Trapped in Endosome PEGylated Ultra-Small Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Enable Extraordinarily High MR Imaging Contrast for Hepatocellular Carcinomas.

The early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) remains challenging in the clinic. Primovist-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aids HCC diagnosis but loses sensitivity for tumors <2 cm. Therefore, developing advanced MRI contrast agents is imperative for improving the diagnostic accuracy of HCCs in very-early-stage. To address this challenge, PEGylated ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (PUSIONPs) are synthesized and employed as liver-specific T1 MRI contrast agents. Intravenous delivery produces simultaneous hyperintense HCC and hypointense hepatic parenchyma signals on T1 imaging, creating an extraordinarily high tumor-to-liver contrast. Systematic studies uncover PUSIONP distribution in hepatic parenchyma, HCC lesions at the organ, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels, revealing endosomal confinement of PUSIONP without aggregation. By mimicking such situations, the dependency of relaxometric properties on local PUSIONP concentration is investigated, emphasizing the key role of different endosomal concentrations in liver and tumor cells for high tumor-to-liver contrast and clear tumor boundaries. These findings offer exceptional imaging capabilities for early HCC diagnosis, potentially benefiting real HCC patients.

An insoluble cellulose nanofiber with robust expansion capacity protects against obesity.

An imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure predisposes obesity and its related metabolic diseases. Soluble dietary fiber has been shown to improve metabolic homeostasis mainly via microbiota reshaping. However, the application and metabolic effects of insoluble fiber are less understood. Herein, we employed nanotechnology to design citric acid-crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers (CL-CNF) with a robust capacity of expansion upon swelling. Supplementation with CL-CNF reduced food intake and delayed digestion rate in mice by occupying stomach. Besides, CL-CNF treatment mitigated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice with enhanced energy expenditure, as well as ameliorated inflammation in adipose tissue, intestine and liver and reduced hepatic steatosis, without any discernible signs of toxicity. Additionally, CL-CNF supplementation resulted in enrichment of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and decreased in the relative abundances of deleterious microbiota expressing bile salt hydrolase, which led to increased levels of conjugated bile acids and inhibited intestinal FXR signaling to stimulate the release of GLP-1. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CL-CNF administration protects mice from diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction by reducing food intake, enhancing energy expenditure and remodeling gut microbiota, making it a potential therapeutic strategy against metabolic diseases.

Fe2+-Dominated Relaxometric Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have garnered significant interest as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to their exceptional magnetic properties and biocompatibility. Toward more precise diagnosis of diseases, the relaxometric properties of IONPs have become a key research focus. Despite extensive studies on structural factors such as size, morphology, surface modification, crystalline phase, and aggregation state, the correlation between the intrinsic structure and relaxometric behavior remains unclear, particularly for ultrasmall IONPs. To address this issue, we carefully compared IONPs with identical size, shape, and surface modification and found out strong correlations among the content of Fe2+ ions, oxygen vacancies, and the relaxometric properties. By optimizing the reaction system, ultrasmall IONPs showing outstanding relaxometric performance, with longitudinal relaxivity up to 9.0 mM-1 s-1 and transverse relaxivity up to 28.5 mM-1 s-1, were successfully obtained. These results underscore the pivotal role of Fe2+ in the relaxometric properties of IONP-based MRI contrast agents.

Using Adaptive Imaging Parameters to Improve PEGylated Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography.

