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In this brief communication, we retrospectively describe COVID-19 severe patient's characteristics in ICU, and report 37,6% of secondary bacterial infections, mainly with nosocomial respiratory infections and rarely from community source.
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Infecções Bacterianas , COVID-19 , Infecção Hospitalar , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen En esta comunicación breve, describimos retrospectivamente las características de los pacientes internados graves con COVID-19 en UCI. Reportamos 37,6 % de infecciones bacterianas secundarias, principalmente de origen nosocomial respiratorio y muy infrecuente comunitario.
Abstract In this brief communication, we retrospectively describe COVID-19 severe patient's characteristics in ICU, and report 37,6% of secondary bacterial infections, mainly with nosocomial respiratory infections and rarely from community source.
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Humanos , Infecções Bacterianas , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , COVID-19 , Estudos Retrospectivos , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
High prevalence of smoking in people with severe mental disorders (SMD) contributes to their medical morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Despite the evidence of gender differences in smoking cessation, few studies have tested those differences among people with SMD. This is a non-randomized, open-label, prospective, 9-month follow-up multicentre trial to examine gender differences in the efficacy, safety and tolerability of a Multi-Component Smoking Cessation Support Programme (McSCSP). The results showed that there were no significant differences in short- (males 44.9% vs females 57.7%, chi-square = 1.112, p = 0.292) or long-term efficacy (week 24: males 40.8%, females 42.3%, chi-square = 0.016, p = 0.901; week 36: males 36.7%, females 38.5%, chi-square = 0.022, p = 0.883) between gender, neither controlled by diagnosis or treatment. Regarding safety and tolerability, there was significant increase in abdominal perimeter in males [from 105.98 (SD 13.28) to 108.52 (SD 14.01), t = -3.436, p = 0.002)], but not in females. However, there were no significant gender differences in adverse events (constipation, abnormal/vivid dreams, nausea/vomiting or skin rash/redness around patch site). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that is effective and safe to help either male or female patients with stabilized SMD to quit smoking. However, it might be a tendency in females to respond better to varenicline treatment in the short-term. Future research with larger samples is required to more clearly determine whether or not the there are differences, in addition to their reliability and robustness.
La elevada prevalencia del tabaquismo en personas con trastorno mental grave (TMG) contribuye a su morbilidad médica y reduce su esperanza de vida. A pesar de la existencia de diferencias de género en el cese del tabaquismo, pocos estudios han evaluado esas diferencias en personas con TMG. Este es un ensayo multicéntrico de seguimiento prospectivo, no aleatorizado, abierto de 9 meses para examinar las diferencias de género en la eficacia, seguridad y tolerabilidad de un programa multicomponente de apoyo para el cese del tabaquismo (McSCSP). Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias de género significativas en la eficacia a corto (hombres 44,9% vs mujeres 57,7%, chi cuadrado = 1,112, p = ,292) ni a largo plazo (semana 24: hombres 40,8%, mujeres 42,0.3%, chi cuadrado = 0.016, p = ,901; semana 36: hombres 36,7%, mujeres 38,5%, chi cuadrado = 0,022, p = ,883), incluso controlando por diagnóstico o tratamiento. Con respecto a la seguridad y la tolerabilidad, hubo un aumento significativo en el perímetro abdominal en los hombres [de 105,98 (DT 13,28) a 108,52 (DT 14,01), t = -3,436, p = ,002)], pero no en las mujeres. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias de género significativas en los eventos adversos (estreñimiento, sueños anormales/vívidos, náuseas/vómitos o erupción cutánea/enrojecimiento alrededor de la zona del parche). En conclusión, hemos demostrado que es efectivo y seguro ayudar a los hombres y mujeres con TMG estabilizados a dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, podría haber una tendencia en las mujeres a responder mejor al tratamiento con vareniclina a corto plazo. Se requiere investigación futura con muestras más amplias para determinar con más claridad la existencia de diferencias, además de la fiabilidad y robustez.
