Evaluation of height prediction models: from traditional methods to artificial intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Traditional methods for predicting adult height (AHP) rely on manual readings of bone age (BA). However, the incorporation of artificial intelligence has recently improved the accuracy of BA readings and their incorporation into AHP models. METHODS: This study aimed to identify the AHP model that fits the current average height for adults in Mexico. Using a cross-sectional design, the study included 1173 participants (5-18 yr). BA readings were done by two experts (manually) and with an automated method (BoneXpert®). AHP was carried out using both traditional and automated methods. The best AHP model was the one that was closest to the population mean. RESULTS: All models overestimated the population mean (males: 0.7-6.7 cm, females: 0.9-3.7 cm). The AHP models with the smallest difference were BoneXpert for males and Bayley & Pinneau for females. However, the manual readings of BA showed significant interobserver variability (up to 43% of predictions between observers exceeded 5 cm using the Bayley & Pinneau method). CONCLUSION: Traditional AHP models relying on manual BA readings have high interobserver variability. Therefore, BoneXpert is the most reliable option, reducing such variability and providing AHP models that remain close to the mean population height. IMPACT: Traditional models for predicting adult height often result in overestimated height predictions. The manual reading of bone age is prone to interobserver variability, which can introduce significant biases in the prediction of adult height. The BoneXpert method minimizes the variability associated with traditional methods and demonstrates consistent results in relation to the average height of the population. This study is the first to assess adult height prediction models specifically in the current generations of Mexican children.

Validation of the Childhood Family Mealtime Questionnaire in Mexican Adolescents with Obesity and Their Caregivers.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a significant public health concern in Mexico, with far-reaching implications for the nation's healthcare system and economy. In light of this challenge, our study sought to validate the Childhood Family Mealtime Questionnaire (CFMQ) in Mexican adolescents living with obesity and their primary caregivers. METHODS: A sample of 56 adolescents ages 13 to 17 years and their primary caregivers from one pediatric obesity clinic participated in the study. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the CFMQ's consistency, reliability, and construct validity among all participants. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's α, and the questionnaire's reliability was assessed through test-retest and intraclass correlation coefficients. Construct validity was assessed through an exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: Our findings confirmed strong internal consistency and reliability for both adolescents and caregivers. Construct validity was established through exploratory factor analysis, refining the questionnaire while preserving its original seven dimensions. This validation of the CFMQ highlights its applicability in evaluating family mealtime experiences in this context, providing valuable insights into the dynamics that influence adolescent nutrition and health. CONCLUSION: The CFMQ proves to be a reliable tool for assessing family mealtime experiences in Mexican adolescents living with obesity and their caregivers who seek care at third-level public hospitals.

Barriers in the Management of Obesity in Mexican Children and Adolescents through the COVID-19 Lockdown-Lessons Learned and Perspectives for the Future.

The COVID-19 lockdown caused health system issues, including the need for long-term care for patients with conditions like childhood obesity. We wanted to know how the lockdown had changed our patients' health and which variables had greater influence in preventing and managing overweight and obesity in kids and teens during and after the lockdown. METHODS: Our study comprised two phases. The initial descriptive cross-sectional phase included surveys of children who are overweight or obese and their parents/guardians from the Pediatric Obesity Clinic at the Child Welfare Unit (UBI, acronym in Spanish) in the Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga" (n = 129). The participants were studied to explore changes in lifestyle, physical activity, sleep patterns, eating behaviors, food consumption, anxiety, and depression. In the second phase, the biochemical, body composition, and anthropometric parameters of 29 pre-COVID-19 patients were compared before and after the lockdown. RESULTS: The survey showed more moderate anxiety and depression, alterations in sleep, physical inactivity, and an increase in the consumption of animal products, fruits, cereals, tubers, sugary drinks, and ultra-processed food. In the study's comparative phase, we observed a substantial increase in BMI z-score (p = 0.01), waist circumference (p < 0.001), fat mass (p < 0.001), percentage of adiposity (p = 0.002), and basal glucose (p = 0.047) and a drop in lean mass (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic led to a loss of routines and socioeconomic changes that made it difficult to address weight and obesity in young people. The results show that managing obesity in our patients involves considering both lifestyle and the social environment. This encourages us to consider a comprehensive and personalized approach.

