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Maternal parasitemia and placental parasite load were examined in mother-newborn pairs to determine their effect on the congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitemia was qualitatively assessed in mothers and newborns by the microhematocrit test; parasite load was determined in the placental tissues of transmitting and non-transmitting mothers by the detection of T. cruzi DNA and by histology. Compared to transmitter mothers, the frequency and prevalence of parasitemia were found to be increased in non-transmitter mothers; however, the frequency and prevalence of parasite load were higher among the transmitter mothers than among their non-transmitter counterparts. Additionally, serum levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in peripheral, placental, and cord blood samples. Median values of IFN-γ were significantly increased in the cord blood of uninfected newborns. The median IFN-γ values of transmitter and non-transmitter mothers were not significantly different; however, non-transmitter mothers had the highest total IFN-γ production among the group of mothers. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the anti-T. cruzi immune response occurring in the placenta and cord is under the influence of the cytokines from the mother's blood and results in the control of parasitemia in uninfected newborns.
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Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis or G. lamblia) is a parasitic protozoan that infects the upper intestinal tract of a broad range of hosts, including humans and domestic animals. Thus, it has raised concerns about the public health risk due to companion animals. Recently, with the improvement of living standards and increasing contacts between pets and humans, the zoonotic transmission of Giardia has dramatically increased. From a genetic point of view, G. duodenalis should be viewed as a complex species that includes eight different species-specific genetic assemblages. The laboratory diagnosis is mainly based on the finding of microscopic cysts in stool samples by coprological examination. Other methods include the detection of antigens, immunoassays or PCR protocols, which allow the identification of Giardia assemblages. The study aimed to compare the performance of Direct Fluorescence Antibody test (DFA), zinc sulfate flotation technique (ZnSO4), rapid diagnostic test (RDT), end-point PCR amplification (PCR) for the detection of Giardia and to identify the concerning assemblages in a canine population from Central Italy. Direct fluorescence antibody test is the reference standard for laboratory diagnosis of Giardia in fecal samples from dogs, despite the microscopic examination after flotation remains the most useful method in many veterinary diagnostic centers. The present findings demonstrate the high performance of DFA and ZnSO4 in detecting Giardia, while RDT may be useful as alternative or complementary method to the DFA and ZnSO4. PCR performance was low, but it allowed determining Giardia B zoonotic assemblage in 25% of the PCR-positive specimens (15 out of 60), while the remaining PCR-positive isolates belonged to the dog-specific assemblage C. The 26% prevalence of G. duodenalis detected by DFA in owned dogs and the identification of potentially zoonotic assemblages underline the potential risk for public health and indicate frequent cross-species transmission of the parasite between humans and dogs.
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Doenças do Cão , Fezes , Giardíase , Zoonoses , Animais , Cães , Giardíase/veterinária , Giardíase/diagnóstico , Giardíase/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Giardia/genética , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardia lamblia/genética , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/veterinária , Itália/epidemiologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Dirofilaria repens is a paradigmatic example of an emerging vector-borne pathogen (VBP) in both human and veterinary fields. The spatial expansion and the increasing zoonotic impact of this VBP can be related to several drivers including the genetic structure of parasite populations. Italy is one of the European countries traditionally endemic with the highest incidence of canine and human cases of subcutaneous dirofilariosis. The present study aimed to assess the genetic identity and variability of D. repens isolates of human and canine origin from areas of Central Italy, compared with those isolated from different areas of Europe by sequence analysis of mtDNA genes (i.e., 12 S rDNA and cox1). A total of twenty isolates of D. repens were obtained from biopsies of subcutaneous and ocular cases of dirofilariosis occurring in 10 dogs and 10 humans. The sequence analysis of 12 S rDNA showed that all the sequences obtained clustered as a monophyletic group with a strong nodal support, indicating that all sequence types represented D. repens. The cox1 and the 12 S sequence analysis did not show host-related polymorphisms between human and dog-derived specimens. The sequence analysis of cox1 was performed including 8 additional sequences previously obtained from human and canine isolates in the same areas. Out of the 28 sequences analyzed, 20 were grouped in a haplogroup comprising 15 haplotypes (i.e., DR1, DR2, DR4, DR5, DR7, DR8, DR10-DR18), 2 sequences matched to DR9, reported for the first time in Italy, and 6 showed peculiar polymorphisms that were not previously described. The results obtained have implications for a better understanding of the epidemiology and phylogeography of this emerging vector-borne zoonotic parasite.