Assuntos
Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Nicotina , Agonistas Nicotínicos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Prospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores Sexuais , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodosRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La agresividad es una variable que se ha venido asociando a problemas sociales y clínicos; a su vez, se ha estimado un incremento de la misma denotando un riesgo mayor en población infanto-juvenil. Objetivo: Describir las características de la conducta agresiva y variables psicosociales asociadas (tipo de relaciones familiares y antecedentes personales), en una muestra de 351 adolescentes ente 12 y 17 años de edad de la ciudad de Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana. Método: Es una investigación cuantitativa de alcance descriptivo transversal. Se empleó un Cuestionario "Ad hoc" y el Cuestionario de Agresividad Premeditada e Impulsiva en Adolescentes (Andreu, 2010), los cuales se aplicaron de forma autoadministrada desde un muestreo no probabilístico. Los resultados se obtuvieron a través del programa estadístico SPSS, realizando un análisis estadístico de medidas de tendencia central y Chi cuadrado. Resultados: Se identificó que la agresividad es frecuente en los adolescentes, especialmente de tipo impulsiva (33 %), y predominando en las mujeres (premeditada= 25,4 %; impulsiva= 37,3 %). Los adolescentes con agresividad impulsiva alta se caracterizaban por menor edad (12 años= 7,7 %) y menor nivel académico (séptimo grado o menos= 14,8 %). De forma genérica, quienes tenían agresividad alta, tenían relación distante desde lo afectivo y físico con el padre, y antecedentes de haber tenido problemas con otros por ejercer la agresión. Conclusión: Los hallazgos comprueban la frecuencia de la agresividad en la adolescencia, y llevan a reflexionar sobre posibles cambios en los roles sociales sobre la expresión de las emociones. Es fundamental estudiar la relación de la agresividad con la impulsividad, la edad, la dinámica relacional con los padres, con el fin de brindar mayores aportes en el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención de la conducta disfuncional asociada a la agresividad.
Abstract Introduction: Aggression is a variable that has been associated with social and clinical problems; at the same time, an increase in it has been estimated, denoting a higher risk in the child-adolescent population. Objective: To describe the characteristics of aggressive behavior and associated psychosocial variables (type of family relationships and personal history), in a sample of 351 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age from the city of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. Method: It is a quantitative investigation of transversal descriptive scope. An "Ad hoc" Questionnaire and the Premeditated and Impulsive Aggression Questionnaire in Adolescents (Andreu, 2010) were used, which were self-administered from a non-probabilistic sampling. The results were obtained through the SPSS statistical program, performing a statistical analysis of measures of central tendency and Chi square. Results: It was identified that aggressiveness is frequent in adolescents, especially of the impulsive type (33 %), and predominantly in women (premeditated = 25,4 %; impulsive = 37,3 %). Adolescents with high impulsive aggressiveness were characterized by younger age (12 years = 7,7 %) and lower academic level (seventh grade or less = 14,8 %). In a generic way, those who had high aggressiveness, had a distant emotional and physical relationship with the father, and a history of having had problems with others for exerting aggression. Conclusion: The findings verify the frequency of aggressiveness in adolescence, and lead to reflect on possible changes in social roles on the expression of emotions. It is essential to study the relationship of aggressiveness with impulsivity, age, and relationship dynamics with parents, in order to provide greater contributions in the development of strategies for the prevention of dysfunctional behavior associated with aggressiveness
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It was compared the level of perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) with prevalence or not prevalence of life of use of psychoactive substances (PLU-PS or n-PLU-PS) in 559 school adolescents in the city of Monteria, Colombia [men 49.69%, women 50.4%, average age 15 and range 12-18 years]. In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data that evaluate the PLU-PS and the TMMS-24 questionnaire for the PEI. It appears with a higher prevalence of life of use alcohol, followed by cannabis and tobacco. When the groups were compared according to their PLU-PS or n-PLU-PS, in relation to the dimensions of the PEI, it was found that those who never used alcohol presented a better emotional clarity. The women with not prevalence of life of use of alcohol, perceived their emotions more clearly and those of others, but no significant differences were found in the groups and the other substances against the PEI. This would be a protective factor for the drug use, particularly alcohol and avoid the early appearance of PLU-PS. A low PEI can lead to consumption of alcohol, but its consumption would also affect the abilities of PEI. It is recommended the development of investigations the measuring the skills of emotional intelligence (EI), transcending only its perception. Likewise, the design of psychoeducational programs in EI for the prevention of psychoactive substances use.