The PEGylated ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (PUSIONPs) exhibit longer blood residence time and better biodegradability than conventional gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), enabling prolonged acquisitions in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) applications. The image quality of CE-MRA is dependent on the contrast agent concentration and the parameters of the pulse sequences. Here, a closed-form mathematical model is demonstrated and validated to automatically optimize the concentration, echo time (TE), repetition time (TR) and flip angle (FA). The pharmacokinetic studies are performed to estimate the dynamic intravascular concentrations within 12 h postinjection, and the adaptive concentration-dependent sequence parameters are determined to achieve optimal signal enhancement during a prolonged measurement window. The presented model is tested on phantom and in vivo rat images acquired from a 3T scanner. Imaging results demonstrate excellent agreement between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions, and the adaptive sequence parameters obtain better signal enhancement than the fixed ones. The low-dose PUSIONPs (0.03 mmol kg-1 and 0.05 mmol kg-1) give a comparable signal intensity to the high-dose one (0.10 mmol kg-1) within 2 h postinjection. The presented mathematical model provides guidance for the optimization of the concentration and sequence parameters in PUSIONPs-enhanced MRA, and has great potential for further clinical translation.

Hydrometeorological conditions drive long-term changes in the spatial distribution of Potamogeton crispus in a subtropical lake.

Globally, anthropogenic disturbance and climate change caused a rapid decline of submerged macrophytes in lake ecosystems. Potamogeton crispus (P. crispus), a species that germinates in winter, explosively expanded throughout many Chinese lakes, yet the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here, this study examined the long-term changes in the distribution patterns of P. crispus in Lake Gaoyou by combining remote sensing images and hydrometeorological data from 1984 to 2022 and water quality data from 2009 to 2022. It aims to unravel the relationships between the distribution patterns of P. crispus and hydrometeorological and water quality factors. The results showed that the area of P. crispus in Lake Gaoyou showed a slight increase from 1984 to 2009, a marked increase from 2010 to 2019, followed by a decline after 2020. Spatially, P. crispus was primarily distributed in the western and northern parts of Lake Gaoyou, with less distribution in the central and southeastern parts of the lake. Wind speed (WS), temperature (Temp), water level (WL), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and Secchi depth (SD) were identified as the key factors regulating the variation in the P. crispus area in Lake Gaoyou. We found that the P. crispus area showed an increasing trend with increasing Temp, WL, and SD and decreasing WS and NH3-N. The influence of environmental factors on the area of P. crispus in Lake Gaoyou varied among seasons. The results indicated that hydrometeorology (WS, Temp, and WL) may override water quality (NH3-N and SD) in driving the succession of P. crispus distribution. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the recent widespread expansion of P. crispus in shallow lakes across Eastern China.

Potential impact of NOTCH1 activation on venetoclax sensitivity in chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia: In vitro insights and clinical implications.

Despite significant progress in treating chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), resistance to therapy remains challenging. NOTCH1 activation, common in CLL, confers adverse prognosis. This study explores the impact of NOTCH1 signalling on venetoclax sensitivity in vitro. Although NOTCH1 activation minimally impaired the susceptibility of CLL cells to venetoclax, ex vivo cell competition studies reveal that cells with constitutive NOTCH1 activation outgrew their wild-type counterparts in the presence of ongoing venetoclax exposure. Our findings suggest that while NOTCH1 activation is insufficient to confer venetoclax refractoriness, there is enhanced potential for cells with NOTCH1 activation to escape and thus become fully resistant to venetoclax.

In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility assessment of chalcogenide thermoelectrics as implants.

The ability of thermoelectric materials to generate electricity in response to local temperature gradients makes them a potentially promising solution for the regulation of cellular functions and reconstruction of tissues. Biocompatibility of implants is a crucial attribute for the successful integration of thermoelectric techniques in biomedical applications. This work focuses on the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of biocompatibility for 12 typical chalcogenide thermoelectrics, which are composed of biocompatible elements. Ag2Se, SnSe, Bi2Se3, Bi2Te2.88Se0.12 and Bi2Te3, each with a released ion concentration lower than 10 ppm in extracts, exhibited favorable biocompatibility, including cell viability, adhesion, and hemocompatibility, as observed in initial in vitro assessments. Moreover, in vivo biocompatibility assessment, achieved by hematological and histopathological analyses in the rat subcutaneous model, further substantiated the biocompatibility of Ag2Se, Bi2Se3, and Bi2Te3, with each possessing superior thermoelectric performance at room temperature. This work offers robust evidence to promote Ag2Se, Bi2Se3, and Bi2Te3 as potential thermoelectric biomaterials, establishing a foundation for their future applications in biomedicine.

