A Multidisciplinary Evaluation of Patients with DMD in An Italian Tertiary Care Center.

With more widespread prolonged survival, Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients progressively experience multisystem complications. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 132 Duchenne patients (112 alive/20 dead, age 3.5÷32.3 years) with the aims: 1) to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical status considering different aspects of the disease; 2) to propose a new scoring tool able to consider and pool together heterogeneous different functional. Five functions were analyzed: cardiac, respiratory, nutritional, ambulation and scoliosis. For each function, different items were considered and classified according to clinical severity (as indicated by international guidelines) and an incremental scoring was assigned. In addition, a global score incorporating all functions was defined. The scoring system confirmed that despite the significant protective role of steroids, all functions deteriorated with age. The severity of the global score became significantly higher since the age of 13 years. The severity of cardiac, respiratory and nutritional dysfunction was higher since 18 years. Deceased patients were characterized by significantly worse cardiac function, absence of steroid therapy and later use of respiratory assistive devices. The index proposed in this pilot study is a promising tool able to aggregate and correlate heterogeneous functions. It could become either an individual prognostic indicator of decline or a global score to evaluate changes in clinical trials therefore allowing multicenter studies, optimizing the management of both the primary and the secondary complications of the disease and understanding their relative impact.

Low abdominal contribution to breathing as daytime predictor of nocturnal desaturation in adolescents and young adults with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

In the respiratory management of DMD patients it is still under debate what parameter should indicate the correct timing for institution of nocturnal non-invasive ventilation (NIV), in addition to forced vital capacity, which is generally considered as a prognostic marker of disease progression. The aim of this study was to determine if volume variations of rib cage and abdominal compartments measured by Opto-Electronic Plethysmography can be helpful to distinguish between those patients who are in the early stages of nocturnal oxygen desaturation development and those who do not yet. Pulmonary function, abdominal contribution to tidal volume and to inspiratory capacity (%Abd IC) and a set of breathing pattern indexes were assessed in 40 DMD patients older than 14 years and not yet under nocturnal NIV. ROC analysis revealed that among all the considered parameters, %Abd IC in supine position was the best discriminator between DeSat (at least 10% of the night time with SpO(2) < 95%) and NonDeSat patients, providing an area under the curve with 95%CI equal to 0.752. In conclusion, in adolescents and adults DMD patients who present either no sign or only mild nocturnal oxygen desaturation, a reduced abdominal contribution to inspiratory capacity is a marker of the onset of diaphragm weakness and should be considered to identify the correct timing for the institution of nocturnal NIV.

Respiratory pattern in an adult population of dystrophic patients.

We studied respiratory function and Chest Wall kinematics in a large population of adult patients affected by slow course muscular dystrophies such as Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD, n=38), Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD, n=20) and Facio-Scapulo Humeral Dystrophy (FSHD, n=30), through standard spirometry and through the Optoelectronic Plethysmography, to measure the thoraco-abdominal motion during Quiet Breathing and Slow Vital Capacity maneuvers. Within the restrictive pulmonary syndrome characterizing LGMD and FSHD, several different thoraco-abdominal patterns compared to those of healthy subjects were present in the more advanced stages of the disease. These differences were present in the seated position, during the execution of a maximal maneuver such as Slow Vital Capacity. A global respiratory (both inspiratory and expiratory) muscle involvement was more pronounced in the LGMD and FSHD than in the BMD patients, and a significant reduction of abdominal contribution in wheelchair bound patients was observed. In conclusion, OEP technique is able to reveal mild initial modifications in the respiratory muscles in FSHD and LGMD patients, which could be helpful for functional and new therapeutic strategy evaluation.

Italian validation of INQoL, a quality of life questionnaire for adults with muscle diseases.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A quality of life (QoL) questionnaire for neuromuscular diseases was recently constructed and validated in the United Kingdom in a sample of adult patients with a variety of muscle disorders. Preliminary results suggested it could be a more relevant and practical measure of QoL in muscle diseases than generic health measures of QoL. The purpose of our work was: (i) To validate INQoL in Italy on a larger sample of adult patients with muscle diseases (ii) to compare INQoL to SF-36. METHODS: We have translated into Italian and applied language adaptations to the original UK INQoL version. We studied 1092 patients with different muscle disorders and performed (i) test-retest reliability (n = 80); (ii) psychometric (n = 345), known-group (n = 1092), external criterion (n = 70), and concurrent validity with SF-36 (n = 183). RESULTS: We have translated and formally validated the Italian version of INQoL confirming and extending results obtained in the United Kingdom. In addition to good results in terms of reliability, known-group and criterion validity, a comparison with the SF-36 scales showed a stronger association between INQoL total index and SF-36 physical (r = -0.72) than mental (r = -0.38) summary health indexes. When considering comparable domains of INQoL and SF-36 with respect to an objective measure of muscle strength assessment (MMRC), regression analysis showed a stronger correlation using INQoL rather than SF-36 scores. CONCLUSIONS: INQoL is recommended to assess QoL in muscle diseases because of its ability to capture physical limitations that are specifically relevant to the muscle condition.

Cognitive impairment in adult myotonic dystrophies: a longitudinal study.

The clinical relevance and extent of cognitive impairment in adult myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether previously reported cognitive abnormalities progress over time and if this occurs in DM2 as it does in DM1. Fifty-six patients with DM1 and 29 patients with DM2 were subjected to muscle strength assessment, and to a complete battery of neuropsychological tests. Repeated assessment was performed in 20 DM1 and 13 DM2 over time (DM1 mean follow-up: 7.3+/-2.7 years; DM2 mean follow- up: 9.5+/-2.4 years). Muscle strength and test scores for frontal lobe functions worsened significantly over time (p<0.01), in both DM1 and DM2. DM2 is a progressive muscle disorder, although less severe than DM1. In both DM1 and DM2 frontal cognitive impairment (attentional) worsens over time but does not extend to additional areas of cognition.

Characterisation of CTL directed towards non-inherited maternal alloantigens in human cord blood.

Allogeneic cord blood transplantation (CBT), especially from unrelated donors, is being increasingly used for treating paediatric patients with both malignant and non-malignant disorders. Recent clinical and experimental evidence suggests that human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) may acquire in utero a state of tolerance towards non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA). In order to better define this phenomenon, we measured, by means of a limiting dilution assay (LDA), the frequency of NIMA-specific CTL precursors (CTLp) in cord blood samples obtained from 13 healthy neonates. The immunophenotype of the effector cells recovered from LDA was also analysed. Data concerning both CTLp frequency and phenotype of effector cells were compared with those obtained stimulating CBMC with cells of paternal origin (NIPA) and adult PBMC with allogeneic targets. Results showed that cytotoxic cells directed towards cells of maternal origin could be detected in all cord blood samples tested. Phenotype analysis demonstrated that NIPA elicit the expansion of CD3+/CD8bright T cells, a phenotype associated with alloreactive CTL. By contrast, NIMA preferentially stimulated the expansion of CD3-/CD8dim+ cells, a phenotype associated with NK cells, which are known to be able, in certain clinical conditions, to kill allogeneic haematopoietic cells without causing GVHD. Thus, our results indicate that, when evaluated in a limiting dilution condition, NIMA-reactive cord blood cells are detectable and a preferential expansion of NK cells is observed.