Effects of an Informational Video About Anesthesia on Pre- and Post-Elective Cesarean Section Anxiety and Recovery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND Showing an informational anesthesia video can reduce the preoperative anxiety of parturients undergoing elective cesarean section (CS). However, the best method for presenting such videos remains unclear, and whether such videos can reduce the anxiety level of women during the entire perioperative period for CS (including preoperative and postoperative) has not been studied yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a single-center prospective randomized trial. We randomly divided 121 pregnant women who were scheduled to undergo elective cesarean section (CS) into 2 groups: one group was shown an informational video (video group) and another group was not (control group). Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory was used to evaluate the perioperative anxiety level of parturient women at 3 time points: 1 day before CS, after video education, and 2 days after CS. Salivary cortisol level was evaluated to assess the patients' anxiety level at these 3 time points. Finally, the maternal satisfaction scale for CS and an obstetric quality-of-recovery score (OBsQoR-11) were used to evaluate the satisfaction and recovery of the parturient women 2 days after CS. RESULTS Watching a video about anesthesia significantly reduced the anxiety level of the parturient women during the perioperative period (1 day before CS: p=1.00, p=0.96; after video education: p<0.01, p=0.004; 2 days after CS: p=0.01, p=0.01). The postoperative satisfaction scores were significantly improved in the video group (p=0.007). OBsQoR-11 scores in the video group and control group were not significantly different (p=0.48). Maternal anxiety level was moderately positively correlated with cortisol hormone level. CONCLUSIONS Showing an informational video about anesthesia (video+education) can significantly reduce perioperative anxiety and improve satisfaction after CS. Although it did not improve the postoperative recovery, it was still significant for anesthesia.

Sol-gel molecularly imprinted polymer for selective solid phase microextraction of organophosphorous pesticides.

A sol-gel technique was applied for the preparation of water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for solid phase microextraction (SPME) using diazinon as template and polyethylene glycol as functional monomer. The MIP-coated fiber demonstrated much better selectivity to diazinon and its structural analogs in aqueous cucumber sample than in distilled water, indicating its potential in real samples. Thanks to its specific adsorption as well as rough and porous surface, the coating revealed rather larger extraction capability than the non-imprinted polymer and commercial fibers. In addition, the fiber exhibited excellent thermal (about 350°C) and chemical stability (organic and inorganic). After optimization of several parameters affecting extraction efficiency, a method based on MIP-SPME combined with gas chromatography was developed for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in vegetable samples. The limits of detection for the tested OPPs were in the range of 0.017-0.77 µg kg(-1). The proposed method was applied to evaluate OPPs in spiked cucumber, green pepper, Chinese cabbage, eggplant and lettuce samples, and recoveries of 81.2-113.5% were obtained by the standard addition method with three spiking levels in each kind of vegetable.

Multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction using a new fiber for avoiding matrix interferences in the quantitative determination of ethyl carbamate in pickles.

Multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using a novel fiber coated with anilino-methyl triethoxy silicane-methacrylic acid/terminated silicone oil has been introduced as a useful pretreatment technique coupled to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector for the detection of ethyl carbamate in pickles. Anilino-methyl triethoxy silicane and methacrylic acid are put into use simultaneously with the aim to increase the hydrogen interaction strength between ethyl carbamate and the coating. In addition, the new fiber exhibits high thermal stability, good reproducibility, and long lifetime. Extraction temperature, extraction time, amount of desiccant, and amount of sample were well optimized to guarantee the suitability of multiple HS-SPME. Significant matrix interference was observed among various types of pickles and the multiple HS-SPME procedure was proved to be effective in avoiding the matrix effect by a complete recovery of the analyte. The method showed satisfactory linearity (0.1-100 mg kg(-1)), precision (4.25%, n = 5), and detection limit (0.038 mg kg(-1)). The accuracy of the method was evaluated by comparison with standard addition method and the results were statistically equivalent. The study indicates that the multiple HS-SPME procedure is simple, convenient, accurate, and low-cost, and most of all, can be used for quantitative analysis in complex matrix without matrix effect.

Multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction after matrix modification for avoiding matrix effect in the determination of ethyl carbamate in bread.

This study presents the potential of multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction (multiple HS-SPME) for the quantification of analytes in solid samples. Multiple HS-SPME shares the same advantages as SPME. It also enables a complete recovery of the target compound and therefore the matrix effect, which commonly appears in SPME-based analysis, is avoided. A method based on multiple HS-SPME for the determination of the toxic contaminant ethyl carbamate (EC) in bread samples has been developed and validated, using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. A novel polyethylene glycol/hydroxy-terminated silicone oil fiber was prepared for the first time and subsequently used instead of commercial ones because of its high extraction ability and good operational stability. An important problem still remained in multiple HS-SPME of EC in fresh bread samples. The adsorption of EC by water in the samples caused low transport of analyte to the headspace, which made multiple HS-SPME invalidated. Mixing with anhydrous sodium sulphate, the sensitivity of the method was improved and the problem was solved. The proposed method showed satisfactory linearity (0.15-1500 µg g(-1)), precision (1.6%, n=5) and limit of detection (0.041 µg g(-1)). Good recoveries, from 92.5 to 103.4%, were observed at three spiking levels. The method was applied to 14 bread samples. The multiple HS-SPME technique offers several advantages including reducing the manipulation time and cost, and avoiding analyte losses, especially in the analysis of a large number of samples in different matrices.

Lipopolysaccharide enhances asymmetrical production of cytokines and nitric oxide by left and right cerebral cortical microglial cells in BALB/C mice.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory factors production by the cerebral cortical glial cells in two sides of the murine brain are different. To determine if microglial cells, a subset of glial cells, are involved in asymmetric production, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and nitric oxide (NO) responses to LPS by microglial cells in the right and left cerebral cortices were examined. Primary microglial cells were isolated from BALB/C neonatal mice, treated with LPS (10 µg ml(-1) ) for 24 h and examined for IL-6, IL-1ß and NO production. At untreated state, the levels of IL-6, IL-1ß and NO showed no statistical difference between left and right. However, after LPS treatment, the levels of IL-6, IL-1ß and NO for the right microglial cells was statistically significant higher than the left (P < 0·05). Our results denote that enhanced production of IL-6, IL-1ß and NO after LPS treatment in microglia is directly proportional to their basal-state levels, and right cortical microglia produce higher levels of IL-6, IL-1ß and NO than left cortical microglia.