Metabolomic Phenotype of Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis in Mexican Children Living with Obesity.

Background and Objectives: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease or MASLD is the main cause of chronic liver diseases in children, and it is estimated to affect 35% of children living with obesity. This study aimed to identify metabolic phenotypes associated with two advanced stages of MASLD (hepatic steatosis and hepatic steatosis plus fibrosis) in Mexican children with obesity. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis derived from a randomized clinical trial conducted in children and adolescents with obesity aged 8 to 16 years. Anthropometric and biochemical data were measured, and targeted metabolomic analyses were carried out using mass spectrometry. Liver steatosis and fibrosis were estimated using transient elastography (Fibroscan® Echosens, Paris, France). Three groups were studied: a non-MASLD group, an MASLD group, and a group for MASLD + fibrosis. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to identify the discrimination between the study groups and to visualize the differences between their heatmaps; also, Variable Importance Projection (VIP) plots were graphed. A VIP score of >1.5 was considered to establish the importance of metabolites and biochemical parameters that characterized each group. Logistic regression models were constructed considering VIP scores of >1.5, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were estimated to evaluate different combinations of variables. Results: The metabolic MASLD phenotype was associated with increased concentrations of ALT and decreased arginine, glycine, and acylcarnitine (AC) AC5:1, while MASLD + fibrosis, an advanced stage of MASLD, was associated with a phenotype characterized by increased concentrations of ALT, proline, and alanine and a decreased Matsuda Index. Conclusions: The metabolic MASLD phenotype changes as this metabolic dysfunction progresses. Understanding metabolic disturbances in MASLD would allow for early identification and the development of intervention strategies focused on limiting the progression of liver damage in children and adolescents.

The CCR2+ Monocyte Subsets Increase in Obese Boys but Not Girls with Abnormally High Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Pilot Study.

The differential contribution of monocyte subsets expressing the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) to subclinical atherosclerosis in girls and boys is unclear. In this pilot study, we compared classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocyte subsets expressing CCR2 in 33 obese children of both sexes aged 8 to 16 divided by carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), considering values above the 75th percentile (p75) as abnormally high IMT. Obesity was defined as body mass index above the 95th percentile according to age and sex. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that boys but not girls with IMT ≥ p75 displayed increased CCR2+ cell percentage and CCR2 expression in the three monocyte subsets, compared to boys with IMT < p75. The CCR2+ cell percentage and CCR2 expression in the three monocyte subsets significantly correlated with increased IMT and insulin resistance in boys but not girls, where the CCR2+ nonclassical monocyte percentage had the strongest associations (r = 0.73 and r = 0.72, respectively). The role of CCR2+ monocyte subpopulations in identifying an abnormally high IMT shows a marked sexual dimorphism, where boys seem to be at higher subclinical atherosclerosis risk than girls.

Misalignment among adolescents living with obesity, caregivers, and healthcare professionals: ACTION Teens global survey study.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence regarding the experiences, challenges, and needs of adolescents living with obesity (ALwO), their caregivers, and healthcare professionals (HCPs). OBJECTIVES: The cross-sectional, survey-based global ACTION Teens study aimed to identify perceptions, attitudes, behaviours, and barriers to effective obesity care among ALwO, caregivers of ALwO, and HCPs. METHODS: ALwO (aged 12 to <18 years; N = 5275), caregivers (N = 5389), and HCPs treating ALwO (N = 2323) from 10 countries completed an online survey (August-December 2021). RESULTS: Most ALwO perceived their weight as above normal (76% vs. 66% of caregivers), were worried about its impact on their health (85% vs. 80% of caregivers), and recently made a weight loss attempt (58%). While 45% of caregivers believed ALwO would slim down with age, only 24% of HCPs agreed. Most commonly reported weight loss motivators for ALwO were wanting to be more fit/in better shape according to ALwO (40%) and caregivers (32%), and improved confidence/social life according to HCPs (69%). ALwO weight loss barriers included lack of hunger control (most commonly reported by ALwO/caregivers), lack of motivation, unhealthy eating habits (most commonly agreed by HCPs), and lack of exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Misalignment between ALwO, caregivers, and HCPs-including caregivers' underestimation of the impact of obesity on ALwO and HCPs' misperception of key motivators/barriers for weight loss-suggests a need for improved communication and education.

