Deductive Care Methodology: Describing and testing modes of care research.

OBJECTIVE: Define the modes of procedure of the Deductive Care Methodology (DCM) in the generation of knowledge about person's health care. METHODOLOGY: Design and test of the DCM modes based on three phases: mapping of the DCM, generation of models from this methodology and testing of the models through studies in a clinical context. RESULTS: The DCM presents five levels of abstraction with three modes broken down to 16 types. The modes are: Philosophical Mode to conceptualize and obtain generalities about reality, Mathematical Mode to operate with generalities, and Physical Mode to operationally verify, validating the results and the predictive capacity of the model. This MDC allows the creation of three models: Knowledge Model about Person Care, an ontology of care, Vulnerability Model about the person and Taxonomic Triangulation Model for knowledge management. All models generate products for computational knowledge management. In addition, the models are applied in teaching and generate research with more than a hundred participations in conferences and journals, of which five impact publications (from 2008 to 2022) classified in the categories of Nursing and Informatics are analysed. CONCLUSIONS: The DCM collects prior knowledge to work with certainties, evidence and applying inferences that do not depend on the number of cases or inductive designs. This research presents a formal structure of the DCM with an interdisciplinary orientation between Health Sciences and Computer Sciences.

Validation of the Health Index in the Postoperative Period: Use of the Nursing Outcome Classification to Determine the Health Level.

BACKGROUND: The postoperative period is the recovery time after surgery and is defined as an individual process whose purpose is to return the person to the state of normality and integrity that they had prior to surgery. AIM: Demonstrate the modification of the level of health of people in the early postoperative period through the development and validation of the Health Index Instrument, which is built from the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) standardized language. DESIGN: The design used a mixed method, which involved a first phase of instrument development and a second phase of instrument validation. METHODS: The methods was based on focus group techniques with text analysis techniques, internal validation with a group of care language experts, external validation with a group of clinical nursing experts and a clinical validation with quantitative and qualitative analysis. A panel of experts in Language of Care evaluated the (NOC) labels and their correlation with the 11 Health Variables to construct the instrument. The instrument developed was subjected to external validation with a panel of clinical nurse experts in post-anesthesia care. The clinical validation included a cross-sectional descriptive study in a postoperative unit. The final sample of the cross-sectional descriptive study was 139 cases. RESULTS: Of the 89 NOCs proposed in the preliminary construction phase of the instrument, 36 passed through the first round. Of those 36 NOCs, 25 passed through to the second round with a review performance and 11 directly as approved. The total number of approved NOCs were 4. The results of the research show that there are changes in the global score of the health level and in each health variable. It is observed that there was a significant increase in the scores of the health variables at admission and discharge (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the data analysis show that six groups present a similar pattern of evolution of the health variables. A correlation was found between the time of stay in the unit with the scores obtained in the health variables, the physical functioning, comfort status and the presence of symptoms being particularly significant.

Competencies in the Robotics of Care for Nursing Robotics: A Scoping Review.

In parallel with the development and design of different technological advances, competencies in nursing have advanced. With the development of robotics, it is expected that nursing robotic competencies will also increase. The aim of this study is to review the competencies in nursing robotics. A review was conducted between January 2017 and December 2023. The search strategy was carried out in the MEDLINE database (through PubMed). This review explores the developmental competencies in nursing robotics and informatics. The data extraction in this review included an intentional search for competencies and learning outcomes in engineering and robotic programs. A total of 340 competencies and program outcomes were reviewed. The synthesis of the data established a total of 17 developmental competencies in nursing robotics based on this knowledge extraction, which we organized into five categories: assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention (implementation) and evaluation. This review suggests that nursing robotic competencies for the development of care robotics are still scarce, and there is an opportunity for the development of competencies and the definition of new roles in the area of nursing informatics in order to adapt to the new health care demands of society.

Use of Ultrasound to Verify the Impact of Telemedicine Myofunctional Therapy on Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Study Protocol Proposal.

