Liposomal curcumin inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis after transcatheter arterial embolization in VX2 rabbit liver tumors.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to investigate the inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis after embolization in VX2 rabbit liver tumors by liposomal curcumin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 54 VX2 rabbits were divided into three groups, and each group had three subgroups according to the sacrifice time. The animals in the control group (n=18) underwent sham embolization. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE)-treated group (n=18) animals underwent embolization with lipiodol (0.1 mL/kg body weight) and 90-180 µm polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. Liposomal curcumin TAE-treated group (n=18) animals underwent embolization with liposomal curcumin (20 mg/kg body weight) mixed with lipiodol (0.1 mL/kg body weight) and 90-180 µm PVA particles. After embolization, the animals in each subgroup were sacrificed at 6 hours, 24 hours, and 3 days, and the tumor samples were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins, and microvessel density (MVD). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to examine VEGF mRNA levels. RESULTS: The levels of HIF-1α and VEGF, and MVD in tumors of liposomal curcumin TAE-treated group were significantly decreased compared to the TAE-treated group (P<0.05). There was a slight decrease in tumor size in the liposomal curcumin TAE-treated group at third-day time points compared to the TAE-treated group; the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The HIF-1α protein correlated considerably with VEGF mRNA (r=0.705, P=0.001) and protein (r=0.655, P=0.003), and MVD (r=0.521, P=0.027). A significant correlation between VEGF protein and MVD was noted as well (r=0.519, P=0.027). CONCLUSION: Liposomal curcumin downregulates HIF-1α protein levels and inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis after embolization in VX2 rabbit liver tumors.

[Vertebroplasty compared with conservative method of integrated Chinese and Western Medicine in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) versus conservative method of integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for pain relief and functional outcome in patients with painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. New fractures and secondary adverse effects were also analyzed during a mid-long term follow-up period. METHODS: Patients were recruited to this prospective nonrandomized trial from a single hospital. Patients were aged 55 years or older, had vertebral compression fractures on spine radiograph (level of fracture at T6 or lower; bone oedema on MRI), with back pain for 6 weeks or less, and a visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 6 or more. Patients were nonrandomly assigned to PVP group or conservative treatment group according to their own desire. After 2 weeks, patients from the conservative group could change therapy to PVP. VAS for pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI) questionnaire scores were assessed before and 1 week, 1 month, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after the treatment. Other data included patients' baseline characteristics before the treatment, new fractures and secondary adverse effects were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 181 consecutive patients were nonrandomly allocated to receive PVP (n=103) or conservative treatment (n=78) between December 2009 and August 2013. Six patients transferred to PVP group after 2 weeks conservative therapy. Pain relief and functional outcomes were significantly better in PVP group than in conservative group, as determined by VAS scores (3.67-1.13 vs 7.38-2.39) and ODI scores (23.55-5.83 vs 36.10-13.88) at 1 week, 1 month, 3 and 6 months (all P< 0.01). Both VAS and ODI scores decreased in PVP group showed no statistical significance at 1 year when compared with conservative group (P>0.05). However, pain relief and functional outcomes were significantly better at most of the subsequent follow-up points. The patients with complete pain relief (VAS<1) were significantly better in PVP group than in conservative group (P< 0.01) at all of the follow-up points. There were 17 patients died (PVP group: n=8) and 31 cases occurred secondary vertebral fractures (PVP group: n=19) during the follow-up periods. No serious complications or adverse events were related to PVP technique. CONCLUSION: PVP has immediate pain relief and functional improvement compared with conservative treatment. PVP should be considered as the treatment of first choice for symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral fractures. However, for patients with VAS < 5, conservative method of integrated Chinese and Western Medicine may perform well.

Magnetic resonance imaging features of pathologically proven cerebral sparganosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of cerebral sparganosis, a rare parasitic disease caused by the plerocercoid larva of Spirometra mansoni. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed medical records, computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans and pathological specimens from patients with pathologically proven cerebral sparganosis. The location, signal intensity and contrast enhancement characteristics of the lesions were assessed. RESULTS: Records of 12 patients (seven male and five female; age range 8-35 years) were reviewed. A total of 13 lesions were identified: of the 10 patients with supratentorial lesions, nine had a single lesion and one had bilateral hemispheric lesions. Two patients had a single lesion in the ependyma of the 4(th) ventricle. All lesions were iso-hypointense on T1-weighted images, slightly hypointense on T2-weighted images and surrounded by extensive oedema. Ten of the 13 lesions demonstrated a 'string-knots sign', characterized by a tangled string in a knot-like shape on contrast-enhanced MRI. CONCLUSION: A string-knots sign enhancement pattern in cortical-subcortical regions should suggest the diagnosis of cerebral sparganosis.

[Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for tracing corticospinal tracts in rat brain using 7.0 T MRI].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the methods of manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in 7.0 T magnetic field for tracing corticospinal tract in rat brain in vivo. METHODS: 0.4 microl volume of 1 mol/L aqueous solution of MnCl(2) was injected into the primary motor cortex of 9 SD rats under stereotaxis. MRI studies were performed for tracing corticospinal tract and other coherent nerve tracts before injection and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 7 days after injection respectively using 7.0T Micro-MRI. RESULTS: Corticospinal tract was visualized perfectly from primary motor cortex, thalamus, cerebral peduncle to pons at different time points after Mn(2+) administration, and the best contrast was achieved after 24-48 h. At the same time, a small quantity of Mn(2+) reached the opposite somatosensory cortex through the corpus callosum. CONCLUSION: Manganese enhanced MRI visualizes perfectly the transport of Mn(2+) through axoplasmic flow in corticospinal tracts. This method may be used to investigate the change of corticospinal tract and the functional connectivity between two sides of hemisphere in rat brain.