Volviéndonos mejores: necesidad de acción inmediata ante el reto de la obesidad. Una postura de profesionales de la salud.

La creciente epidemia de obesidad ha sido uno de los retos más importantes de salud pública en México durante los últimos años. Con apoyo de la Federación Mundial de Obesidad, en 2021 formamos un grupo de profesionales para identificar y resumir las acciones prioritarias en las que puede enfocarse nuestro país para hacer frente a esta epidemia. Al proceso de desarrollo y discusión de este grupo se sumaron más de 1 000 profesionales de la salud para retomar recomendaciones de documentos y guías de alto nivel previamente publicados. En conmemoración del Día Mundial de la Obesidad, en este 2022 se presenta esta postura como insumo para el desarrollo de acciones en el ámbito profesional y de los diferentes sectores, en la que se incluyen 10 recomendaciones de acción, desde la perspectiva poblacional hasta la atención individualizada, y se enfatiza en la importancia de la participación social, de las intervenciones integrales con visión centrada en la persona y de la sostenibilidad planetaria, además de mejorar la educación y las campañas de difusión, propiciar un ambiente promotor de entornos activos y blindar de conflictos de interés los esfuerzos de prevención y control. La postura hace un llamado para abordar la obesidad de manera seria, con base en la evidencia científica, oportuna e integral, con enfoque de curso de vida, de forma ética y sensible, y sin perpetuar las barreras del estigma de peso en la sociedad.

Volviéndonos mejores: necesidad de acción inmediata ante el reto de la obesidad. Una postura de profesionales de la salud / Becoming better: the need for immediate action to address obesity. A position statement from health professionals

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Abstract: In recent decades, the growing obesity epidemic in Mexico has become one of the most important public health challenges faced by the country. With support from the World Obesity Federation, we formed a working group in 2021 to identify and summarize priority actions that Mexico can take to face this epidemic. More than 1 000 health professionals joined the development and discussion process. Recommendations from previously published, high-level documents and guidelines were taken into account. In commemoration of World Obesity Day 2022, this statement is presented as input for health care professionals to develop actions to address obesity. The statement includes 10 recommendations that include population-level and individual-level actions. It emphasizes the importance of social participation, comprehensive interventions with a person- centered perspective, planetary sustainability, on improving education and communication campaigns, as well as fostering a built environment that promotes active living, and shielding prevention and control efforts from conflicts of interest. The statement calls for obesity to be treated seriously, based on scientific evidence, in a timely and comprehensive manner, employing a life-course and ethical approach that does not perpetuate weight stigma in society.