Assuntos
Inteligência Emocional , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adolescente , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Self-harm behaviors in children and adolescents constitute an important public health problem with prevalence figures in the clinical population between 40 and 80%. The objectives of the study were to analyze and compare the Spanish sub-samples of two studies, SEYLE and WE-STAY to determine prevalence, self-harm patterns and factors associated with self-harm behaviors, notably the use of alcohol or drugs. The questionnaires used in both studies were the Global School Health Survey (GSHS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The self-harm behaviors were evaluated with a modified 6-item version of s the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI). The independence of the study's categorical variables was assessed using the Chi-square test. The change in the relative risk of self-harm between the SEYLE study and WE-STAY was evaluated through the odds ratio (OR) calculation. Two different logistic regression models were calculated in order to establish the factors associated with self-harm behaviors in each study. In the present study, the rates of DSH vary according to study and sex, ranging from 0.58% to 2.08%, and different patterns of self-harm are evidenced by sex, with males self-injuring more frequently by self-inflicted blows and burns, while young women more often cut themselves. The presence of depressive symptoms and alcohol use were the factors most strongly associated with an increased risk of DSH.
Las conductas autolesivas en niños y adolescentes constituyen un importante problema de salud pública con cifras de prevalencia en la población clínica entre el 40 y 80%. Los objetivos del estudio son analizar y comparar las submuestras españolas de dos trabajos, SEYLE y WE-STAY, para conocer la prevalencia, los patrones de autolesión y los factores asociados a las conductas autolesivas, en particular el consumo de alcohol o drogas. Los cuestionarios utilizados en ambos estudios fueron la Encuesta Global de Salud Escolar (GSHS), el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II), el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades (SDQ). Los comportamientos autolesivos fueron evaluados con una versión modificada de 6 ítems basada en el Inventario de Autolesiones Deliberadas (DSHI). La independencia de las variables categóricas del estudio se evaluó mediante la prueba Ji-Cuadrado. El cambio en el riesgo relativo de autolesión entre el estudio SEYLE y WE-STAY, se evaluó a través del cálculo de odds ratio (OR). Se calcularon dos modelos de regresión logística diferentes con el fin de establecer los factores asociados con comportamientos autolesivos en cada estudio. En el presente estudio las tasas de DSH varían en función del estudio y del sexo en un rango entre 0,58% y 2,08%, presentando patrones de autolesiones diferentes según el sexo, los hombres se autolesionaron más frecuentemente mediante golpes autoinfligidos y quemaduras, mientras que las mujeres se hicieron más frecuentemente cortes. La presencia de síntomas depresivos y el consumo de alcohol fueron los factores asociados de forma más robusta a un mayor riesgo de DSH.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/etiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Espanha/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Introduction: The relationship between bullying and adolescent suicidal behavior (SB) is manifested by high rates of attempted or committed suicide in victims of abuse. In spite of the importance of the topic, there are few studies that explain the details of the relationship between these variables, which makes it difficult to create effective interventions. The objective of this study was to provide a more detailed view about the relationship between bullying and SB. Method: Systematic review of literature including publications of bibliographic indexes, ScienceDirect and Pubmed using the terms "bullying" AND "suicidal behavior" AND "ado-lescents" AND "school harassment" AND "school mistreatment" and their corresponding in Spanish published from 2012 to 2018. Results: 21 articles of 272 initials that show the details of the relationship between bullying and suicidal behavior were included: age, gender, types and frequencies of victimization (verbal, physical, relational, cyberbullying, sexual and poly-victimization) and their relationship with variables of SB (ideation, planning, attempts and consummate suicide). Conclusions: Communicate that only receiving bullying results in SB minimizes the existence of other modulating factors and worsens the understanding of the relationship between phenomena leading to negligence in potential actions that could be carried out in intervention.