The anatomy of the upper airways influences the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The size of soft tissue structures, such as the tongue, soft palate, and lateral walls of the pharynx, contributes to the pathogenesis of OSA. New lines of treatment for sleep apnea, such as myofunctional therapy (MT), aim to strengthen the oropharyngeal musculature to improve the defining parameters of apnea. The present protocol uses ultrasound imaging to measure the size of the lingual musculature non-invasively and cost-effectively and evaluates the changes in its morphology. Eligible patients include those with OSA who have undergone submental cervical ultrasound and drug-induced sleep endoscopy before starting MT with the AirwayGym app. Follow-up evaluations are conducted at 3 months after beginning treatment. Patients diagnosed with OSA via questionnaires and polysomnography or respiratory polygraphy are evaluated anatomically and functionally using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, a tongue digital spoon, somnoscopy, and submental cervical ultrasound to assess their responses to the AirwayGym app. The lingual thickness (mm) and volume (cm3) and the distance between both lingual arteries (mm) are measured. The AirwayGym app helps users and therapists monitor the patient performance of MT. Incorporating submental ultrasound can be a useful non-invasive tool to evaluate OSA and MT.

Tracheotomy versus tracheostomy, the need for lexicographical clarification.

In the healthcare field, the terms "traqueotomía" and "traqueostomía" are frequently used, often leading to confusion among professionals regarding the appropriate definition for each term or which one should be considered more correct in specific cases. A search was conducted for the terms "traqueotomía" and "traqueostomía" in general Spanish-language dictionaries such as the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (DRAE) and the Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (DHLE), as well as for the English terms "tracheotomy" and "tracheostomy" in English general dictionaries like the Oxford Dictionary, the Cambridge Dictionary, and the Collins English Dictionary. Additionally, searches were performed in medical dictionaries in both Spanish, specifically the Dictionary of Medical Terms of the National Academy of Medicine (DTM), and English, including the Farlex Dictionary. The terms were also explored using the Google search engine. Definitions were analyzed from both lexicographical and etymological perspectives. Definitions found in general dictionaries, in both Spanish and English, were found to be imprecise, limited, and ambiguous, as they mixed outdated indications with criteria that deviated from etymology. In contrast, definitions in medical dictionaries in both languages were more aligned with etymology. "Traqueotomía" strictly identifies the surgical procedure of creating an opening in the anterior face of the trachea. "Traqueostomía" identifies the creation of an opening that connects the trachea to the exterior, involving a modification of the upper airway by providing an additional entry for the respiratory pathway. "Traqueostomía" becomes the sole means of entry to the airway in total laryngectomies. Both terms can be used synonymously when a traqueotomía culminates in a traqueostomía. However, it is not appropriate to use the term "traqueostomía" when the procedure concludes with the closure of the planes and does not result in the creation of a stoma. Traqueostomas can be qualified with adjectives indicating permanence (temporary/permanent), size (large/small), shape (round/elliptical), or depth, without being linked to any specific disease or surgical indication. Not all permanent traqueostomas are the result of total laryngectomies, and they do not necessarily have an irreversible character systematically.

Very long-term efficacy and safety of paclitaxel-eluting balloon after a bare-metal stent for the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: 8-year results of a randomized clinical trial (PEBSI study).