The utility of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System for the prediction of COVID-19 outcomes: a multi-centre study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with obesity have an increased risk for adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Body mass index (BMI) does not acknowledge the health burden associated this disease. The performance of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS), a clinical classification tool that assesses obesity-related comorbidity, is compared with BMI, with respect to adverse COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS: 1071 patients were evaluated in 11 COVID-19 hospitals in Mexico. Patients were classified into EOSS stages. Adjusted risk factors for COVID-19 outcomes were calculated and survival analysis for mechanical ventilation and death was carried out according to EOSS stage and BMI category. RESULTS: The risk for intubation was higher in patients with EOSS stages 2 and 4 (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02-1.97 and 2.78, 95% CI 1.83-4.24), and in patients with BMI classes II and III (HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.06-2.74, and 2.62, 95% CI 1.65-4.17). Mortality rates were significantly lower in patients with EOSS stages 0 and 1 (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42-0.92) and higher in patients with BMI class III (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.03-2.42). In patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, the risk for intubation increased with progressive EOSS stages. Only individuals in BMI class III showed an increased risk for intubation (HR 2.24, 95% CI 1.50-3.34). Mortality risk was increased in EOSS stages 2 and 4 compared to EOSS 0 and 1, and in patients with BMI class II and III, compared to patients with overweight. CONCLUSIONS: EOSS was associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes, and it distinguished risks beyond BMI. Patients with overweight and obesity in EOSS stages 0 and 1 had a lower risk than patients with normal weight. BMI does not adequately reflect adipose tissue-associated disease, it is not ideal for guiding chronic-disease management.

Comparison of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children and Adults With and Without Obesity: A Hysteresis Model.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a third-degree polynomial function (hysteresis) of the effect size of age, obesity, and insulin sensitivity over the carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), in the pediatric and adult groups. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study with fixed factor analysis of age (children aged 8-12 years, n = 73; adults aged 21-45 years, n = 82) and obesity (yes, n = 76; no, n = 79) was conducted to analyze the effect on the c-IMT and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index values. This quasi-experimental design was analyzed with robust regression modeling. RESULTS: The additive effect of obesity, independent of age, was evident in the case of the c-IMT values. There was no interaction effect, but a significant difference between participants with normal weight and those with obesity was found (P < .0001). The difference between adults and children was also significant, but the effect size was smaller. A model was created based on age, Tanner stage, and obesity using the c-IMT and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index values. A linear function fit as R2, and the cubic function estimated parameters like a polynomial model. CONCLUSION: This practical study design showed that children with obesity displayed the same levels of carotid intima-media abnormalities as adults with obesity. The polynomial shape of the model suggests potentially poor outcomes that resemble the hysteresis process and may predict chronic cardiometabolic events during early adulthood.

Association between neck circumference and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Mexican children and adolescents with obesity.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic hepatic disorder in the pediatric population and has grown along with the obesity pandemic in which we live today. Adipose tissue storage in the upper body segment has been positively correlated with visceral adiposity and metabolic disease, which suggests that neck circumference could represent an easily accessible and replicable anthropometric measurement to identify patients with a higher risk of developing NAFLD. The main purpose of this study is to determine if there is an association between neck circumference and NAFLD. The secondary objectives are to establish cutoff values based on gender and puberty staging. Methods We included a sample pediatric population of 112 patients diagnosed with obesity aged between 6 and 18 years. We performed anthropometric and metabolic measurements on every patient, and NAFLD diagnosis was determined with hepatic ultrasound. Results The neck circumference was larger in NAFLD pediatric patients compared to those without NAFLD (p = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, the neck circumference was associated with NAFLD as an independent risk factor (odds ratio [OR] = 1.172; 95% CI = 1.008-1.362; p = 0.038). Tanner 2-3 = 35 cm and Tanner 4-5 = 38 cm were established as risk cutoff values to develop NAFLD in the male adolescent population. Conclusions There is an association between the neck circumference and NAFLD in pediatric patients with obesity, particularly in the male population.

Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid induce insulin resistance through a mechanism involving activation of protein kinase Cε in liver cells.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) constitutes a group of isomers derived from linoleic acid. Diverse studies have suggested that these unsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on human health. However, it has also been reported that their consumption can generate alterations in hepatic tissue. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of two of the major isomers of CLA, cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA, in the regulation of insulin signaling in a hepatic cell model, clone 9 (C9). We found that the two isomers decrease insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the main proteins involved in insulin signaling, such as Akt at Ser473 and Thr308, the insulin receptor at Tyr1158, IRS-1 at Tyr632, and GSK-3 at Ser9/21. Protein expression, however, was unaffected. Interestingly, both isomers of CLA promoted phosphorylation and activation of PKCε. Inhibition of PKCε activity by a dominant-negative form or knockdown of endogenous PKCε prevented the adverse effects of CLA isomers on insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, we also found that both isomers of CLA increase phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser612, a mechanism that probably underlies the inhibition of IRS-1 signaling by PKCε. Using confocal microscopy, we found that both isomers of CLA induced lipid accumulation in C9 cells with the presence of spherical cytosolic vesicles, suggesting their identity as neutral lipid droplets. These findings indicate that cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomers could have a significant role in the development of insulin resistance in hepatic C9 cells through IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, PKCε activation, and hepatic lipid accumulation.

Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Children: Randomized Clinical Trial.

Context: Insulin resistance precedes metabolic syndrome abnormalities and may promote cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in children with obesity. Results of lifestyle modification programs have been discouraging, and the use of adjuvant strategies has been necessary. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on insulin sensitivity, measured via euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique and insulin pathway expression molecules in muscle biopsies of children with obesity. Design: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Setting: Children with obesity were randomly assigned to receive metformin, CLA, or placebo. Results: Intervention had a positive effect in all groups. For insulin sensitivity Rd value (mg/kg/min), there was a statistically significant difference between the CLA vs placebo (6.53 ± 2.54 vs 5.05 ± 1.46, P = 0.035). Insulinemia and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance significantly improved in the CLA group (P = 0.045). After analysis of covariance was performed and the influence of body mass index, age, Tanner stage, prescribed diet, and fitness achievement was controlled, a clinically relevant effect size on insulin sensitivity remained evident in the CLA group (37%) and exceeded lifestyle program benefits. Moreover, upregulated expression of the insulin receptor substrate 2 was evident in muscle biopsies of the CLA group. Conclusions: Improvement of insulin sensitivity, measured via euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and IRS2 upregulation, favored patients treated with CLA.

Velocardiofacial syndrome in Mexican patients: Unusually high prevalence of congenital heart disease.

INTRODUCTION: Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome with an incidence of 1:4000 live births. Its phenotype is highly variable with facial, velopharyngeal, cardiac, endocrine, immunologic and psychiatric abnormalities. It is caused by a microdeletion in chromosome 22q11.2. OBJECTIVES: We present 7 years of experience evaluating patients with VCFS regarding their main clinical characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patients included were multidisciplinary evaluated and had a positive FISH analysis for del22q11.2. RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were assessed, a 34 female/28 male ratio was observed with ages ranging from 9 days to 16 years, all but one patient had typical facial features. A diagnosis of congenital heart disease was established in 97% of the patients; other clinical characteristics were identified with different percentages such as cleft palate, and hypocalcaemia. Three cases had a familial presentation. DISCUSSION: While the clinical findings of this study were in general terms in keeping with the literature, it is interesting the unexpectedly high percentage of congenital heart disease identified in Mexican children with VCFS that also was the main cause for clinical referral.

Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in Latin America.

Latin America is among the regions with the highest diabetes-related burden. Research and treatment programs have increased in number and complexity in recent years, but they are focused in type 2 diabetes, because this condition explains a large proportion of the cases. In contrast, the information regarding the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes is scant in this area. Here, we analyze the available information on this topic and identify potential areas of opportunity to generate new knowledge through the study of type 1 diabetes in Latin Americans. Both, the prevalence and the incidence of type 1 diabetes, are lower in Latin American countries compared to that reported in Europe, North America, southern Asia and northern Africa. Biologic and methodological factors may explain the smaller contribution of type 1. The presence of some putative 'protective' environmental exposures or the absence of those prevalent in a region may explain the lower type 1 diabetes prevalence observed in most Latin American countries. However, the number and quality of the diabetes registries are not enough in this region. During the past decade, the incidence of type 1 diabetes has grown worldwide. The same trend has been reported in Latin America. This epidemiologic transition is a unique opportunity to identify interactions between rapidly changing environmental factors in subjects with different genetic backgrounds (such as the admixed Latin American populations). Finally, on-going therapeutic initiatives in this region are highlighted.