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Alcohol use/abuse is a health problem in adolescents. The last Survey on use of drugs in Secondary Schoolers carried out in Spain (ESTUDES 2014-2015), reveals that 76.8% of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years consumed alcohol in the previous year and 68.2% in the last month. The aim of this study is to determine the medium-term factors associated with alcohol consumption in a sample of Spanish adolescents. The present study was carried out as a part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives project in Europe (SEYLE) project. The final sample was composed of 708 students, assessed at two times [basal (T0) and one year later (T1)] [males: 51.98%, basal mean age (SD)=4.43 (0.67)]. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed in order to investigate relationships between possible predictive variables found at time T0 and alcohol consumption at time T1. At basal time (T0) the prevalence of alcohol abuse was 25.56%, whereas the prevalence one year later was 49.72% (T1). Variables that significantly predict alcohol abuse within a year are: previous alcohol abuse at T0 (p<0.001), previous abuse of drugs (p=0.011), parents attending their sporting events (p=0.005), peer problems (p=0.019), and lack of prosocial behaviour (p=0.043). In the light of our results, it can be concluded that, in adolescents, externalizing disorders seem to be determining factors of medium-term alcohol consumption.
El uso/abuso de alcohol es un problema de salud en los adolescentes. La última Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en Enseñanzas Secundarias realizada en España (ESTUDES 2014-2015), pone de manifiesto que 76,8% de los adolescentes entre 14 y 18 años consumieron alcohol en el último año y 68,2% en el último mes. El principal objetivo es determinar los factores que se asocian con el consumo de alcohol a medio plazo en una muestra de adolescentes españoles. El estudio forma parte del proyecto Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 708 estudiantes, evaluados en dos momentos temporales [basal (T0) y al año (T1)] [varones: 51,98%, edad media basal (DE)=4,43 (0,67)]. Se realizaron análisis de regresión univariante y multivariante, con el fin de investigar las relaciones entre posibles variables predictoras descritas en el momento temporal T0 y el consumo de alcohol en el momento T1.En el momento basal (T0) la prevalencia de abuso de alcohol fue del 25,56%, mientras que la prevalencia al año fue del 49,72% (T1). Las variables que predicen de forma significativa el abuso de alcohol al cabo de un año son: abuso previo del alcohol en el momento T0 (p< 0,001), abuso previo de drogas (p=0,011), padres que asisten a sus competiciones deportivas (p=0,005), problemas de relación con compañeros (p=0,019) y ausencia de comportamiento prosocial (p=0,043). A la vista de nuestros resultados se puede concluir que, en adolescentes, los trastornos externalizantes parecen ser factores determinantes de consumo de alcohol a medio plazo.
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Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia , EstudantesRESUMO
The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between substance use and impulsivity according to gender as a moderating variable in a sample of Argentine students. Three hundred ninety students were evaluated using a sociodemographic and clinical ad hoc questionnaire; the ASSIST test and the Barratt scale were used to detect substance use and impulsiveness levels respectively. Equal percentages of men and women use alcohol and tobacco; a greater proportion of men use cannabis. Impulsivity levels are higher among teenagers who use substances. Women who use substances (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) are more impulsive than male users, specifically from the motor point of view. The relationship between impulsivity and substance use is confirmed, gender issues could mediate this relationship and underlying biological mechanisms; these findings will allow a differential gender approach to be established regarding drug prevention and treatment.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Comportamento Impulsivo , Fumar Maconha , Fumar Tabaco , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Cannabis , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fumar Maconha/psicologia , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Nicotiana , Fumar Tabaco/psicologiaRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo presenta la validación de una adaptación del Defining Issues Test, versión corta (DIT-SF) para medir el desarrollo moral en torno a la corrupción. Método: La muestra fue de 232 estudiantes universitarios de varias profesiones y niveles con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 33 años de ambos géneros. El instrumento validado (DIT-C) tiene 3 subescalas donde cada una corresponde con un dilema y unos ítems asociados de la cual se obtiene una puntuación. Resultados: 1. Existen correlaciones significativas entre las 3 subescalas del DIT-C. 2. Todas las subescalas explican un porcentaje de la varianza y, 3. La validación externa con otro instrumento de desarrollo moral presentó correlaciones estadísticamente significativas. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0.809. Conclusiones: el DIT-C es un instrumento para medir la expectativa individual propia de la corrupción que cumple con varias de las condiciones mínimas de confiabilidad y validez para medir el desarrollo moral en torno a la corrupción.