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Dirofilaria immitis , Dirofilaria repens , Dirofilariose , Doenças do Cão , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Dirofilaria repens/genética , Itália/epidemiologia , Dirofilariose/epidemiologia , Dirofilariose/parasitologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , DNA Ribossômico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologiaRESUMO
We report a case of Dirofilaria repens infection causing microfilaremia in a patient from Serbia. Serum samples tested positive for D. repens IgG by ELISA. Our findings and those of others suggest the parasite's progressive adaptation to humans. Clinicians should be aware that microfilaremia can develop during Dirofilaria spp. infections.
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Dirofilaria repens , Dirofilariose , Animais , Humanos , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , SérviaRESUMO
There is an ongoing debate on the processes producing background seismicity and deformation transients across seismic gaps, i.e., regions that lack historical large-magnitude earthquakes. Essential missing elements are geophysical images that resolve sources of geophysical unrest. Here, we apply seismic scattering and absorption tomography to data recorded during the 2010-2014 seismic sequence within the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (Southern Italy). The tomographic models show high sensitivity to fluid content, deformed fractured structures, and impermeable layers stopping fluid migrations. They bridge the gaps between geological and geophysical models and provide a highly-resolved image of the source of seismic and deformation unrest within this seismic gap. High absorption topping the western Pollino seismic volume appears pressurized between the low-Vp/Vs and low-scattering San Donato metamorphic core and a deep basement. Absorbing fluids can only migrate laterally to the east, blocked in the west and southwest by deep low-scattering barriers associated with east-dipping faults and to the north and southeast by saturated overpressurized low-scattering basins. This eastern migration is only partially effective, producing seismicity across the lowest boundary of the high-absorption volume. Our results showcase the potential of seismic scattering and absorption when imaging structures causing geophysical unrest processes across fault networks.
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Laboratory workers are exposed to the risk of acquiring infections due to the manipulation of infectious materials. The biological hazard for researchers is seven times higher when compared with hospital and public health laboratory workers. Despite the implementation of standardized practices to control infections, multiple cases of Laboratory Associated Infections (LAIs) usually go unreported. There has been a lack of comprehensive epidemiological data regarding the situation of LAIs for parasitic zoonosis and besides, the available sources are not completely updated. Since most accounts of laboratory infections are organism-specific, this study has focused on common pathogenic/zoonotic species handled at parasitological laboratories and summarising the standard biosecurity protocols for the infectious agents. The main characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba spp, Giardia duodenalis, Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis are considered in this review in order to assess the potential risk of developing occupational infections in the workplace along with stating prevention and prophylactic measures for each species. It was concluded that the LAIs from these agents can be prevented by using personal protective measures and good laboratory practices. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the environmental resistance of cysts, oocysts and eggs, with a view to select the most suitable disinfection methods. Furthermore, it is fundamental to constantly update epidemiological data of infection acquired by laboratory workers, to develop accurate risk indicators.
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Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Giardíase , Parasitos , Doenças Parasitárias , Animais , Humanos , Biosseguridade , Laboratórios , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Fezes/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chagas disease represents a major public health concern in several Latin American countries, including Bolivia. METHODS: We present a longitudinal serosurvey for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies among a cohort of 120 school-age children from rural communities in the Bolivian Chaco at three time points between 2017 and 2019. Serum samples extracted from dry blood spots collected on filter paper were tested for T. cruzi antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rapid diagnostic test. RESULTS: T. cruzi antibodies were detected in 7/120 (5.8%), 8/120 (6.7%) and 11/120 (9.2%) samples in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. An average incidence of 1.76 per 100 person-years was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the persistence of vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in this area, highlighting the need for strengthening multidisciplinary efforts against Chagas disease.
