest of their respective countries. New reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are required to treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine the reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years in the Mexico-USA border. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. A population of Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years of both boys and girls, belonging to three public institutions in the cities of Ensenada and Chihuahua, randomly selected, were studied. The study variables were the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (G). RESULTS: From 300 subjects studied just 54 children completed the study. Higher average values of TC (168.7 ± 27.2 mg / dl), TG (80.6 ± 48.4 mg / dl) and G (88.3 ± 8.9 mg / dl) were observed. An additional behavior was founded, never reported previously to the limit of the knowledge of the authors; glucose levels of the children studied decreased with increased of cholesterol and triglycerides. To discard a random relationship between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between waist circumference and BMI, verifying an inverse association with G and direct with the TG. CONCLUSION: The reference values for Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years living on the northern border of Mexico-USA differ with respect to the national average values of the countries studied. Further studies are needed in larger populations to confirm the trend ob served in glucose levels of normal children, overweight and obese.

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños de la frontera México-USA tienen una evolución distinta al resto de sus respectivos países, se requieren nuevos valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa para tratarla. Objetivo: Determinar los valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 y 11 años, en la frontera México-USA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional. Se estudió una población de niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años de ambos sexos pertenecientes a tres instituciones públicas de las ciudades de Ensenada y Chihuahua, aleatoriamente elegidas. Las variables de estudio fueron los niveles de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG) y glucosa (G) en ayuno. Resultados: De 300 sujetos estudiados, 54 niños culminaron el estudio. Se observaron valores promedio altos de CT (168.7±27.2 mg/dl), TG (80.6±48.4 mg/dl) y G (88.3±8.9 mg/dl). Adicionalmente se observa un comportamiento, nunca antes reportado previamente hasta el límite del conocimiento de los autores, en los niveles de glucosa de los niños estudiados, éstos disminuyen conforme aumentan los de colesterol y triglicéridos. Para descartar una relación aleatoria entre las variables, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la Circunferencia de Cintura e IMC, verificándose una asociación inversa con la G y directa con los TG. Conclusión: Los valores de referencia para niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años que viven en la frontera norte de México-USA, difieren a los valores promedio nacionales de los países estudiados. Adicionalmente se requieren estudios en grupos poblacionales mayores para poder confirmar la tendencia observada en los niveles de glucosa de niños normales, con sobrepeso y obesos.

[Randomized clinical trials on the sugar sweetened beverages on adiposity in olders than 13 y; systematic review]. / Estudios aleatorizados sobre el efecto del consumo de bebidas azucaradas sobre la adiposidad en adolescentes y adultos; revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: An association between consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) and metabolic diseases has been observed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze randomized clinical trials (RCT) of 18 or more weeks of intervention among ≥ 13 year old individuals, which examined the consumption of SSB on adiposity indicators. METHODS: An electronic literature search was conducted in the PubMed database of RCT studies published up to April 10th, 2013. Term used for this search was "Sugar Sweetened Beverages". RESULTS: Four studies were found. In one of the studies, after the reduction of SSB consumption, a small reduction of BMI was observed (p = 0.045). Another study showed that the reduction of 355 ml/day was associated with a weight loss of 0.7 kg (95% CI: 0.2-1.1, p = 0.01). In a different study, in the group consuming regular Coke, an increase in the visceral: abdominal subcutaneous fat ratio, was observed (p = 0.01). In another study, there were no differences on adiposity between the intervention and control groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this review indicate a trend toward an effect of the consumption of SSB on adiposity.

Introducción: Se ha observado una asociación entre el aumento del consumo de bebidas azucaradas y las enfermedades metabólicas. Objetivo: Analizar estudios aleatorizados (EA) en ≥ 13 años de edad, de 18 o más semanas de intervención, que valoren la reducción o el aumento en el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, saborizadas, jugos de frutas y bebidas carbonatadas, sobre indicadores de adiposidad. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, de EA publicados hasta el 10 de abril de 2013. El término utilizado para la búsqueda fue "Sugar Sweetened Beverages". Se encontraron tres estudios enfocados a reducir y uno a aumentar12 el consumo de bebidas azucaradas. Resultados: En uno de los estudios dirigidos a reducir el consumo, se observó una ligera reducción del IMC en el grupo de intervención (p=0.045). En otro estudio se observó que la reducción de 355 ml/día se asoció a una pérdida de peso de 0.7 kg (IC 95%: 0.2-1.1, p=0.01). En el estudio para aumentar el consumo, se observó un aumento del cociente de la grasa visceral y la grasa subcutánea abdominal en el grupo que consumió Coca Cola regular y una disminución en el grupo que consumió leche descremada (p=0.01). Conclusión: Los resultados indican la tendencia hacía un efecto de la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas sobre la adiposidad.

[Randomized clinical trials of the effect of sugar sweetened beverages consumption on adiposity in youngers than 16 y old; systematic review]. / Estudios aleatorizados sobre el efecto del consumo de bebidas azucaradas sobre la adiposidad en menores de 16 años; revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Association between sugar sweetened beverages consumption and several metabolic diseases has been observed. AIM: To analyze randomized studies among ≤ 16 yo children of ≥ 52 weeks of intervention assessing the effect of the reduction of sugar sweetened beverages, carbonated drinks, flavored drinks, and fruit juices on adiposity indicators. METHODS: Medline was searched for randomized controlled trials published up to August 21st, 2013. The following search terms were used: "Sugar Sweetened Beverages" and "Weight gain". Papers without basal or final data, without accurate description of control groups and those without the eligibility criteria were excluded. RESULTS: Three studies met the eligibility criteria. In the three studies an increase among the adiposity indicators were observed among those with sugar beverage consumption or a reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among those with reduction of sugar beverages. CONCLUSION: This result show the evidence of a positive effect of the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages on adiposity indicators.

Introducción: Se ha observado una asociación entre el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y diversas enfermedades metabólicas. Objetivo: Analizar estudios aleatorizados de 52 o más semanas de intervención, en individuos ≤ 16 años de edad, que evalúen el efecto de la reducción en el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, saborizadas, jugos de frutas y bebidas carbonatadas, sobre indicadores de adiposidad. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, de estudios aleatorizados publicados hasta el 21 de agosto de 2013. Los términos utilizados para la búsqueda fueron "Sugar Sweetened Beverages" y "Weight gain". Se excluyeron los artículos que no reportaban datos iniciales o finales de adiposidad, los que no describían un grupo control y no cumplieran los criterios de elegibilidad. Resultados: Cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad tres artículos. En los tres estudios, se observó un aumento de indicadores de adiposidad en el grupo que consumía bebidas azucaradas o una reducción de la frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en el grupo con reducción de bebidas azucaradas. Conclusión: Los resultados indican un efecto positivo de la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas sobre la adiposidad.