Abstract Objective: This paper presents the validation of an adaptation of the Defining Issues Test, short version (DIT-SF), to measure the moral development around corruption. Method: The sample was 232 university students of various professions and levels between the ages of 15 and 33 of both genders. The validated instrument (DIT-C) has 3 subscales where each one corresponds with a dilemma and associated items from which a score is obtained. Results: The results indicate that: 1There are significant correlations between the 3 subscales of the DIT-C, 2All subscales explain a percentage of the variance and, 3External validation with another instrument of moral development presented statistically significant correlations. Cronbach's alpha was 0.809. Conclusions: The DIT-C is an instrument to measure the individual expectation of corruption that meets several of the minimum conditions of reliability and validity to measure the moral development around corruption.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Psicometria , Desenvolvimento Moral , Corrupção , Motivação , Estudantes/psicologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adaptação a DesastresRESUMO
The main objective of this study was to contribute to the validation of the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Psychopathology in Adolescents (Q-PAD) in a nonclinical sample of Colombian adolescents. The sample consisted of 559 students of a center of public secondary education. Correlations between 9 Q-PAD subscales were significant and positive, except for the self-esteem subscale. The internal structure of each scale showed an essentially unidimensional structure, except for the Psychosocial Risk subscale. The internal consistency for the subscales ranged between 0.78 and 0.91 (McDonald's omega). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a solution of 6 factors. A good external validity between the Q-PAD Family Problems subscale and the three subscales of Interpersonal Relations Scale (ERI) was observed. The results indicate that scores of Q-PAD have an appropriate psychometric support and this instrument would allow screening for psychosocial and mental health problems in Colombian adolescents in an efficient, easy, fast and non-invasive way.
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Transtornos Mentais , Estudantes , Adolescente , Colômbia , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Psicometria/instrumentação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. Objective: To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. Method: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. Results : The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity and is used to cure mental diseases. Conclusions: Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it.
Resumen Introducción: La visión del cannabis como una droga blanda responde a una baja percepción de riesgo que jóvenes y adultos tienen de la droga; esta percepción se funda en creencias erróneas acerca de la droga. Objetivo: Comparar las creencias acerca del cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias en adolescentes con prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y aquellos sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal que evaluó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria con un instrumento ad-hoc que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y 22 preguntas acerca de las creencias que tienen los jóvenes sobre cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias. Resultados: Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos y las diferentes creencias. El grupo sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe mayor riesgo del daño que puede ocasionar el cannabis en la memoria, otras funciones cognitivas, las neuronas, la salud mental y la salud general. El grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe menos riesgo del uso de cannabis y piensa que la gente inteligente fuma cannabis, que el cannabis tiene efectos positivos para el cerebro, que aumenta la creatividad y que se utiliza para curar enfermedades mentales. Conclusiones: Quienes consumieron cannabis alguna vez en la vida perciben el uso de la sustancia como menos nocivo o con menor potencial de peligrosidad para la salud que quienes nunca consumieron. De hecho quienes consumieron alguna vez incluso tienen creencias que sugieren efectos positivos en los seres humanos que consumen.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Cannabis , Saúde Mental , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Cognição , Cérebro , Uso da Maconha , NeurôniosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. OBJECTIVE: To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. METHOD: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity. and is used to cure mental diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it.
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Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fumar Maconha/psicologia , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Estudantes/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Substance and Internet use or abuse, psychopathology and suicidal ideation appear to be related. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between use of psychotropic substances, inadequate Internet use, suicidal ideation and other psychopathological symptoms within the adolescent population. The present study was carried out as part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) project, funded by the European Union. The sample is composed of 1026 adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years from 12 state schools in Asturias (530 men and 496 women). This study adds to the possibility of knowing whether the SEYLE data is confirmed in a relatively isolated and recession hit province of Spain. In the present study the following consumption rates were obtained: a) alcohol 11.89% in males and 7.86% in females; b) tobacco: 4.15% and 5.44 % in males and females respectively; c) other drugs: 6.98% in males and 4.44% in females; d) maladaptive or pathological Internet use: 14.53% and 20.77% in males and females respectively. The variables that predict suicide ideation in the logistic regression model were: previous suicide attempts, depression, maladaptive or pathological Internet use, peer problems and alcohol consumption.
