TREM-1 and TREM-2 Expression on CD14+ Cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in the Context of T Cell Immune Response.

BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) are immunologically mediated processes caused by hypersensitivity reaction accompanied by similar features including lymphocytic alveolitis and granuloma formation. Recent studies describe the role of TREM receptors in T cell activation, differentiation, and granuloma formation. Alveolar macrophages activation via TREM receptors may be the key factor mediating subsequent immune response. The aim of the study was to analyse TREM-1 and TREM-2 expression to identify further molecular mechanisms participating in the immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis and HP. METHODS: Flow cytometry was performed to analyse TREM-1 and TREM-2 expression on CD14+ cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients having sarcoidosis or HP and a control group. RESULTS: The study proved increased TREM-1 expression on alveolar macrophages in pulmonary sarcoidosis and diminished TREM-1 expression in HP-Sarcoidosis: median: 76.7; HP: median: 29.9; control: median: 53.3, (sarcoidosis versus HP: p < 0.001; sarcoidosis versus control: p < 0.05). TREM-2 expression was increased in both, sarcoidosis and HP-sarcoidosis: median: 34.79; HP: median: 36.00; control: median: 12.98, (sarcoidosis versus control: p < 0.05; HP versus control: p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed negative correlation between TREM-1 and total number of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. In sarcoidosis TREM-1 expression decreased with changes of HRCT image, decrease in CD4/CD8 ratio and decrease in DLCO. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in TREM receptor expression in sarcoidosis (increase in TREM-1 and TREM-2) and HP (increase in TREM-2) and correlation analysis suggests that activation via TREM may participate in typical immunological characteristics of sarcoidosis and HP.

[Relation between the dietary proteins in animal feed and agglutinin formation in chickens infected with Salmonella gallinarum pullorum]. / Vzaimootnoshenie mezhdu beltuchinite v dazhbata i aglutininoobrazuvaneto pri pritsi, zarazeni sus S. gallinarum pullorum.

Experiments were carried out with birds of the Leghorn and Cornish breeds, aged 2, 45, and 120 days and divided into two groups: I--birds given standard mixtures, and II--birds fed mixtures with a higher content of proteins. Both groups were infected with Salmonella gallinarum pullorum. At given intervals of time after that the chickens were bled, and their agglutinin titer was determined by the agglutination reaction. It was found that agglutinin production in all birds correlated with the amount of proteins in the feed. Lower amounts of proteins in the diet led to delayed agglutinin production in the infected birds. The agglutinin titers were shown to be considerably lower than those in birds given a normal ration. This was better expressed with Cornish birds. Birds at the age of 45 days proved to particularly sensitive to the fluctuations in the level of dietary proteins.

[Effect of feed proteins on serum proteins in poultry infected with S. gallinarum pullorum]. / Vliianie na beltuchinite v khranata vurkhu serumnite proteini u ptitsi, infektirani sus S. gallinarum pullorum.

The effect was studied of the protein component of feed on the serum-protein profile in a Salmonella gallinarum pullorum infection on a model of birds of the Leghorn and Cornish breeds, participating in three age groups. In terms of feeding the birds were divided into two groups: I - controls, fed standard mixtures, and II - test birds, fed mixtures of low protein amounts. The birds were bled at definite intervals following their inoculations. The total proteins of the blood serum were determined, and the dynamics of the protein fractions of the serum was followed up through microelectrophoresis. Dispersion and statistical analysis was employed in data-processing. It was found that with the lowered amount of proteins in the ration of birds infected with Salmonella gallinarum pullorum there appeared changes in the protein spectrum - lower total protein, and a rise of the alfa - globulin fraction along with the depression and delayed synthesis of the beta- and gamma-globulin fractions of the blood serum. Greater were the changes in the serum-protein spectrum of birds at the age of 45 days, however, no breed differences were observed.

[Effect of protein in the feed on the resistance of poultry artificially infected with Salmonella galinarum pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium]. / Vliianie na beltuka v khranata vurkhu ustoichivostta na ptitsi, izkustveno infektirani sus Salmonella galinarum pullorum i Salmonella typhimurium.

Studied is the effect of the low protein level in rations of birds, experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium. Birds of different ages of the Leghorn and Cornish breeds are included in the experiments. Results obtained from the experiments indicate that the lowered level of protein in rations to young birds at the age of five months makes them more resistant to salmonella infection. This dependence is markedly demonstrated in particular in the case of the Leghorn breed.