Imaging and Downstaging Bladder Cancer with the 177Lu-Labeled Bioorthogonal Nanoprobe.

Efforts on bladder cancer treatment have been shifting from extensive surgery to organ preservation in the past decade. To this end, we herein develop a multifunctional nanoagent for bladder cancer downstaging and bladder-preserving therapy by integrating mucosa penetration, reduced off-target effects, and internal irradiation therapy into a nanodrug. Specifically, an iron oxide nanoparticle was used as a carrier that was coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for facilitating mucosa penetration. Dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) was introduced into the HA coating layer to react through bioorthogonal reaction with azide as an artificial receptor of bladder cancer cells, to improve the cellular internalization of the nanoprobe labeled with 177Lu. Through magnetic resonance imaging, the targeted imaging of both nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) was realized after intravesical instillation of the multifunctional probe, both NMIBC and MIBC were found downstaged, and the metastasis was inhibited, which demonstrates the potential of the multifunctional nanoprobe for bladder preservation in bladder cancer treatment.

On formation, annihilation, and evolution of potential wells, and nonlinear phenomena of multi-magnet energy sink system.

This paper investigates the formation, annihilation, and evolution mechanisms of potential energy wells in nonlinear energy sink systems. The nonlinear energy sink system is composed of multiple inner and outer magnets. Two multi-magnet energy sink (MES) architectures are designed: a single-magnet vibrator and a double-magnet vibrator. Multi-stable (bi-, tri-, quad-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-stable) mechanisms are elaborated by the Poincaré section and bifurcation diagram concerning the magnet length, the link length, and the MES configuration. The results show that the change in the internal structural parameters of the MES system will generate different types of bifurcations (i.e., saddle-node, subcritical, and super pitchfork bifurcations) and phase trajectories and have rich nonlinear response behaviors in the low frequency and wide frequency range, which can be used for damping and vibration reduction of engineering structures, vibration control, and energy source of the microgrid.

Surface ligand-regulated renal clearance of MRI/SPECT dual-modality nanoprobes for tumor imaging.

BACKGROUND: The general sluggish clearance kinetics of functional inorganic nanoparticles tend to raise potential biosafety concerns for in vivo applications. Renal clearance is a possible elimination pathway for functional inorganic nanoparticles delivered through intravenous injection, but largely depending on the surface physical chemical properties of a given particle apart from its size and shape. RESULTS: In this study, three small-molecule ligands that bear a diphosphonate (DP) group, but different terminal groups on the other side, i.e., anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic groups, were synthesized and used to modify ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles for evaluating the surface structure-dependent renal clearance behaviors. Systematic studies suggested that the variation of the surface ligands did not significantly increase the hydrodynamic diameter of ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoparticles, nor influence their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement effects. Among the three particle samples, Fe3O4 nanoparticle coated with zwitterionic ligands, i.e., Fe3O4@DMSA, exhibited optimal renal clearance efficiency and reduced reticuloendothelial uptake. Therefore, this sample was further labeled with 99mTc through the DP moieties to achieve a renal-clearable MRI/single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) dual-modality imaging nanoprobe. The resulting nanoprobe showed satisfactory imaging capacities in a 4T1 xenograft tumor mouse model. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of Fe3O4@DMSA was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo through safety assessment experiments. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the current investigations offer a simple and effective strategy for constructing renal-clearable nanoparticles for precise disease diagnosis.

Restore polder and aquaculture enclosure to the lake: Balancing environmental protection and economic growth for sustainable development.

