Filtration mapping as complete Bell state analyzer for bosonic particles.

In this paper, we present the approach to complete Bell state analysis based on filtering mapping. The key distinctive feature of this appoach is that it avoids complications related to using either hyperentanglement or representation of the Bell states as concatenated Greenber-Horne-Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state to perform discrimination procedure. We describe two techniques developed within the suggested approach and based on two-step algorithms with two different types of filtration mapping which can be called the non-demolition and semi-demolition filtrations. In the method involving non-demolition filtration measurement the filtration process employs cross-Kerr nonlinearity and the probe mode to distinguish between the two pairs of the Bell states. In the case of semi-demolition measurement, the two states are unambiguously discriminated and hence destroyed, whereas filtraton keeps the other two states intact. We show that the measurement that destroys the single photon subspace in every mode and preserves the superposition of zero and two photons can be realized with discrete photodetection based on microresonator with atoms.

Security of subcarrier wave quantum key distribution against the collective beam-splitting attack.

We consider a subcarrier wave quantum key distribution (QKD) system, where quantum encoding is carried out at weak sidebands generated around a coherent optical beam as a result of electro-optical phase modulation. We study security of two protocols, B92 and BB84, against one of the most powerful attacks for this class of systems, the collective beam-splitting attack. Our analysis includes the case of high modulation index, where the sidebands are essentially multimode. We demonstrate numerically and experimentally that a subcarrier wave QKD system with realistic parameters is capable of distributing cryptographic keys over large distances in presence of collective attacks. We also show that BB84 protocol modification with discrimination of only one state in each basis performs not worse than the original BB84 protocol in this class of QKD systems, thus significantly simplifying the development of cryptographic networks using the considered QKD technique.

[ Microstructure of the hippocampus in brain injury caused by non-lethal weapons].

Methods of histomorphometry and AFM investigation were used in research of hippocampus in acute phase of gunshot brain injury. Experimental sheep were used in research. Researches fired a shot in parietooccipital area with the gun "Makarych". It was found that shooting causes interstitial edema which disintegrates neuronal cytoarchitectonics of hippocampus in 30 minutes. Main factor for interstitial edema is peculiarities of microstructures of separate hippocampal layers. In surface tissue structures that have porous and viscous structure occurs infiltrative dissection of conduction structures. The energy of edema realizes as spalling and fragmentation in dense lamina of the fascia dentata. Independent from localization pressure cavitation occurs in interstitial tissue of hippocampus. Common pathogenic factors are acidotic picnosis and neuronal desynaptization.

[Membranes structure and physical and mechanical erythrocytes properties in the early period of traumatic brain injury caused by less-lethal firearms].

The dynamics of erythrocytes properties in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury caused by less-lethal firearms has been studied by the methods of atomic force and morphometry. The experiments have been performed on sheep by a Makarych pistol single shot at the parietooccipital area. It has been established that under the influence of the shock waves the erythrocyte disks and transmembrane liquid oscillatory fluctuations (flicker) are increased. The fluctuations are rapidly attenuated and the shock waves energy is accepted by cytoplasmic membranes lipoproteids. As a result the interface tlipid-protein, phase transitions are hastened. The membranes undergo heterogeneous structural, physical and mechanical transformations the character of which is determined by the phase transitions direction. In the spots of phospolipid liquid clusters accumulation the fluidity is increased and marks caused by membranes lamination and spreading appear. In the spots of phospholipids solid phase the surfaces become hydrophobic and marks caused by membranes local embrittlement and fragility appear. The transmembrane fluid hydrodynamic flows heterogeneity is increased due to deformation processes irregular spreading. The flows acceleration causes the hydrodynamic ruptures-like defects. The flows deceleration results in depressions evolving through the mechanism of creeping erosions.

[Aspects of development of surgical service of modem Navy].

The article is devoted to the aspects of a current state of surgical service in the Navy, prospects of development of professianl training for navy surgeons, formation of modern training comlex, united electronic library, containig the issues about combat surgical trauma, software technologies, realizing of the application methodology during the process of training and practical activity for the development of the training system for surgeons of Navy and improvement of effectiveness. Formation of normative technical documents, regulating activity of navy surgians is also among the expectations. The authors also touched on the issues of development of modern technologies in bone grafting with the help of domestic implants based on the osteoinductive nanostructured nonorganic matrices (titanium) with defined structure and composition. Department of navy and hospital surgery participate in this debelopment. Due to increased amount of oncologic patients, it was decided to establish the Cancer Center of the Ministry of Defense based on department of navy and hospital surgery of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. It makes possible to perform the following procedures: canser surgery; surgical repair; plastic repair of major vessels, bone and soft tissue grafting, removal of residual cancer cells with the help of loco-regional methods of hyperthermic intracavitary and intravascular chemoperfusion; diagnostics and treatment of recurrent tumors (surgical and radiation treatment, systemic chemotherapy, loco-regional chemoembolization. Each of the given methods help to develop and improve the innovation technologies.

[Structure of cytosolic membrane and chemical composition of red blood cells during the early period of wound damage according to scanning probe microscopy].

