RESUMO
A carcass is defined as a temporary resource that can support high levels of diversity compared to other resources. The level of diversity often depends on the environmental conditions in which the corpse is found. Calliphoridae (Diptera) are the most important necrophagous insects used in forensic investigations because this family is common, widespread, abundant, and usually the first to colonize a corpse. However, understanding the processes responsible for variation in calliphorid species abundance and richness along gradients in ecology remains a key challenge. In this study, we analyzed the influence of altitude on the abundance and diversity of Calliphoridae species in corpses at three different altitudes (400, 900, and 1500 m a.s.l.) in a mountainous area of southeastern Spain. The results revealed a gradient of decreasing abundance with increasing altitude. An altitudinal substitution of species was observed, with Chrysomya albiceps being found at the lowest altitude and Calliphora vicina at the highest altitude. Seasonal variation was also noted, with Ch. albiceps being the dominant species in the warmer months and C. vicina being the dominant species in winter. Our results confirm the importance of Calliphorids as seasonal, altitudinal, and environmental indicators, given the wide distribution and abundance of this family. This information is of great interest on the interpretation of data in forensic practice.
Assuntos
Altitude , Calliphoridae , Comportamento Alimentar , Entomologia Forense , Estações do Ano , Animais , Espanha , Calliphoridae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Mudanças Depois da Morte , DípterosRESUMO
One of the most important and perhaps most used applications of forensic entomology concerns the estimation of the minimum post-mortem interval (minPMI), defined as the time interval between death and the actual finding of a corpse. Some Diptera species are critical in these studies because they are the first ones capable of detecting and finding a corpse and are selectively attracted by its decomposing status. Thus, the knowledge of the micromorphology of their preimaginal stages and of their life cycles within a time frame constitutes solid indicators for estimating the minPMI. Hydrotaea capensis is a Muscidae of forensic interest usually considered as a late colonizer of corpses. It is widely distributed, living mainly in warm regions, and present in a wide variety of habitats. In this study, the H. capensis life cycle was studied at four constant temperatures, 18°, 20°, 25° and 30 °C, by recording the duration of its different developmental stages, including the length reached in each larval stage, as well as some biometric characteristics of the emerged adults. Significant differences were observed in the average time of development of most larval stages, with a longer duration at low temperatures, and in the length of each larval stage depending on the temperature, but, in this case, without a clear pattern. Moreover, significant differences were found in some alar features, pointing to them as a relevant indicator to be considered. The data provided will assist forensic entomologists to make more accurate minPMI estimations in cases where H. capensis is present.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Uterine Cervical Cancer (UCC) screening has changed with the introduction of the High Risk Human Papilloma Virus test (HRHPV) and its evaluation is necessary. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of UCC screening with activities aimed at early detection and treatment to modify the natural history of the process and improve its prognosis. METHODS: Cytology and HR-HPV (co-testing) were performed according to the SEGO protocol of 2010 between 2011 and 2015 with follow-up until 2017. The HR-HPV DNA test was HC2 Hybrid Capture (Digene®) at the beginning (16.1% of the cases) and Cobas 4800 (Roche®) afterwards. Target population: Barbastro´s health area. The initial treatment was conization with loop (LLETZ). Sensitivity and Positive Predictive Value of tests were studied, as well as the association between demographic and pathological variables. RESULTS: 238 high-grade dysplasias (HSIL) or more (CIN2+) were detected with a mean age of 37.9±10.3 years and 60.0% were genotype 16 and/or 18 positive. 220 patients (92.4%) underwent conization completed thereafter with reconization or hysterectomy in 25 cases (11.4%). HSIL was diagnosed in 220 cases (92.4%) and invasive carcinoma in 18 (7.6%), 7 microinvasive (2.9%). 14.4% of cones had no HSIL (negative cone) and 83.2% got free margins. 52.0% had involvement in a single quadrant and the mean horizontal extension was 3.5±3.1mm. Only in 14 (6.7%) patients the disease (HR-HPV positive) persisted after treatment. A statistically significant association was found in our cases between affected borders and age over 45 years (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The co-test has detected small preinvasive lesions, localized in a single quadrant and microinvasive cancers . Loop conization was effective, achieving the cure of 93.3% of the patients.
OBJETIVO: El cribado del cáncer de cérvix uterino (CCU) ha cambiado con la introducción del test del virus del Papiloma Humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR) y es necesaria su evaluación. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la eficacia del cribado del CCU con las actividades orientadas a la detección y tratamiento precoz para modificar la historia natural del proceso y mejorar su pronóstico. METODOS: Se realizó un cribado con citología y VPH-AR (co-test) según el protocolo SEGO de 2010 entre los años 2011 y 2015 con seguimiento hasta 2017. El test de ADN VPH-AR fue Captura de Híbridos HC2 (Digene ®) al inicio (16,1% de los casos) y Cobas 4800 (Roche®) después. La población diana fue el Área de salud de Barbastro. El tratamiento inicial fue la conización con asa (LLETZ). Se estudió la sensibilidad y el valor predictivo positivo de los test, así como la asociación entre variables demográficas y patológicas. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron 238 displasias de alto grado (HSIL) o mayor con una media de edad de 37,9±10,3 años y el 60,0% fueron positivas a los genotipos 16 y/o 18. Se conizaron 220 pacientes (92,4%) y en 25 (11,4%) se precisó reconización o histerectomía. Se diagnosticó HSIL en 220 pacientes (92,4%) y carcinoma invasor en 18 (7,6%), 7 microinvasores (2,9%). En el 14,4% de los conos no se halló HSIL (conos blancos) y el 83,2% tuvo bordes libres. El 52,0% tenía afectación en un solo cuadrante y el tamaño tuvo de media 3,5±3,1mm. Sólo 14 pacientes (6,7%) continuaban enfermas (VPH-AR positivo) tras tratamiento. Se halló, en nuestros casos, asociación estadísticamente significativa entre bordes afectados y edad mayor de 45 años (p=0,005). CONCLUSIONES: El co-test ha detectado lesiones preinvasoras, pequeñas, localizadas en un solo cuadrante y carcinomas microinvasores. La conización con asa fue eficaz logrando la curación del 93,3% de las pacientes.