El uso o abuso de sustancias o internet, la psicopatología y la ideación suicida parecen estar relacionadas. El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar la asociación en población adolescente entre consumo de sustancias potencialmente adictivas, uso inadecuado de internet, psicopatología e ideación suicida. El estudio forma parte del proyecto europeo Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). La muestra está compuesta por 1026 adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 años procedentes de 12 centros escolares públicos del Principado de Asturias (530 varones y 496 mujeres). El presente trabajo aporta la posibilidad de conocer si los datos generales del proyecto SEYLE varían en una zona relativamente aislada y socioeconómicamente en recesión. Las tasas obtenidas de consumo de las distintas sustancias y de uso de internet fueron: a) alcohol: 11,89% en varones y 7,86% en mujeres; b) tabaco: 4,15% y 5,44% en varones y mujeres respectivamente; c) otras drogas: 6,98% en varones y un 4,44% en mujeres; d) uso de internet desadaptativo o patológico: 14,53% y 20,77% en varones y mujeres respectivamente. Se ha observado que las variables con capacidad predictiva sobre las conductas suicidas fueron: tentativas suicidas previas, síntomas depresivos, uso desadaptativo o patológico de internet, problemas con los compañeros y consumo de alcohol.
Assuntos
Depressão/psicologia , Psicopatologia/métodos , Psicotrópicos/farmacologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Ideação Suicida , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Psicotrópicos/uso terapêutico , Espanha , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
Despite the proven association between smoking and high rates of medical morbidity and reduced life expectancy in people with severe mental disorders (SMD), their smoking rates do not decline as they do in the general population. We carried out a non-randomized, open-label, prospective, 9-month follow-up multicentre trial to investigate the clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of a 12-week smoking cessation programme for patients with SMD in the community under real-world clinical conditions. Eighty-two adult outpatients with schizophrenic/bipolar disorder smoking ≥15 cigarettes/day were assigned by shared decision between doctors and patients to transdermal nicotine patches (TNP) [36(46.2%)] or varenicline [39(50%)]. Short-term efficacy: The 12-week 7-day smoking cessation (self-reported cigarettes/day=0 and breath carbon monoxide levels≤9ppm) prevalence was 49.3%, without statistically significant differences between medications (TNP 50.0% vs varenicline 48.6%, chi-square=0.015, p=1.000). Long-term efficacy: At weeks 24 and 36, 41.3 and 37.3% of patients were abstinent, with no statistically significant differences between treatments. Safety and Tolerability: no patients made suicide attempts/required hospitalization. There was no worsening on the psychometric scales. Patients significantly increased weight [TNP 1.1(2.8) vs varenicline 2.5(3.3), p=0.063], without significant changes in vital signs/laboratory results, except significant decreases in alkaline phosphatase and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in the varenicline group. Patients under varenicline more frequently presented nausea/vomiting (p<0.0005), patients under TNP experienced skin reactions more frequently (p=0.002). Three patients under varenicline had elevated liver enzymes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that in real-world clinical settings it is feasible and safe to help patients with stabilized severe mental disorders to quit smoking.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/complicações , Agonistas Nicotínicos/uso terapêutico , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Fumar/tratamento farmacológico , Dispositivos para o Abandono do Uso de Tabaco , Vareniclina/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Bipolar/sangue , Transtorno Bipolar/terapia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Psicóticos/sangue , Transtornos Psicóticos/complicações , Transtornos Psicóticos/terapia , Esquizofrenia/sangue , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Autorrelato , Fumar/sangue , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The Schizophrenia Objective Functioning Instrument (SOFI) is an interviewer-administered scale designed to objectively assess the actual level of patient functioning and to measure community functioning related to cognitive impairment and psychopathology. The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the SOFI (Sp-SOFI) in a sample of 155 Spanish outpatients with schizophrenia disorder. The instruments applied were Sp-SOFI, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale (CGI-SCH), Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The discrimination indexes of the Sp-SOFI items range from .21 to .77. Exploratory factor analysis showed an essentially one-dimensional structure. Cronbach's alpha was .93. Test-retest reliability for the Sp-SOFI total score was .87 (p < .001). The canonical correlation between SP-SOFI domains and PSP dimensions was .83. The multiple correlation coefficient between Sp-SOFI domains and GAF score was .84. Sp-SOFI scores were significantly different between high and low scores on the PANSS scales (p < .001). Sp-SOFI measures discriminated among patients with doubtful, mild, moderate, and severe schizophrenia disorder according to CGI-SCH scales (p < .001). New evidence about the validity of the SOFI was provided. The Sp-SOFI is a reliable and valid tool for using in clinical practice.