Background: Drug-eluting stents (DES) are considered the therapy of choice in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); however, a low persistent rate of revascularizations and stent thrombosis exist over the time. We have previously shown that a paclitaxel (PTX)-drug-coated balloon (DCB) after a bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation (DCB-combined strategy) yields superior angiographic and clinical results compared to BMS in the short term. However, the long-term safety and efficacy of this approach remain uncertain. Methods: An 8-year clinical follow-up was conducted on patients enrolled in the randomized PEBSI-1 trial (NCT01839890). The original trial included patients who suffered a STEMI, patients were randomly assigned to receive a DCB-combined strategy or BMS only and the primary endpoint was in-stent late luminal loss (LLL) at 9-month follow-up. After the completion of this study, death, myocardial re-infarction, ischemia-driven repeated revascularizations included target lesion revascularization (TLR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR), and stent thrombosis, were assessed by yearly contact by a clinical visit, telephone or by electronic records. These outcomes were adhered to ARC-2 criteria. Results: The rate of incomplete follow-up was very low, with only 3 out of 111 patients (2.7%) in the DCB-combined strategy group and 1 out of 112 patients (0.9%) in the BMS group. At 8 years there were a lower rate of TVR [3.7% vs. 14.3%; hazard ratio (HR): 0.243; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.081-0.727; P=0.006], and a trend towards lower TLR (2.8% vs. 8.9%; HR: 0.300; 95% CI: 0.083-1.090; P=0.052) in the DCB-combined strategy group. No statistical difference between the DCB-combined strategy and BMS groups were found for all causes of death, deaths from cardiovascular disease, reinfarctions or stent thrombosis. Notably in the DCB-combined strategy group, no episode of stent thrombosis occurred after the first year. Similarly, there were no cardiovascular deaths, TVR and TLR in the DCB-combined strategy group after 5 years. In contrast, during the period from year 5 to 8, the BMS group experienced an additional cardiovascular death, as well as one case of TVR, one case of TLR, and one case of stent thrombosis. Conclusions: In STEMI patients, the DCB-combined strategy maintains its safety and clinical efficacy over time. Our rates of TVR, TLR, and very late stent thrombosis (VLST) at very long-term are the lowest ever found in a STEMI trial. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential superiority of this novel strategy as compared with new-generation DES to prevent very late events in these patients. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT01839890.

Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on risk management of biological treatment and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To present recommendations based on the available evidence and the consensus of experts, for risk management of biological treatment and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Clinical research questions relevant to the purpose of the document were identified. These questions were reformulated in PICO format (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome or outcome) by a panel of experts, selected based on their experience in the area. A systematic review of the evidence was carried out, grading according to the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Specific recommendations were then formulated. RESULTS: 6 PICO questions were proposed by the panel of experts based on their clinical relevance and the existence of recent information regarding the risk of occurrence of serious infections, the risk of reactivation of the hepatitis B virus, the risk of reactivation of the virus varicella-zoster, the risk of appearance of skin (melanoma and non-melanoma) or haematological cancer, the risk of appearance of thromboembolic disease and the risk of progression of the human papilloma virus. A total of 28 recommendations were formulated, structured by question, based on the evidence found and the consensus of the experts. CONCLUSIONS: The SER recommendations on risk management of treatment with biologic therapies and JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis are presented.

Pre- and postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are required for sequential printing of fear memory engrams.

The organization of fear memory involves the participation of multiple brain regions. However, it is largely unknown how fear memory is formed, which circuit pathways are used for "printing" memory engrams across brain regions, and the role of identified brain circuits in memory retrieval. With advanced genetic methods, we combinatorially blocked presynaptic output and manipulated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) before and after cued fear conditioning. Further, we tagged fear-activated neurons during associative learning for optogenetic memory recall. We found that presynaptic mPFC and postsynaptic BLA NMDARs are required for fear memory formation, but not expression. Our results provide strong evidence that NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity drives multi-trace systems consolidation for the sequential printing of fear memory engrams from BLA to mPFC and, subsequently, to the other regions, for flexible memory retrieval.

Beta-band differences in primary motor cortex between media and non-media professionals when watching motor actions in movies.