The restoration of lakes and their buffer zones is crucial for understanding the intricate interplay between human activities and natural ecosystems resulting from the implementation of environmental policies. In this study, we investigated the ecological restoration of shallow lakes and buffer zones in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, specifically focusing on the removal of polder and aquaculture enclosure areas within the lakes. By examining data from eight shallow lakes and their corresponding buffer zones, encompassing lake morphology, water quality parameters, and land use/land cover (LULC) data spanning from 2008 to 2022, which shed light on the complex relationships involved. During the process of restoring polder and aquaculture enclosure areas, we observed a general decrease in the extent of polders and aquaculture enclosures within the lakes. Notably, the removal of aquaculture enclosures had a more pronounced effect (reduction rate of 83.37 %) compared to the withdrawal of polders (reduction rate of 48.76 %). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant decrease in the concentrations of seven water quality parameters, including COD, CODMn, TN, TP, NH3-N, Chl-a, and F, while pH and DO factors exhibit a distinct increasing trend. The results of redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations between the area of polders and aquaculture enclosures and the changes in lake water quality. Encouragingly, the withdrawal of polders and the removal of aquaculture enclosures had a positive impact on the lake water quality improvement. In contrast, the LULC in the buffer zones of the lakes experienced a gradual decline owing to land degradation, resulting in a reduction in ecosystem service value (ESV). These results offer valuable support for policymakers in their endeavors to restore lake water quality, mitigate the degradation of buffer zones land, and promote the sustainable development of land and water resources.

An Improved OMP Algorithm for Enhancing the Anti-Interference Performance of Array Antennas.

The demand for precise positioning in noisy environments has propelled the development of research on array antenna radar systems. Although the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm demonstrates superior performance in signal reconstruction, its application efficacy in noisy settings faces challenges. Consequently, this paper introduces an innovative OMP algorithm, DTM_OMP_ICA (a dual-threshold mask OMP algorithm based on independent component analysis), which optimizes the OMP signal reconstruction framework by utilizing two different observation bases in conjunction with independent component analysis (ICA). By implementing a mean mask strategy, it effectively denoises signals received by array antennas in noisy environments. Simulation results reveal that compared to traditional OMP algorithms, the DTM_OMP_ICA algorithm shows significant advantages in noise suppression capability and algorithm stability. Under optimal conditions, this algorithm achieves a noise suppression rate of up to 96.8%, with its stability also reaching as high as 99%. Furthermore, DTM_OMP_ICA surpasses traditional denoising algorithms in practical denoising applications, proving its effectiveness in reconstructing array antenna signals in noisy settings. This presents an efficient method for accurately reconstructing array antenna signals against a noisy backdrop.

DFT Study of Metal (Ag, Au, Pt)-Modified SnS2 for Adsorption of SF6 Decomposition Gases in Gas-Insulated Switchgear.

In this study, the gas-sensitive response of metal (Ag, Au, Pt)-modified SnS2 toward SF6 decomposition gases (SOF2, SO2F2, SO2, H2S) in gas-insulated switchgear was studied by analyzing the adsorption structure, band structure, charge transfer, and density of states based on density functional theory. The results show that the adsorption of the four target gases on pristine SnS2 belongs to weak physical adsorption. Compared with the pristine SnS2, the adsorption energy of the transition metal atom-modified SnS2 monolayer has been improved to a certain extent and the adsorption capacity of these four gases on the transition metal atom-modified SnS2 monolayer has obviously improved. Moreover, the recovery time of Ag-SnS2/SOF2, Ag-SnS2/SO2F2, Au-SnS2/SOF2, Au-SnS2/SO2F2, and Pt-SnS2/SO2F2 is too short, indicating that these conditions have poor adsorption capacity and sensitivity to SF6 decomposition gases and are not suitable as detection materials for these gases. According to the different changes in conductivity during adsorption, it provides a feasible solution to detect each SF6 decomposition gas. This theoretical study effectively explained the adsorption and sensing properties between the metal-modified monolayers and gases.