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Doença de Chagas , Trypanosoma cruzi , Humanos , Criança , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Anticorpos AntiprotozoáriosRESUMO
The Bolivian Chaco is a semiarid region with a low population density, situated in the southeast part of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Here, despite the improvements of the last 15 years, poverty remains high in rural areas, where social vulnerability is widespread. The Guaraní ethnic group often lives in isolated communities with a low standard of hygiene and sanitation. This epidemiological scenario favors the spread of transmissible diseases, including several parasitic infections belonging to the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) group. In this area, a long-standing research activity, built upon the synergism between local and foreign institutions, has been established since the late 1980s and helps to fill in the knowledge gap about the epidemiology dynamics of soil-transmitted helminths, vector-borne parasites, and other parasitic diseases. A 35-year history of cooperation programs in parasitology research has contributed to informing local health authorities of the NTD burden in the Bolivian Chaco and, ultimately, supports local healthcare providers in the management of parasitic diseases.
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Dirofilariosis and leishmaniosis are severe parasitic diseases in dogs, and their causative agents can also be pathogenic to humans. In this study, we conducted a multicentric survey in the regions of Serbia and North Macedonia with the goal to establish an epidemiological scenario of dirofilariosis and leishmaniosis in the territory of Central Balkan. Using molecular analyses, a total of 535 dogs from Northern Serbia (NS), Southern Serbia (SS) and North Macedonia (NM) were screened for the presence of Dirofilaria spp. and Leishmania spp. We confirmed that Central Balkan is an endemic region for Dirofilaria (D.) immitis, as it was found to be the dominant species in this area, with the highest prevalence of 8.75% in NM, followed by NS (6.68%) and a significantly lower prevalence in SS (1.51%). Two dogs (2.5%) from NM were positive for Leishmania (L.) infantum infection. None of the dogs from Serbia tested positive for Leishmania spp. High prevalence and dominance of D. immitis species, and the rising threat of L. infantum spread to the territory of Serbia, suggest that preventive measures are of a great necessity to combat the spread of these vector-borne zoonoses.
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Dirofilaria spp. nematodes are accidental parasites of humans causing mild to serious, superficial or visceral infections. Superficial dirofilariosis is rather common in Europe and is typically manifested as subcutaneous form. Herein we report 46 new cases of human dirofilariosis (19 patients with subcutaneous, 18 patients with ocular, 4 patients wih genital, 2 patients with submucosal, 2 patients with pulmonary and 1 patient with intramuscular form of infection) that were recorded from the beginning of 2015 to May 2021 on the Balkan Peninsula with a goal to update the prevalence of this parasitosis and point out potential problems in diagnosis and treatment. Besides, given the high possibility of misinterpretation as tumor, our second aim was to encourage the inclusion of this pathogen in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules. Although quite common forms, subcutaneous and ocular dirofilariosis can be very often misdiagnosed in clinical practice due to the absence of specific clinical manifestations. Therefore, raising awareness of clinicians about this zoonosis is needed as well as closer collaboration between physicians and veterinarians.
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Dirofilariose , Zoonoses , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Península Balcânica/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Dirofilariose/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Sérvia , Adulto Jovem , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/parasitologiaRESUMO
Despite the "migrants and COVID-19" topic has been neglected since felt marginal concerning other aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it represents a relevant public health issue in the European countries. This report describes COVID-19 containment strategies adopted in a large Italian reception center hosting recently arrived asylum-seeker migrants. Risk assessment and prevention measures adopted were described. Geo-spatial epidemiological analysis of the outbreak was reported. Significant gaps in the knowledge of self-protection measures from contagious diseases and in the perception of the pandemic risk were observed in migrants; health promotion activities, targeted to remove cultural barriers and improve behaviors appropriate to individual protection, were able to fulfill this gap. In low-resource settings, especially in closed communities, the implementation of social distancing strategies, the systematic use of individual protection devices, and active syndromic surveillance are essential tools to limit the risk of outbreaks. In the event of an outbreak, it is relevant to rapidly activate containment procedures based on systematic screening, isolation, and quarantine, taking into consideration the limits of tracing contacts within a closed community. Not being able to trace certain contacts, the geo-spatial epidemiological analysis of cases distribution could be key in the management of the outbreak. Interestingly, positive cases identified in our facility were all clinically pauci-symptomatic or asymptomatic. Dedicated strategies are needed to minimize the chance of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a limited space such as reception centers and a vulnerable population such as migrants.