El Instrumento de Funcionamiento Objetivo para la Esquizofrenia (SOFI) es una entrevista para evaluar el nivel de funcionamiento comunitario en relación con el daño cognitivo y los síntomas psicopatológicos. El objetivo del estudio consistió en examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la SOFI (Sp-SOFI) en una muestra de 155 pacientes ambulatorios con esquizofrenia. Los índices de discriminación de la Sp-SOFI oscilaron entre 0,21 y 0,77. El análisis factorial exploratorio mostró una estructura esencialmente unidimensional. El alfa de Cronbach fue 0,93. El coeficiente de fiabilidad test-retest fue 0,87 (p < 0,001). La correlación canónica entre la Sp-SOFI y la Escala de Funcionamiento Personal y Social (PSP) fue 0,83. El coeficiente de correlación múltiple entre la Sp-SOFI y la Escala de Evaluación de la Actividad Global (EEAG) fue 0,44. Las puntuaciones en la Sp-SOFI fueron significativamente diferentes entre los pacientes con puntuaciones altas y bajas en la Escala del Síndrome Positivo y Negativo (PANSS) (p < 0,001). La Sp-SOFI discriminó entre pacientes con trastorno de esquizofrenia dudoso, leve, moderado y grave de acuerdo con la Escala de Impresión Clínica Global de Esquizofrenia (CGI-SCH) (p < 0,001). La Sp-SOFI es un instrumento fiable y válido para la práctica clínica.
RESUMO
Descriptive and comparative study of cross-sectional that had as objective to evaluate and compare the beliefs about cannabis, its use and potential consequences between two groups of Colombian university students, matched by gender and age. The frst group consisted of ordinary consumers of cannabis (n=35) the second group consisted of students that have never tried cannabis (n=35). The results showed that the group of consumers presents a moderate risk of abuse and only the 20% fulflled dependence criteria. Furthermore, the non-consumers group was mostly agree about that the marijuana use: damages the memory, deteriorates the cognitive functions, creates dependency, can affect the neurons and mental health. Also, it can lead to legal problems, it is a harmful drug for the health, it affects the academic performance, it creates problems with the family, friends, couple and the like, it reduces the driving ability, and, that the marijuana that is sold in the street is always pure. The consumer group, instead, agreed that smoking tobacco affects the lungs more than smoking marijuana. Marijuana has a positive in?uence on the brain, it increases the creativity, and it is less damaging than alcohol and tobacco. Smart people smoke marijuana and it has medicinal effects. In conclusion, according to the kind of beliefs that they have about this drug, the cannabis consumers would have a decreased perception of risk in relation to the potential risk that the consumption brings from two points of view: a. They minimize the real risks of consuming and, b. They attribute some benefts and virtues to the cannabis. The kind of beliefs that the consumer have are maybe in?uenced, at least, in part, for experiences of family and other consumers and, furthermore, the reinforcement of the same consume.