To watch a person doing an activity has an impact on the viewer. In fact, the film industry hinges on viewers looking at characters doing all sorts of narrative activities. From previous works, we know that media and non-media professionals perceive differently audiovisuals with cuts. Media professionals present a lower eye-blink rate, a lower activity in frontal and central cortical areas, and a more organized functional brain connectivity when watching audiovisual cuts. Here, we aimed to determine how audiovisuals with no formal interruptions such as cuts were perceived by media and non-media professionals. Moreover, we wondered how motor actions of characters in films would have an impact on the brain activities of the two groups of observers. We presented a narrative with 24 motor actions in a one-shot movie in wide shot with no cuts to 40 participants. We recorded the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of the participants and analyzed it for the periods corresponding to the 24 motor actions (24 actions × 40 participants = 960 potential trials). In accordance with collected results, we observed differences in the EEG activity of the left primary motor cortex. A spectral analysis of recorded EEG traces indicated the presence of significant differences in the beta band between the two groups after the onset of the motor activities, while no such differences were found in the alpha band. We concluded that media expertise is related with the beta band identified in the EEG activity of the left primary motor cortex and the observation of motor actions in videos.

Noradrenergic projections regulate the acquisition of classically conditioned eyelid responses in wild-type and are impaired in kreisler mice.

During embryonic development, heterozygous mutant kreisler mice undergo ectopic expression of the Hoxa3 gene in the rostral hindbrain, affecting the opioid and noradrenergic systems. In this model, we have investigated behavioral and cognitive processes in their adulthood. We confirmed that pontine and locus coeruleus neuronal projections are impaired, by using startle and pain tests and by analyzing immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase. Our results showed that, even if kreisler mice are able to generate eyelid reflex responses, there are differences with wild-types in the first component of the response (R1), modulated by the noradrenergic system. The acquisition of conditioned motor responses is impaired in kreisler mice when using the trace but not the delay paradigm, suggesting a functional impairment in the hippocampus, subsequently confirmed by reduced quantification of alpha2a receptor mRNA expression in this area but not in the cerebellum. Moreover, we demonstrate the involvement of adrenergic projection in eyelid classical conditioning, as clonidine prevents the appearance of eyelid conditioned responses in wild-type mice. In addition, hippocampal motor learning ability was restored in kreisler mice by administration of adrenergic antagonist drugs, and a synergistic effect was observed following simultaneous administration of idazoxan and naloxone.

Influence of Chronotypes in Respiratory Pathology.

The circadian rhythm of sleep occurs in a cyclical 24-h pattern that is adjusted by the influence of several main synchronizers or "zeitgebers". The most powerful synchronizer is the light-dark alternation, but also, socio-economic factors play a role, such as social and work relationships. Circadian rhythm regulation plays a crucial role in human health. This disruption of circadian rhythm can lead to increased incidence of diseases: diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Polygenic variations and environmental factors influence the circadian rhythm of each person. This is known as chronotype, which manifests itself as the degree of morning of evening preferences of each individual. There are indications to establish an association between individual chronotype preferences and the behavior of respiratory diseases.

El ritmo circadiano del sueño ocurre en un patrón cíclico de 24 horas que se ajusta por la influencia de varios sincronizadores principales o zeitgebers. El sincronizador más poderoso es la alternancia luz-oscuridad, además de los factores socioeconómicos, las relaciones sociales y las laborales. La regulación del ritmo circadiano juega un papel crucial en la salud humana. Esta interrupción del ritmo circadiano puede conducir a una mayor incidencia de enfermedades: diabetes, obesidad, cáncer, enfermedades neurodegenerativas, mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular e ictus.Las variaciones poligénicas y los factores ambientales influyen en el ritmo circadiano de cada persona. Esto se conoce como cronotipo, que se manifiesta como el grado de preferencias matutinas o vespertinas de cada individuo. Existen indicios para establecer una asociación entre las preferencias individuales de cronotipo y el comportamiento de las enfermedades respiratorias.

[Management from Primary Care of monkeypox infection (MPOX) in humans]. / Manejo desde atención primaria de la infección por la viruela del mono (MPOX) en humanos.