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COVID-19 , Migrantes , Países em Desenvolvimento , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum is endemic in the Mediterranean basin with most of the infected human patients remaining asymptomatic. Recently, the saurian-associated Leishmania tarentolae was detected in human blood donors and in sheltered dogs. The circulation of L. infantum and L. tarentolae was investigated in humans, dogs and cats living in the Pelagie islands (Sicily, Italy) by multiple serological and molecular testing. Human serum samples (n = 346) were tested to assess the exposure to L. infantum by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) and to L. tarentolae by IFAT. Meanwhile, sera from dogs (n = 149) and cats (n = 32) were tested for both Leishmania species by IFAT and all blood samples, including those of humans, by specific sets of real time-PCR for L. infantum and L. tarentolae. The agreement between serological tests performed for human samples, and between serological and molecular diagnostic techniques for both human and animal samples were also assessed. Overall, 41 human samples (11.8%, 95% CI: 8.9-15.7) were positive to L. infantum (5.2%, 95% CI: 3.3-8.1), L. tarentolae (5.2%, 95% CI: 3.3-8.1) and to both species (1.4%, 95% CI: 0.6-3.3) by serology and/or molecular tests. A good agreement among the serological tests was determined. Both Leishmania spp. were serologically and/or molecularly detected in 39.6% dogs and 43.7% cats. In addition to L. infantum, also L. tarentolae circulates in human and animal populations, raising relevant public health implications. Further studies should investigate the potential beneficial effects of L. tarentolae in the protection against L. infantum infection.
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Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Western Blotting/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/epidemiologia , Leishmania infantum/genética , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Saúde Pública , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Testes Sorológicos , Sicília/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist distributed worldwide, infecting humans and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. It exhibits an extensive genetic diversity and, so far, 25 distinct small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) lineages termed subtypes (STs)) have been characterized; among them, 12 have thus far been reported in humans. The aims of the present study were to detect and genetically characterize Blastocystis sp. in synantropic animals to improve our current knowledge on the distribution and zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis STs in Italy. Samples were collected from N = 193 farmed animals and submitted to DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA. Blastocystis was detected in 60 samples (31.08%) and successfully subtyped. Phylogenetic analysis evidenced that the isolates from fallow deer, goats, and pigs (N = 9) clustered within the ST5; those from pheasants (N = 2) in the ST6; those from chickens (N = 8) in the ST7; those from sheep (N = 6) in the ST10; and those from water buffaloes (N = 9) in the ST14 clade. The comparison between the present isolates from animals and those previously detected in humans in Italy suggested the animal-to-human spillover for ST6 and ST7. The present study represents the widest Blastocystis survey performed thus far in farmed animals in Italy. Further epidemiological studies using molecular approaches are required to determine the occurrence and distribution of Blastocystis STs in other potential animal reservoirs in Italy and to define the pathways of zoonotic transmission.
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Dirofilariosis by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens is endemic in dogs from countries of the Mediterranean basin. Both species may infect humans, with most of the infected patients remaining asymptomatic. Based on the recent description of the southernmost hyperendemic European focus of heartworm disease in dogs from the Pelagie archipelagos, we performed a serological and molecular survey in human population of that area. Human blood samples were collected in the islands of Linosa (n=101) and Lampedusa (n=296) and tested by ELISA and molecular test for the detection of D. immitis and D. repens. Samples were also screened for filarioid-associated endosymbionts, Wolbachia sp. The seroprevalence of D. immitis and D. repens was, respectively, 7.9% and 3.96% in Linosa, and 7.77% and 19.93% in Lampedusa. Out of 397 human blood samples tested molecularly, 4 scored positive (1%) for Dirofilaria spp. by qPCR (i.e., three for D. immitis and one for D. repens) and 6 (1.5%) for Wolbachia. Of the qPCR positive for Dirofilaria spp., only D. repens was amplified by cPCR and was positive for Wolbachia. In the phylogenetic analysis, the sequence of Wolbachia detected in D. repens positive samples clustered along with other C supergroup filarioids. Our results overlap with the recent prevalence data collected on dogs from the same area, where D. immitis is prevalent in Linosa and D. repens prevails in Lampedusa. Molecular detection of D. immitis in human blood is quite unusual considering that humans are dead-end hosts for dirofilarial infection and most of the human cases described so far in Europe were ascribed to D. repens. An integrative diagnostic approach using serum analysis and Wolbachia detection is also presented. In endemic areas for canine dirofilarioses humans are exposed to the infection, suggesting the importance of One Health approach in diagnosing, treating and controlling this zoonotic parasitosis.