Assuntos
Cultura , Abuso de Maconha , Uso da Maconha , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autorrelato , Estudantes , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In this cross sectional and descriptive study, secondary school students trom the city of Santa Rosa were questioned about their beliefs about cannabis and their risk perception derived from it. The sample consisted in 83 male and 71 female 17 year-old teenagers. On the one hand, it was found that the highest risk perceptions were related to the legal issues that might arise due to cannabis consumption, and to its effects on neurons. On the other hand, the lowest risk perceptions were associated with the belief/ idea that smoking tobacco affects the lungs more than smoking cannabis, which might create dependence, and its use can cause mental disorders. Several significant differences were found as regards gender, since the female students noticed more risk than male students in that the consumption of cannabis can develop mental disorders, amotivational syndrome, lack of enthusiasm and less satisfaction with life. The teenager's risk perception about cannabis is variable.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Fumar Maconha , Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Objetivo: Esta investigación compara y establece las diferencias en la prevalencia de vida (consumo alguna vez en la vida) y no prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis sobre el rendimiento académico en adolescentes escolarizados. Método: En este estudio descriptivo de corte transversal se seleccionó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes y fueron evaluados con una prueba ad hoc de autopercepción. Las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas fueron análisis de frecuencia, descriptivos, t- student, U de Mann Whitney y Chi². Resultados: Los resultados señalan diferencias entre los grupos de prevalencia de uso de cannabis y no prevalencia de uso de cannabis en el número de cursos repetidos, días castigados en el último mes, la nota promedio del último mes, problemas escolares y la preocupación por estos, y dificultades para controlar el comportamiento en los últimos seis meses. No hubo diferencias en la comparación entre hombres y mujeres del grupo de prevalencia de uso de cannabis. Se confirma que el cannabis afecta el rendimiento académico desde algunos factores específicos que afectan por igual a hombres y mujeres. Conclusión: Se concluye que entre el grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis hay más repetidores, a su vez, han repetido más cursos, han recibido más castigo en el colegio, tienen calificaciones más bajas, han tenido más problemas escolares y han estado más preocupados respecto a estos, y una mayor dificultad en controlar el comportamiento. En relación con el género no hay diferencias en las consecuencias sobre el rendimiento académico después de probar cannabis.
Objective: This research compares and establishes the differences in the prevalence of life (consumption ever in life) and no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use on academic performance in school adolescents. Method: In this descriptive and cross sectional study 156 students were probabilistically selected and evaluated with an ad-hoc auto-perception test. The techniques used were frequency analysis, descriptive, student t, Mann Whitney and Chi2. Results: The results show differences between groups in the prevalence of cannabis use and no prevalence of cannabis in the number of repeated courses, days punished in the past month, the average of the last month note, school problems and concern for these and difficulty controlling behavior in the past six months. There were no differences in the comparison between men and women in the group prevalence of cannabis use. It confirms that cannabis affects academic performance from some specific factors that affect both men and women. Conclusion: It is concluded that the group of lifetime prevalence of cannabis use more repeaters in turn have repeated more courses, have received more punishment in school, they have lower grades, have more problems in school and have been more worried about these, and greater difficulty in controlling behavior, and that there are no gender-related differences in the effects on academic performance after trying cannabis.
RESUMO
En este artículo se establece la relación entre autoestima y autonomía funcional en una muestra de ancianos institucionalizados en función del apoyo social externo. Los participantes fueron 30 ancianos entre 67 y 93 años de ambos géneros, que en promedio llevan cinco años viviendo en un asilo de ancianos. Para medir la autoestima, se utilizó la escala de Rosenberg (2007) y para medir la autonomía funcional, el índice de Barthel (1993). Los resultados confirman que existe una relación entre la autoestima y autonomía funcional, y que la capacidad de desplazamiento sin ayuda externa es un factor determinante de la autoestima. Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la autoestima en lo que respecta al apoyo social representado en visitas externas. Se concluyó que el factor determinante de la autoestima en ancianos institucionalizados es la autonomía funcional relacionada con el desplazamiento sin ayuda antes que el apoyo social externo.
This paper aims to establish a relationship between self-esteem and functional autonomy. 30 elderly participants between 67 and 93 years old of both sexes who spent 5 years living in a nursing home were sampled. To measure their functional autonomy, the Rosenber Scale (2007) was used self-esteem, the Barthel index (1993). The results confirm that there is a relationship between self-esteem and functional autonomy, and the ability to move without external assistance is a determinant factor of self-esteem. Conversely, significant differences were not found in self-esteem related to the social support represented by outpatient visits. It was concluded that the determinant factor for elderly self-esteem is their functional autonomy related to movement without help, rather than external social support.