Monkeypox (MPOX) is a viral zoonosis endemic in West or Central African countries that is sporadically exported to another area. In May 2022, a global outbreak of MPOX smallpox began to occur in several countries in Europe and North America. Most of the reported cases are identified at the outpatient level and mainly affect men who have sex with men (MSM). Transmission is by close contact with lesions, body fluids, respiratory secretions or contaminated material from an infected person or animal. The clinical picture is similar to human smallpox, with less severity. Mild, self-limiting skin involvement predominates after 2-4 weeks. In MSM, atypical skin lesions appear due to the mode of infection. Severe forms or complications may appear in certain risk groups. The case fatality rate is 3%-6% depending on the clade responsible. The diagnosis of suspicion is confirmed by detection of the virus from exudates of lesions or scabs, with nucleic acid amplification techniques by conventional or real-time PCR. Clinical management in most cases is performed in primary care (PC), by monitoring the main symptoms. Between 5-10% require hospital management and there are some specific antiviral treatment options. Human smallpox vaccines protect against MPOX and are used as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis for persons at risk. Measures to reduce exposure to the virus are the main MPOX prevention strategy. In addition, the role of the family physician is key to controlling the spread of MPOX through active surveillance and early diagnosis of the disease.

Comparison Study of FNAC Using the Milan System Cytopathology versus Definitive Histology for the Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: Salivary gland tumors (SGT) represent 6 to 8 percent of head and neck tumors. The cytologic diagnosis of SGT is performed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with variable sensitivity and specificity. The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) categorizes the cytological results and provides the risk of malignancy (ROM). The aim of our study was to evaluate the cytological findings with the definitive pathological findings to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in SGT according to MSRSGC classification. METHOD: An observational, retrospective, single-center study was carried out at a tertiary referral hospital over a period of 10 years. Patients that underwent FNAC for major SGT and that have undergone surgery to remove the tumor were included. A histopathological follow-up was performed on the surgically excised lesions. Results from the FNAC were categorized into one of the six MSRSGC categories. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for determining benign and malignant cases were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 417 cases were analyzed. The cytological prediction of ROM was 10% in nondiagnostic, 12.12% in non-neoplastic, 3.58% in neoplasm benign group, 60% in AUS and SUMP groups, and 100% in suspicious and malignant group. The statistical analysis of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy for determining benign cases was 99%, 55%, 94%, 93%, and 94%, respectively, and for determining malignant neoplasm was 54%, 99%, 93%, 94%, and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In our hands, MSRSGC is highly sensitive for benign tumors and highly specific for malignant tumors. The low sensitivity to differentiate malignant from benign cases makes it necessary to apply an adequate anamnesis, physical examination, and imaging tests to consider surgical treatment in most cases.

Active and Healthy Confinement: Care Recommendations on Activity, Sleep and Relationships.

Persons that lived through periods of confinement suffered an impact on their physical and mental health. The adaptation of the lifestyle in relation to activity, sleep and social relationships is key to facing these periods of confinement. The aim is to validate a series of care recommendations aimed at being able to maintain an active and healthy confinement, which serves to prepare the population for future health crises. This study is part of a general strategy based on a care recommendation guide for COVID-19. The validation was carried out by a group of experts using the Delphi technique through a questionnaire that uses the Content Validity Index (CVI) and considers high validation those with a score >0.80. A total of 75 care recommendations are proposed: 30 on activity-exercise (CVI = 0.82), 14 on sleep-rest (CVI = 0.83) and 31 on roles-relationships (CVI = 0.83). Additionally, 49 recommendations achieve high validation. The care recommendations integrate a person-centred model, which addresses individual characteristics (age, health status, professional role). An active and healthy confinement requires respecting social distance measures, maintaining a balance between physical activity and sleep, and using technologies to promote social contact, which promote well-being and avoid depression and anxiety.