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Dirofilaria immitis , Dirofilaria repens , Dirofilariose , Zoonoses , Animais , Dirofilaria immitis/genética , Dirofilaria repens/genética , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Dirofilariose/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães , Humanos , Ilhas , Itália , Filogenia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/parasitologiaRESUMO
We performed a cross-sectional parasitological survey to assess the prevalence of protozoa and helminth infection among 275 school-age children (SAC) living in rural and peri-urban areas located in different ecological zones of the Department of La Paz, Bolivia. Public health activities for the control of STH, based on the biannual administration of mebendazole to preschool and school children are implemented at national level since 1986. We found an overall prevalence of 82.2% for intestinal parasites, including protozoa (80%) and helminths (23.3%). Blastocystis and Entamoeba coli were the most prevalent protozoa (found in 44% and 20.7% of the SAC enrolled); as for helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis nana were diagnosed in 14.5% and 3.3% of the children, respectively, followed by Trichuris trichiura 1.4%, Enterobius vermicularis 1.4%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.7% and hookworms 0.7%. Molecular characterization of Blastocystis positive samples evidenced three different subtypes (ST1, ST2, ST3) highlighting the risk of transmission also from animal reservoir. We found a significant difference in the distribution of intestinal parasitic infection (IPIs) by ecological zone (44/74. 59% in Andean highlands, 94/170, 88% in tropical lowlands and 88/94, 94% in the Yungas, p < 0.001). Access to potable water (OR 0.1 95%CI 0.02-0.5, p = 0.004) and the habit of boiling drinking water (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7, p = 0.004) showed an independent association with a lower risk of all IPIs and STHs, respectively. The very low prevalence of STH infections of moderate heavy intensity demonstrate that periodical deworming has been successful in reducing the morbidity due to these parasites, however the high prevalence of protozoa demonstrate that sanitation is still problematic and there is a relevant contamination of the environment with human faeces. Significant efforts are still needed to reduce IPIs transmission and to improve health and sanitation in this area.
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(1) Dirofilariosis is a vector-borne parasitic disease mainly in domestic and wild carnivores caused by Dirofilaria (Noctiella) repens, which is endemic in many countries of the Old World, and D. immitis, which has a worldwide distribution. In recent years, an increase in the number of human cases has been reported, suggesting that dirofilariosis is an emergent zoonosis. Here, we describe further cases (N = 8), observed in Central Italy during the years 2018-2019. (2) Molecular diagnosis was performed on: (i) live worms extracted from ocular conjunctiva, cheek, and calf muscle; (ii) histological sections of surgically removed nodules from parenchymal lung, coccyx, and breast. (3) Sequence analysis (650-bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (mtDNA cox1) showed a match of 100% with the sequences of D. repens previously deposited in GenBank. ELISA test to detect IgG against filarial antigens was performed on four patients' sera and resulted positive in two patients who showed ocular and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively. Microfilariae have been never detected in the peripheral blood of the patients. (4) The occurrence of N = 8 new cases of human D. repens-infections observed in a two-year period suggests an increased circulation of the parasite in Italy. Therefore, dirofilariosis should be included in differential diagnosis in patients presenting subcutaneous and/or pulmonary nodules. Molecular diagnosis of the etiological agents is fundamental. Specific serological diagnosis needs to be improved in future research work.