Hydro-meteorological factors and inflowing nutrients drive water quality in an impounded lake of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

Freshwater lakes play a vital role in global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, serving various functions and maintaining ecological balance. However, freshwater resources are more vulnerable to deterioration due to multiple stressors. Gaoyou Lake is one of the impounded lakes of the Eastern route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, and as an important source of drinking water, the lake has been routinely monitored. Long-term monitoring of water quality in Gaoyou Lake showed that concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a as well as trophic state in the water column increased while water transparency decreased, indicating that the water quality has declined during the last 12 years. Specifically, there was a notable and statistically significant increase in chlorophyll a concentrations, averaging an annual rate of 9.9%. Despite a slight decline in trophic level index until 2014, subsequent years saw an upward trend, ranging from 50.7 to 56.4 and indicating a light eutrophic state. Spatially, the western area displayed higher nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations. Changes in hydro-meteorological variables and nutrients from inflowing rivers were the main factors correlated with water quality in Gaoyou Lake. Thus, pollution source apportionment and management within Huaihe River basin should be considered to reduce the external loadings of nutrients in order to improve and sustain long-term water quality.

Quantum entanglement and interference at 3 µm.

Given the important advantages of the mid-infrared optical range (2.5 to 25 µm) for biomedical sensing, optical communications, and molecular spectroscopy, extending quantum information technology to this region is highly attractive. However, the development of mid-infrared quantum information technology is still in its infancy. Here, we report on the generation of a time-energy entangled photon pair in the mid-infrared wavelength band. By using frequency upconversion detection technology, we observe the two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference and demonstrate the time-energy entanglement between twin photons at 3082 nm via the Franson-type interferometer, verifying the indistinguishability and nonlocality of the photons. This work is very promising for future applications of optical quantum technology in the mid-infrared band, which will bring more opportunities in the fields of quantum communication, precision sensing, and imaging.

A review on spent Mn-containing Li-ion batteries: Recovery technologies, challenges, and future perspectives.

Mn-containing Li-ion batteries have become primary power sources for electronic devices and electric vehicles because of their high-energy density, extended cycle life, low cost, and heightened safety. In recent years, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have undergone rapid updates, paralleling the swift advancement of the lithium battery industry, resulting in a growing accumulation of LIB scraps annually, necessitating comprehensive recovery strategies. This article reviews the recent progress in recovering spent Mn-containing LIBs (SM-LIBs), specifically focusing on LiMn2O4 and ternary LiCoxMnyNizO2 (NCM). Initially, the study analyzes the current resource profile of SM-LIBs and elucidates their service mechanisms. Subsequently, the study explores the recovery of SM-LIBs, discussing various methods such as the hydrometallurgical approach, combined pyrolytic treatment-wet leaching process, bioleaching pathway, and electrochemical extraction. These discussions include recovery processes, reaction principles, and technological features. In addition, this study evaluates the potential applications of these recovery technologies, considering aspects such as complexity, economic viability, energy consumption, environmental sustainability, and scalability. Finally, it summarizes the challenges associated with the comprehensive recovery and resource utilization of SM-LIBs and offers insights into future directions.

Sevoflurane Alters Serum Metabolites in Elders and Aging Mice and Increases Inflammation in Hippocampus.

Purpose: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a central nervous system complication that occurs after anesthesia, particularly among the elderly. However, the neurological pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sevoflurane exposure on serum metabolites and hippocampal gene expression in elderly patients and aging mice by metabolomics and transcriptomic analysis and to explore the pathogenesis of sevoflurane induced POCD. Patients and Methods: Human serum samples from five patients over 60 years old were collected before sevoflurane anesthesia and 1 hour after anesthesia. Besides, mice aged at 12 months (n=6 per group) were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 2 hours or with sham procedure. Subsequently, serum and hippocampal tissues were harvested for analysis. Further investigation into the relationship between isatin and neuroinflammation was conducted using BV2 microglial cells. Results: Sevoflurane anesthesia led to the activation of inflammatory pathways, an increased presence of hippocampal astrocytes and microglia, and elevated expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines. Comparative analysis identified 12 differential metabolites that exhibited changes in both human and mouse serum post-sevoflurane anesthesia. Notably, isatin levels were significantly decreased after anesthesia. Notably, isatin levels significantly decreased after anesthesia, a factor known to stimulate proliferation and proinflammatory gene expression in microglia-the pivotal cell type in inflammatory responses. Conclusion: Sevoflurane-induced alterations in serum metabolites in both elderly patients and aging mice, subsequently contributing to increased inflammation in the hippocampus.