Higher metabolic syndrome in obese asthmatic compared to obese nonasthmatic adolescent males.

UNLABELLED: The relationship between asthma and obesity has been documented in children and adolescents; however, few studies on metabolic syndrome and asthma have been performed. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents among the following groups: obese with asthma (OA), obese without asthma (ONA), nonobese with asthma (NOA), and nonobese without asthma (NONA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors measured anthropometric (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio), clinical (Tanner stage, blood pressure, fat and muscle reserve, and exercise), and biochemical parameters (basal and load glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, uric acid, and insulin) in 500 Mexican adolescents. RESULTS: A total of 111 OA, 198 ONA, 63 NOA, and 71 NONA adolescents completed the study. There were no differences in age, height, Tanner stage, high-density lipoproteins, or basal glucose among groups. Cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, basal insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR were significantly higher among the obese than nonobese groups but were similar between the OA and ONA groups. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was significantly higher among ONA versus OA males. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (define as > or =3 abnormal cardiometabolic risk factors by de Ferranti, Cook, and International Diabetes Federation [IDF] criteria) was higher among OA teens than in the ONA group; however, this association was significant only among males. Adolescents from the ONA group were able to perform significantly more vigorous exercise than the other groups. CONCLUSION: Adolescent males who were obese and also had mild persistent asthma had a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than obese males without asthma. However, overall, asthma seems to confer a protective effect against the prediabetes condition in males.

Relationship between aminotransferases levels and components of the metabolic syndrome among multiethnic adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Data evaluating the frequency of elevated aminotransferases (as a surrogate for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]) and metabolic syndrome (MS) components among overweight multiethnic children/adolescents originating predominantly from South/Central America and the Caribbean are limited. METHODS: A sample (N = 284) of multiethnic (75% Latino, 25% Afro Caribbean/non-Hispanic black) overweight children/ adolescents' (mean age 12.24 +/- 3.48) overnight fasting insulin and glucose, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, HDL/LDL/total cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminostransferase (ALT) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 22% of the sample had elevated ALT (> or = 30 U/L; mean 25.94 U/L for Hispanics, 23.05 U/L for blacks) and 8% had elevated AST (> or = 35 U/L; mean 23.05 U/L for Hispanics, 24.68 U/L for blacks). AST and ALT were significantly correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.23, P < .01; r = 0.18, P < .05, respectively) for the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS: Among overweight adolescents, MS components are associated with NALFD in subgroups of major ethnic groups suggesting that AST and ALT as surrogate markers for NAFLD should be included in addition to the standard cardio metabolic tests.

How do different indices of obesity correlate with cardiometabolic disease risk factors in multiethnic youths?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between cardiometabolic disease risk factors (CDRFs) among ethnic minorities and anthropometric factors including body mass index z score, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHTR) in Hispanic and non-Hispanic black youths originating primarily from Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. METHODS: Clinical data of 167 young persons 2 to 19 years of age encountered in an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic were analyzed. The CDRFs included fasting insulin and glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, cardiac C-reactive protein (CRP), and apolipoproteins. RESULTS: For both the non-Hispanic black and the Hispanic youths, WC was significantly correlated with SBP (r = 0.63; P<.001 and r = 0.50; P<.001, respectively), DBP (r = 0.61; P<.001 and r = 0.47; P<.001, respectively), and cardiac CRP (r = 0.76; P<.001 and r = 0.26; P = .026, respectively). Similarly, WHTR was significantly correlated with SBP, DBP, and cardiac CRP for the non-Hispanic black study subjects, whereas SBP (r = 0.22; P = .01), DBP (r = 0.34; P<.001), fasting insulin (r = 0.43; P<.001), HOMA-IR (r = 0.38; P<.001), apolipoprotein A-I (r = 0.30; P = .01), and CRP (r = 0.44; P<.001) were significantly correlated for the Hispanic group. For both groups, body mass index z score was not consistently correlated with CDRFs, and waist-to-hip ratio was not significantly correlated with any CDRFs, except for apolipoprotein B in non-Hispanic black youths. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that WC and WHTR may be useful anthropometric factors for better identification of ethnic minority youths at risk for adult-onset cardiometabolic disease.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in US-born Latin and Caribbean youth.

