Incidence of hospital-admitted severe traumatic brain injury and in-hospital fatality rates in a Pacific Island country: a 5-year retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiology of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is poorly defined in the Pacific region, including in New Caledonia. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, causes and outcome of hospital-admitted severe TBI in the whole population of New Caledonia. METHODS: A retrospective study on patients with severe TBI admitted to the only trauma centre during the 5-year period (2008-2012) was performed. The electronic patient register was searched for diagnoses of intracranial injuries to identify patients. Severe TBI was defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale Score ≤ 8 during the first 24 hours after injury. RESULTS: The annual incidence ranged from 10/100 000 in 2010 to 15/100 000 in 2011. Road traffic accidents (n = 109; 71%), falls (n = 26; 17%) and assaults (n = 19; 12%) were causes of severe TBI. Young Melanesian adults (median age = 26 [19-36]) were the most affected. In ICU, the overall case-fatality rate was 25%. The mortality rate was the highest among victims of assaults (47%). CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of hospital-admitted patients with severe TBI in this study combined with high in-ICU mortality rates supports the need for targeted public health action to prevent assaults and traffic road accidents in this vulnerable population.

Shift change handovers and subsequent interruptions: potential impacts on quality of care.

OBJECTIVES: Two statistical surveys in France revealed both widespread dissatisfaction about shift change handovers and the feeling of being frequently disturbed by interruptions. Shift change handovers (SCHs) are being reduced or eliminated in France to reduce staff costs. The objective of our study is to clarify the consequences of short SCHs on efficiency, team function, and quality of care. METHODS: Real-time task ergonomic analysis of 29 state-registered nurses (RNs), 18 nursing aides (NAs), and 14 full-time physicians was conducted in various departments of general and university hospitals. RESULTS: The average time available to RNs for sharing information during SCHs was 15 minutes at the beginning of the work session and 13 minutes at the end. There were, on average, 50 interruptions of activity, and these interruptions occupied 16% of the working time. Consequently, less time was available for direct care, although the number of such acts was increased. Periods for preparation of care, writing, seeking information, or equipment were very numerous. The mean number of changes of activity was very large: 260 per work session. For NAs, SCHs were similar to those for RNs at the beginning of the work session (mean = 18 minutes) but shorter at the end (10 minutes). The mean number of interruptions was 30 and caused 10.3% of the working time to be lost with 164 changes of activity. For physicians, SCHs were even shorter and, in many cases, nonexistent. The mean number of interruptions was 30 (11.4% of their working time, 153 changes of activity). Shift change handovers were mostly conducted separately for RNs, NAs, and physicians. DISCUSSION: A better sharing of knowledge between the different health-care workers, and especially at the beginning of the work session, could reduce interruptions and potentially improve quality of care.

Inter- and intra-individual variability in transdermal fentanyl absorption in cancer pain patients.

A transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) is recommended for use in chronic cancer pain, particularly in the advanced stages. The aim of this trial was to study intra- and interindividual variabilities in fentanyl transdermal absorption and investigate physiological and clinical parameters that can influence the absorption in patients treated using a TTS for moderate to severe cancer pain. The study group consisted of 108 patients (71 men and 37 women; mean age, 61.3 years) with chronic cancer pain. A total of 507 patches were analysed. The TTSs used to administer fentanyl were removed after a 72-h period. The amount of fentanyl remaining in the patches was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection. Depending on the analgesic requirements of the patient, the dose of fentanyl administered by TTS ranged from 25 to 500 microg/h. The study period was 6 months. Large interindividual variability in the amount of remaining fentanyl in the patches occurred. For 58.1% of patches, absorption was 60 to 84%; for 33.2% of them, it was lower; and for 8.8%, it was higher than this range. The intra-individual variability ranged from 2.8 to 75.1%. The bioavailability of fentanyl was statistically different according to patient age. Patients >75 years of age absorbed 50% of the fentanyl during the selected 72-h period, whereas patients <65 years absorbed 66%. Moreover, there is a significant difference in the percentage of absorbed fentanyl according to the type of cancer. The absorption was higher in patients with breast or digestive cancer than in those with lung cancer. Hyperhidrosis, hypertrichosis and the localization of patches on the skin did not influence bioavailability. For the entire group, transdermal fentanyl treatment provided good to excellent pain relief in the majority of patients.

Inter- and intraindividual variabilities in pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after repeated 72-hour transdermal applications in cancer pain patients.

Perception of pain by the patient is frequently one of the early signs preceding a diagnosis of cancer and, later, a sinister sign of disease progression. Among opioid drugs, transdermal fentanyl has been evaluated in the treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain. The objective of this study was to investigate the intra- and interindividual variabilities in pharmacokinetics after fentanyl drug delivery by the transdermal fentanyl patch delivery system in patients with cancer pain. As a first step, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of the analgesic fentanyl in human plasma. This method was validated over the concentration range 0.15-100 ng/mL. The study group consisted of 29 inpatients (18 men and 11 women; age range 29-80 years). The initial transdermal fentanyl delivery rate was chosen depending on the patient's analgesic requirements. For 20 patients, the initial TTS fentanyl delivery rate was 25 or 50 microg/h. For 6 patients, the initial delivery rate was 75-150 microg/h. Two patients received up to 300 microg/h fentanyl delivery rate, and 3 patients received up to 350 microg/h fentanyl delivery rate. Fifteen of the 29 patients received rescue doses of subcutaneous or oral morphine, and 26 patients received paracetamol with codeine (30 mg per os). Blood samples were collected at the following intervals: 2-5, 22-26, or 45-47 hours following fentanyl patch application. The severity of pain experienced by the patient was assessed thrice daily using a visual analogue scale. The study period was 46 days. Large patient-to-patient variations in pharmacokinetic parameters occurred, although intraindividual variability was limited. A mean bioavailability of 78% was estimated; the total clearance averaged 41 L/h. From 25 to 100 mug/h fentanyl delivery rate, the pharmacokinetics was linear. At the 2 highest doses, an increase of total clearance was observed (>60 L/h). For the whole group, transdermal fentanyl treatment provided good to excellent pain relief in the majority of patients.