Twisted van der Waals Quantum Materials: Fundamentals, Tunability, and Applications.

Twisted van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials have emerged as a rapidly developing field of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. These materials establish a new central research area and provide a promising platform for studying quantum phenomena and investigating the engineering of novel optoelectronic properties such as single photon emission, nonlinear optical response, magnon physics, and topological superconductivity. These captivating electronic and optical properties result from, and can be tailored by, the interlayer coupling using moiré patterns formed by vertically stacking atomic layers with controlled angle misorientation or lattice mismatch. Their outstanding properties and the high degree of tunability position them as compelling building blocks for both compact quantum-enabled devices and classical optoelectronics. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the understanding and manipulation of twisted van der Waals structures and presents a survey of the state-of-the-art research on moiré superlattices, encompassing interdisciplinary interests. It delves into fundamental theories, synthesis and fabrication, and visualization techniques, and the wide range of novel physical phenomena exhibited by these structures, with a focus on their potential for practical device integration in applications ranging from quantum information to biosensors, and including classical optoelectronics such as modulators, light emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. It highlights the unique ability of moiré superlattices to connect multiple disciplines, covering chemistry, electronics, optics, photonics, magnetism, topological and quantum physics. This comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in moiré superlattices, shedding light on their fundamental characteristics and their potential for transformative applications in various fields.

Unveiling the Biologically Dynamic Degradation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via a Continuous Flow System.

Nanomaterials are increasingly being employed for biomedical applications, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their degradation behavior and potential toxicity in the biological environment. This study utilizes a continuous flow system to simulate the biologically relevant degradation conditions and investigate the effects of pH, protein, redox species, and chelation ligand on the degradation of iron oxide nanoparticles. The morphology, aggregation state, and relaxivity of iron oxide nanoparticles after degradation are systematically characterized. The results reveal that the iron oxide nanoparticles degrade at a significantly higher rate under the acidic environment. Moreover, incubation with bovine serum albumin enhances the stability and decreases the dissolution rate of iron oxide nanoparticles. In contrast, glutathione accelerates the degradation of iron oxide nanoparticles, while the presence of sodium citrate leads to the fastest degradation. This study reveals that iron oxide nanoparticles undergo degradation through various mechanisms in different biological microenvironments. Furthermore, the dissolution and aggregation of iron oxide nanoparticles during degradation significantly impact their relaxivity, which has implications for their efficacy as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in vivo. The results provide valuable insights for assessing biosafety and bridge the gap between fundamental research and clinical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Observation of a Photonic Orbital Gauge Field.

Gauge field is widely studied in natural and artificial materials. With an effective magnetic field for uncharged particles, many intriguing phenomena are observed in several systems like photonic Floquet topological insulator. However, previous researches about the gauge field mostly focus on limited dimensions such as the Dirac spinor in graphene materials. Here, an orbital gauge field based on photonic triangular lattices is first proposed and experimentally observed. Disclination defects with Frank angle Ω created on such lattices breaks the original lattice symmetry and generates purely geometric gauge field operating on orbital basis functions. Interestingly, it is found that bound states near zero energy with the orbital angular momentum (OAM) l = 2 are intensively confined at the disclination as gradually expanding Ω. Moreover, the introduction of a vector potential field breaks the time-reversal symmetry of the orbital gauge field, experimentally manifested by the chiral transmission of light on helical waveguides. The orbital gauge field further suggests fantastic applications of manipulating the vortex light in photonic integrated devices.