BACKGROUND: Little is knows about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among overweight first or second generation United States immigrant children/adolescents from Central/South America and the Caribbean basin. METHODS: Analysis of anthropometric and laboratory data (N = 224) in overweight children ages 3-18 (64% Hispanic, 25% AfroCaribbean/black, 8% white, 3% multiracial) was conducted. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of individual parameters of MS and the MS (defined as > or =3 abnormal components). RESULTS: The prevalence of the MS was 29% for the overall sample; an additional 28% had two MS components. Boys were significantly more likely than girls to have abnormal systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Hispanics were significantly more likely than blacks to have abnormal triglyceride and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that both sub-groups of, and major ethnic groups (Mexican- and African American) are at equal risk for cardiometabolic disease. Early identification of MS in recent immigrant children may improve their future cardiometabolic health.

Impacto de la programación fetal y la nutrición durante el primer año de vida en el desarrollo de obesidad y sus complicaciones / Impact of fetal programming and nutrition during the first year of life in obesity development and its complications

La "Programación in útero" se refiere a las adaptaciones fisiológicas o metabólicas que adquiere el feto en respuesta a un micro-ambiente adverso con un pobre aporte de nutrimentos y oxígeno, o bien a un abastecimiento exagerado de los mismos que suceden en una etapa crítica del desarrollo estructural o funcional de ciertos órganos, y que influyen de manera permanente en las condiciones en las que el individuo se enfrentará a la vida extrauterina. En lo que respecta a obesidad, existen factores fetales y nutricionales que pueden programar al organismo y favorecer la acumulación de tejido adiposo, el escaso desarrollo del tejido muscular y las alteraciones cardiometabólicas relacionadas. Diabetes gestacional, preeclampsia, insuficiencia placentaria, hipertensión materna y sobrealimentación de la madre en el embarazo son factores de riesgo relacionados con el desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, obesidad y diabetes mellitus en la vida postnatal. En cuanto a la "Programación nutricional" es reconocido que un crecimiento rápido y una sobrealimentación en etapas tempranas de la vida favorecen el desarrollo de obesidad en forma independiente al peso manifestado al nacer. Uno de los factores que más se ha estudiado en la programación nutricional es el efecto de la lactancia, y aunque los resultados son controversiales, es aceptado que debe favorecerse la alimentación con leche materna debido a los efectos benéficos a los que se relaciona, incluyendo la posible disminución del riesgo de obesidad.

Fetal programming refers to abnormal somatic and functional development of target tissues in response to over nutrition or to adverse stimulus with a deficient supply of nutrients and oxygen through the placenta that is experienced during crucial periods of fetal growth. These early responses may have an impact on metabolic processes and hormonal homeostasis resulting in functional aberrations and metabolic diseases during childhood tracking into adulthood. The greater propensity to obesity is characterized by central and visceral adipose tissue deposit, lack of skeletal muscle development and insulin resistance related cardio metabolic risk factors. Nutritional programming during early infancy is influenced by accelerated postnatal growth induced by hypercaloric over nutrition that seems to be independent of birth weight. Although controversies may exist, breastfeeding must be encouraged since multiple advantages including obesity prevention have been described. The recognition that intrauterine insult as well as early life nutritional experiences have a role in the etiology of obesity epidemic suggests that interventional measures should be directed towards improvement of a healthy nutrition in mothers, babies, infants and children.