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Transplanted patients are particularly exposed to a major risk of infectious diseases due to prolonged immunosuppressive treatment. Over the last decade, the growing migration flows and the transplant tourism have led to increasing infections caused by geographically restricted organisms. Malaria is an unusual event in organ transplant recipients than can be acquired primarily or reactivation following immunosuppression, by transfusion of blood products or through the transplanted organ. We report a rare case of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a liver transplanted two years-old African boy who presented to one Italian Asylum Seeker Center on May 2019. We outlined hereby diagnostic challenges, possible aetiologies of post-transplantation malaria and finally we summarized potential drug interactions between immunosuppressive agents and antimalarials. This report aims to increase the attention to newly arrived migrants, carefully evaluating patients coming from tropical areas and taking into consideration also rare tropical infections not endemic in final destination countries.
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Malária Falciparum/diagnóstico , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Artemeter/uso terapêutico , Artesunato/uso terapêutico , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Lumefantrina/uso terapêutico , Malária Falciparum/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Plasmodium falciparum/parasitologia , Migrantes , Transplantados , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The Italian wolf population in human-modified landscapes has increased greatly in the last few decades. Anthropisation increases the risk of transmission of many zoonotic infections and in this context, control of taeniid cestode species needs to be addressed from a One Health perspective. Predator-prey interactions are at the root of taeniid cestode transmission, and the wolf plays a key role in the maintenance and transmission of taeniids. To date, all available data on the taeniids of wolves in Italy refer to populations living in a wild habitat. Between 2018 and 2019, we investigated taeniids in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Thirty-eight faecal samples were collected and analysed, 4 of which were also genetically characterised for individual wolves and belonged to three different animals. Samples collected were analysed microscopically and by molecular analysis in order to identify the taeniid species. Taeniid eggs were detected in 34.2% (13/38) of samples. Within samples positive to taeniid eggs only Echinococcus granulosus s.s. and Taenia hydatigena were identified in 26.3% and 10.5% of the samples, respectively. On microscopic examination, Capillaria spp., Ancylostomatidae and Toxocara canis eggs, Crenosoma vulpis larvae, and coccidian oocysts were also found. The combination of low biodiversity of taeniid species with a high occurrence of E. granulosus s.s. recorded in this study could be the consequence of a deeper link occurring between wolves and livestock in human-modified landscapes than in wild settings.
TITLE: Cestodes Taeniidae dans une meute de loups vivant dans un agroécosystème vallonné hautement anthropique. ABSTRACT: La population de loups italiens dans les paysages modifiés par l'homme a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. L'anthropisation augmente le risque de transmission de nombreuses infections zoonotiques et, dans ce contexte, le contrôle des espèces de cestodes Taeniidae doit être abordé dans une perspective One Health. Les interactions prédateurs-proies sont à la base de la transmission des Cestodes Taeniidae, et le loup joue un rôle clé dans le maintien et la transmission des Taeniidae. À ce jour, toutes les données disponibles sur les Taeniidae du loup en Italie se réfèrent aux populations vivant dans un habitat sauvage. Entre 2018 et 2019, les Taeniidae d'une meute de loups vivant dans un agro-écosystème vallonné hautement anthropique ont été étudiés. Trente-huit échantillons fécaux ont été collectés et analysés, dont quatre ont également été génétiquement caractérisés pour des loups individuels et appartenaient à trois animaux différents. Les échantillons prélevés ont été analysés au microscope et par analyse moléculaire afin d'identifier les espèces de Taeniidae. Des Åufs de Taeniidae ont été détectés dans 34,2 % (13/38) des échantillons. Dans les échantillons positifs aux Åufs de Taeniidae, seul Echinococcus granulosus s.s. et Taenia hydatigena ont été identifiés dans 26,3 % et 10,5 % des échantillons, respectivement. Lors de l'examen microscopique, des Åufs de Capillaria spp., d'Ancylostomatidae et de Toxocara canis, des larves de Crenosoma vulpis et des oocystes de coccidie ont également été trouvés. La combinaison d'une faible biodiversité d'espèces de Taeniidae avec une forte occurrence d'E. granulosus s.s. rapportées dans cette étude pourrait être la conséquence d'un lien plus profond entre le loup et le bétail dans les paysages humains que dans les paysages sauvages.