With the help of scanning electronic and atomic force microscopy structure of red blood cell membranes of the system blood-groove and microcirculatory channels is studied. It is established, that in early stages of skin wounds in a peripheral blood circulation appear compressed red blood cells, losing water. As a result the basic mechanism of destruction of red blood cell membranes are interlayered shifts and stratification. In red blood cells of microvasculature, on the contrary, red blood cells in state of vacuolar degeneration are indentified. It creates preconditions for hydration and bullous deformations of membranes. Porous structures of membranes of both types erythrocytes are exposed to expansion.

[Mechanisms of damage of internal ear capsules labyrinths at head injury, caused by non-lethal kinetic weapon].

Structural, physical, chemical and micromechanical properties capsules labyrinths of an internal ear are studied at influence of the shock wave caused by wound of a head by not lethal kinetic weapon. It is established, that under the influence of a shock wave in bone plates capsules labyrinths processes remodeling, and accompanied osteolysis amplify. Hydroxyapatites capsules labyrinths tests polymorphic phase transitions and depending on an initial condition is exposed amorphizationor increases the crystallinity. As a result of change of micromechanical properties in capsules labyrinths there are cracks, ruptures matrix and bone cavities.

Nanoporous Structure of Bone Matrix at Osteoporosis from Data of Atomic Force Microscopy and IR Spectroscopy.

It was found that in an osteoporotic bone the fraction of nanosized pores decreases, the mineral phase amorphizes, hydrated shells around mineralized particles of the bone matrix thicken, and adhesion forces increase. This contributes to the formation of water clusters similar to bulk water clusters compared to the healthy bone tissue and leads to the accumulation of more viscous liquid with increased intermolecular interaction forces in the pores of the bone matrix. Given this, the rates of chemical reactions proceeding in the water phase of ultrathin channels of general parts of collagen fibrils decrease. Ultimately, nanopores of collagen-apatite interfaces lose, to a certain extent, the capability of catalyzing the hydroxyapatite crystallization.

[Structural mechanisms and mathematical modeling of the bone tissue damage caused by hyper-speed impact].

Method of computer modeling of behavior of cylindrical and lamellar bones under the hypervelocity impact is suggested. This method allows in the frame of mechanics of continuous medium to calculate the stress strain behavior and damage in bone tissues under the shock wave impact. The processes of shock correlation of steel fragments of different shape with diaphysis of cylindrical bones and flat bone of calvaria under the impact 500 m/s are studied. The given method can be used for the evaluation of damage area of bone tissue of shock wave osteoporosis under the gunshot wound.

[New data on morphogenesis of gunshot bone injuries].

Studies with the use of atomic-force and scanning electron microscopy yielded new data that extend our knowledge of the complicated process underlying bone tissue degeneration as a result of its interaction with a high-speed injurious projectile. These data open up good prospects for the study of gunshot wounds and provide novel opportunities for forensic medical examination and diagnostics including confirmation of gunshot origin of the injury, elucidation of the properties (in the first place, energetic characteristics) of the injurious projectile, and determination of the wound size.

[Proctectomy and sphincterolevatoroplasty in cancer of the inferioampular part of rectum with involvement of the anal canal].

Proctectomy with total mesorectumectomy, resection of the interior sphincter, deep parts of the external sphincter and bringing down were fulfilled according to an original authors' method in 7 patients aged from 38 to 78 years for cancer of the inferioampular part of the rectum with tumor located within the limits 8-35 mm from the anus (T3N1MO (n=1), T3NOM1 (n=1), T4N2M1 (n=1). Six months after operation conscious urge to defecation 1-2 times a day and containment of stools were noted and a year later it was possible to ignore urges during 15-30 min. In 5 patients T3NOM0--T3N1M0 relapse-free period for 3-5 years was noted.

[Collagen structure and the disordering of the water subsystem in fibrillar polypeptides according to 2H-NMR data].

2H NMR spectra of native collagen of rat tail tendon doped by 2H2O were studied. It was shown that the fine structure of 2H NMR multicomponent spectra is related to the diffusion mobility of constituent water molecules and their partial ordering. A bimodality of the distribution of the H2O ordering parameter was revealed, which corresponds to the alternation of dense and loose regions in the supramolecular structure of collagen-type polypeptides. The lower values of the ordering parameter correspond to loose regions of the structure characterized by the cooperative dynamics of polypeptide chains and water molecules.

[Protective effect of a zeolite enterosorbent in fluorine intoxication]. / Protektornoe vliianie tseolitovogo énterosorbenta v usloviiakh ftoristoi intoksikatsii.

THE PURPOSE: To reveal the structural basis of protective influence of the natural ceolite enterosorbents in fluorine intoxication. METHODS: Fluorine effect was realized by exposure of 15 rats of Vistar's line in electrolysis shops of an aluminium plant. 15 animals were in normal ecological conditions and consisted the control group. The both groups received the natural ceolite. In the all rats the hysto-stereo-metric structure of intestinal mucosa has studied. RESULTS: The use of ceolite promoted to decrease of necrosis volume and to increase of immune and extrasecretory structure activity in experimental animals after fluorine effect. THE CONCLUSION: The possibility of ceolite enterosorbent use is substantiated as protective means lowering the toxic fluorine effects.