[Regional modulation of primary motor cortex after peripheral nerve injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study].

OBJECTIVE: To map dynamic changes of primary motor cortex after total brachial plexus traction injury by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and to explore underlying probable mechanisms. METHODS: Five patients with total traumatic root avulsions of the brachial plexus underwent varied kinds of nerve transfer to restore partially shoulder or elbow function. Four of them (cases 1, 3, 4, 5) accepted the first fMRI examination prior to surgery treatment, and four of them (cases 2, 3, 4, 5) accepted second or third or fourth fMRI follow-up re-examinations after surgery treatment. Maps of neuronal activation within the motor cortex were generated for both hands in each patient by using BOLD-fMRI and the cluster size and position were recorded. The motor tasks consisted of simple hand grasping of both hands respectively. Patients with paralytic hand were asked to complete task under "virtual" condition. The cluster size and intensity as well as location of motor activation within the primary motor cortex of the affected hand generated were compared with those of unaffected hand generated as reference in single subject, and the resultant maps of follow-up re-examinations were also compared with those of the prior examinations. RESULTS: All patients' unaffected hand movement generated strong signal change within the contralateral primary motor cortex. In contrast, the clusters generated by affected hand showed very small and lower intensity than usual (2 cases) or could not be induced (2 case) in the first examination that prior to surgery treatment and seemed larger gradually in the following re-examination with time increasing. CONCLUSION: Peripheral nerve injury can produced significant changes in the motor cortex of human brain. fMRI is a valuable tool to evaluate neural plasticity in motor cortex after peripheral nerve injury.

[Prospective comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring for cortical mapping of primary motor areas].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the relation between the preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) technique and intraoperative motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring for cortical mapping of primary motor cortex in patients with tumors near the central area. And to determine whether non-invasive preoperative fMRI can provide results equivalent to those achieved with the invasive neurosurgical "gold standard". METHODS: A prospective study of 16 patients with various pathological tumors of the central area was conducted. Preoperative fMRI scans using the BOLD contrast technique in each patient were performed. An activation scan was achieved by using a motor task paradigm, which consisted of simple flexion-extension finger movements and finger-to-thumb touching in a repeating pattern. The anatomical structure was delineated by the T(1)-weighted three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient recalled sequence (3D/FSPGR) immediately afterward. The BOLD images were overlaid on the T(1)-weighted 3D/FSPGR images, and then co-registered to the neuronavigation system. The fMRI activations were documented by using a neuronavigation system in sequence, and compared to standardized intraoperative MEP monitoring, which included direct cortical electrical stimulation (DCES) or transcranial cortical electrical stimulation (TCES) or their combination. The compound muscle action potentials of forearm flexor and hand muscle responses were recorded during either TCES or DCES. Two techniques were compared to determine the accuracy for cortical mapping of primary motor areas with fMRI. RESULTS: Overall, the intraoperative MEP monitoring showed good correlation with fMRI activation in 92.3% of cases. The coincidence rate, however, was 100.0% between TCES and fMRI, and 66.7% between DCES and fMRI respectively. There was no statistically difference between two cortical mapping techniques, chi-square test of paired comparison of enumeration data, P < 0.01. CONCLUSION: BOLD fMRI was a high sensitive and reliable technique to locate the position of the primary motor areas and their spatial relation with adjacent tumor, especially for the presurgical planning in patients with central area brain tumor.

[Integrating functional magnetic resonance imaging in neuronavigation surgery of brain tumors involving motor cortex].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of integrating blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in neuronavigation surgery of brain tumors involving motor cortex. METHODS: A total of 58 patients with brain tumors in or directly adjacent to the motor cortex, with 18 lesions located in primary motor area, 18 lesions located in premotor area, 11 lesions located in primary motor sensory area, 9 lesions located in primary sensory area, and 2 lesions located in supplementary motor area respectively, were randomly divided into 2 groups: trial group including 30 cases undergoing BOLD navigation and control group with 28 cases undergoing routine navigation. A prospective random and matched controlled study was carried out to compare the clinical outcome between the two groups. For the patients in the trial group, the motor tasks consisted of simple flexion-extension finger movements and finger-to-thumb touching in a repeating, pre-planned sequence of either hand. A standard 1.5 T MR system had been utilized to localize the cortical motor hand area, using the BOLD contrast technique. The BOLD images were integrated with the routine navigational MR images (T1-weighted three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient recalled sequence), and then co-registered to the neuronavigation system. For the patients in the control group, the navigational MR imaging examinations were carried out only. RESULTS: The statistics analysis confirmed a good balance of main variations between the trial and control groups. The percentage of completely resection of tumors was 86.7% in trial group and 60.7% in control group (P < 0.05). The postoperative contralateral extremities muscle strength were 4.3 +/- 1.1 degree for trial group and 2.5 +/- 1.9 degree for the control group (P < 0.01). The motor functional deficit was observed in 23.3% of the cases of trial group and 71.4% of the cases in trial group (P < 0.05). The mean Karnofsky prognosis scale of the trial group was 88 +/- 27, significantly higher than that of the control group (65 +/- 32, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: BOLD functional MR imaging is of great value in surgical planning and intraoperative functional brain mapping of motor cortex individually. To integrate BOLD data with the routine navigational MR images can supply more precise and real-time information about the relationship between lesions and neighboring cortical motor area. It should be used in neuronavigation surgery to increase the ratio of total resection of brain tumors and decrease the risk of postoperative hemiplegia.