Tracheostomy Patient Care Unit. An innovative Otorhinolaryngology solution of a transversal nature for the hospital.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The care of tracheostomized patients are high risk skills and low incidence. Strategies for improvement of health care in hospital wards and specialties other than otolaryngology based solely on training have not been able to offer an adequate solution. A tracheostomized patient unit is presented directed by the otolaryngology service to attend all tracheostomized hospitalised patients of all specialties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Background: Third level public hospital with 876 hospitalisation beds and 30 ICU beds for 481,296 inhabitants. Unit model: Transversal unit for the hospital providing attention to all tracheostomized patients, adults, and children, of all specialties, with dedication of 50% of a ENT nurse of hospitalisation that moves to the hospitalisation bed of the specialty of each patient and 50% of another office ENT nurse for ambulatory patients care, with the consultancy of an ENT specialist and coordinated by the ENT supervisor. RESULTS: 572 patients between 2016 and 2021, 80% men, aged 63 ± 14 years, were attended in the Unit. 14.7 ± 2 tracheostomized patients daily and 96 ± 4 complication annual consultations were attended, rising up to 19 tracheostomized patients daily by 2020 and 141 ± 8.4 consultations by complications in 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean stay of the non-ENT specialties was reduced in 13 days, increasing the satisfaction of the ENT and non-ENT professionals and the satisfaction of the users. CONCLUSIONS: A Tracheostomized Patient Care Unit proactively directed from the Otorhinolaryngology Service to transversally care for all tracheostomized patients improves the quality of health care by reducing stay, complications, and emergencies. Improves the satisfaction of non-otolaryngological professionals by reducing the anxiety of facing care of patients who lack knowledge and experience and that of ENT specialists and nurses by reducing unplanned extemporaneous demands for care. Improves user satisfaction by perceiving adequate continuity of care. The Otorhinolaryngology Services provide their experience in the management of laryngectomized and tracheostomized patients and in teamwork with other specialists and professionals without the need to create new structures outside Otorhinolaryngology.

Care Robotics: An Assessment of Professional Perception in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 crisis accelerated the adoption of technologies. Technological advancement is also expected in robotics applied to any sector, including in healthcare. The aim is to assess the professional perception of care robotics facing COVID-19. This study aimed to (1) select a tool for assessing different aspects of healthcare, (2) analyse the professional perception about the development, usefulness and helpfulness of technologies and robotics in the field of healthcare and (3) evaluate the correlation between the perceived helpfulness of care robotics and the selected tool. We implement five validated clinical tests which integrate 80 items about a person and their clinical situation. From the sample of 46 professionals, 95.65% affirmed that technology was moderately to completely useful for professional performance in the context of the pandemic, lowering to 67.39% when asked only about robotics; 93.48% stated that the inclusion of robotics in at least one health area affected by COVID-19 would have helped them. Finally, the variables extracted from clinical tests corresponded to the most relevant health areas as identified by the professionals. This research shows the potential of care robotics oriented towards healthcare from a care paradigm.

Impact of COVID-19 on diagnosis of tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and on mortality in 11 countries in Europe, Northern America, and Australia. A Global Tuberculosis Network study.

OBJECTIVES: Although evidence is growing on the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis (TB) services, global studies based on national data are needed to better quantify the extent of the impact and the countries' preparedness to tackle the two diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the number of people with new diagnoses or recurrence of TB disease, the number of drug-resistant (DR)-TB, and the number of TB deaths in 2020 vs 2019 in 11 countries in Europe, Northern America, and Australia. METHODS: TB managers or directors of national reference centers of the selected countries provided the agreed-upon variables through a validated questionnaire on a monthly basis. A descriptive analysis compared the incidence of TB and DR-TB and mortality of the pre-COVID-19 year (2019) vs the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020). RESULTS: Comparing 2020 vs 2019, lower number of TB cases (new diagnosis or recurrence) was notified in all countries (except USA-Virginia and Australia), and fewer DR-TB notifications (apart from France, Portugal, and Spain). The deaths among TB cases were higher in 2020 compared to 2019 in most countries with three countries (France, The Netherlands, USA-Virginia) reporting minimal TB-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive evaluation of medium-term impact of COVID-19 on TB services would benefit from similar studies in multiple settings and from global availability of treatment outcome data from TB/COVID-19 co-infected patients.