Cardiac rehabilitation in women: state of the art and strategies to overcome the current barriers.

: Cardiac rehabilitation is able to reduce cardiovascular mortality, and improves functional capacity and quality of life. However, cardiac rehabilitation participation rates are low and the current evidence has demonstrated sex differences for the access to cardiac rehabilitation programs. In this review, we discuss the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation in women with a specific focus on ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cardiac rehabilitation after cardiac surgery and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, and peripheral artery disease. We also analyse the current limitations to cardiac rehabilitation for women in terms of accessibility and indications, reporting general, sex-specific, and healthcare-related barriers. Finally, we discuss the potential solutions and areas of development for the coming years.

Sacubitril/Valsartan: Effect on Walking Test and Physical Capability.

The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a simple and inexpensive exercise test to evaluate physical functional capacity that is widely used in heart failure (HF) patients. With the 6MWT, a distance <350 m is associated with increased mortality in patients with HF, and change in walking distance >50 m is considered clinically relevant. To our knowledge, information on improvement in physical functional capacity with sacubitril/valsartan, as assessed by the 6MWT, is still scant. In our daily practice, we apply this test to all patients whenever possible; therefore, we report here the findings observed in a small series of 5 patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction after a 1-month treatment with sacubitril/valsartan at full dose. The mean distance walked on the 6MWT at baseline was 129 m (±64 SD), and this value increased to 436 m (±156) after 1 month of therapy with sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg b.i.d. The mean difference from baseline was 305 m (±110). According to these preliminary findings, in clinical practice, a 1-month therapy of sacubitril/valsartan optimized at a 97/103-mg b.i.d. dose appears to be associated with a relevant improvement in the 6MWT.

[Secondary cardiovascular prevention after acute coronary syndrome in clinical practice]. / Prevenzione cardiovascolare secondaria dopo sindrome coronarica acuta nella pratica clinica.

Secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes should be aimed at reducing the risk of further adverse cardiovascular events, thereby improving quality of life, and lengthening survival. Despite compelling evidence from large randomized controlled trials, secondary prevention is not fully implemented in most cases after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. The Lazio Region (Italy) has about 5.3 million inhabitants (9% of the entire Italian population). Every year about 11 000 patients are admitted for acute coronary syndrome in hospitals of the Lazio Region. Most of these patients receive state-of-the art acute medical and interventional care during hospitalization. However, observational data suggest that after discharge acute coronary syndrome patients are neither properly followed nor receive all evidence-based treatments. This consensus document has been developed by 11 Scientific Societies of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine in order develop a sustainable and effective clinical approach for secondary cardiovascular prevention after acute coronary syndrome in the local scenario of the Lazio Region. An evidence-based simplified decalogue for secondary cardiovascular prevention is proposed as the cornerstone of clinical intervention, taking into account regional laws and relative shortage of resources. The following appropriate interventions should be consistently applied: smoking cessation, blood pressure control (blood pressure < 130/80 mmHg), optimal lipid management (LDL cholesterol < 80 mmHg), weight and diabetes management, promotion of physical activity and rehabilitation, correct use of antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers.

[Stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease]. / L'ecocardiografia da stress nelle valvulopatie: una metodica da rivalutare.

The assessment of the severity of a valvular lesion traditionally relies on the evaluation of valvular anatomy and on the demonstration of resting hemodynamic disturbances. In patients with stenotic lesions, this is usually achieved by measuring the trans-stenotic pressure difference and by calculating the surface of the stenotic orifice. In patients with regurgitant lesions, assessment of lesion severity involves the demonstration of a significant volume or pressure overload of the various chambers participating in the process. In many instances, however, discrepancies are found between the severity of valvular lesions and either the symptoms or the hemodynamic impairment. As echocardiography is also the method of choice for assessing the severity of valvular disease, stress echocardiography may offer the unique opportunity to assess the hemodynamic consequences of valvular lesions both at rest and during stress.

Functional mitral regurgitation in heart failure.

Mitral regurgitation commonly occurs in patients with heart failure. Systolic dysfunction is the hallmark of dilated cardiomyopathy. Mitral functional regurgitation is mitral incompetence in the absence of intrinsic lesions of the mitral valve apparatus. Echocardiography can make a major contribution to the diagnosis of cardiomyopathies. A more careful anatomic and hemodynamic evaluation of mitral regurgitation mechanisms is possible with spectral Doppler, color Doppler, three-dimensional echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography. Functional mitral regurgitation is due to the incomplete closure of mitral leaflets and is based on alterations of mitral annulus, left ventricular dimensions, function and geometry, left atrial dimensions and function. Knowledge of the mechanisms of mitral regurgitation helps us to gain an insight into therapeutic interventions that modify the mechanistic factors. Medical therapy reduces the tethering forces and also augments transmitral pressure; surgical approaches can modify geometric relationships in the left ventricular chamber and resynchronization therapy can improve co-ordinated timing of mechanical activation of papillary muscles.