Sobrepeso y obesidad en infancias de Bariloche, Argentina: más allá de la alimentación y la actividad física / Childhood overweight and obesity in Bariloche, Argentina: Beyond eating habits and physical activity

La incidencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es alarmante en el mundo. En Argentina son escasos los estudios multifactoriales a pesar de los altos índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infantil (SOI). En este estudio evaluamos la prevalencia de SOI y sus factores de riesgo asociados desde una perspectiva multicausal: analizamos hábitos de sueño, uso de pantallas, estrés crónico en niños y sus cuidadores, problemas de relación social, alimentación y actividad física. De los 397 niños de primer y séptimo grado que completaron los cuestionarios, el 41 % presentó SOI. Los niños con obesidad mostraron realizar menos actividad física, tener un menor consumo de alimentos protectores, más riesgos de trastornos del sueño, mayores niveles de estrés crónico (tanto en los niños como en sus cuidadores) y mayor índice de rechazo entre pares. En la mayoría de los niños se encontró un uso generalizado de pantallas antes de acostarse. El presente estudio evidencia la diversidad de factores asociados a esta problemática y destaca la conveniencia de utilizar un enfoque multidimensional para abordar la obesidad en la infancia. Asimismo, los resultados de este trabajo sugieren la necesidad de considerar los hábitos de vida como estrategia preventiva y terapéutica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad desde etapas tempranas.

The incidence of overweight and obesity is alarming worldwide. In Argentina, multifactorial studies are scarce despite the high rates of childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB). In this study we assessed the prevalence of childhood OW/OB and the associated risk factors from a multicausal perspective: we analyzed sleep habits, screen use, chronic stress in children and their caregivers, social relationship problems, eating habits, and physical activity. Of the 397 first and seventh graders who completed the questionnaires, 41% had childhood OW/OB. In children with obesity, a lower level of physical activity, a lower consumption of protective foods, a higher risk for sleep disorders, higher levels of chronic stress (in both children and their caregivers), and higher rates of peer rejection were observed. Widespread use of screens before bedtime was noted in most children. This study evidences the diversity of factors associated with childhood OW/OB and highlights the convenience of a multidimensional approach to address it. In addition, the results of this study suggest the need to consider lifestyle habits as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for the management of OW/OB from early stages.

Childhood overweight and obesity in Bariloche, Argentina: Beyond eating habits and physical activity. / Sobrepeso y obesidad en infancias de Bariloche, Argentina: más allá de la alimentación y la actividad física.

The incidence of overweight and obesity is alarming worldwide. In Argentina, multifactorial studies are scarce despite the high rates of childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB). In this study we assessed the prevalence of childhood OW/OB and the associated risk factors from a multicausal perspective: we analyzed sleep habits, screen use, chronic stress in children and their caregivers, social relationship problems, eating habits, and physical activity. Of the 397 first and seventh graders who completed the questionnaires, 41% had childhood OW/OB. In children with obesity, a lower level of physical activity, a lower consumption of protective foods, a higher risk for sleep disorders, higher levels of chronic stress (in both children and their caregivers), and higher rates of peer rejection were observed. Widespread use of screens before bedtime was noted in most children. This study evidences the diversity of factors associated with childhood OW/OB and highlights the convenience of a multidimensional approach to address it. In addition, the results of this study suggest the need to consider lifestyle habits as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for the management of OW/OB from early stages.

La incidencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es alarmante en el mundo. En Argentina son escasos los estudios multifactoriales a pesar de los altos índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infantil (SOI). En este estudio evaluamos la prevalencia de SOI y sus factores de riesgo asociados desde una perspectiva multicausal: analizamos hábitos de sueño, uso de pantallas, estrés crónico en niños y sus cuidadores, problemas de relación social, alimentación y actividad física. De los 397 niños de primer y séptimo grado que completaron los cuestionarios, el 41 % presentó SOI. Los niños con obesidad mostraron realizar menos actividad física, tener un menor consumo de alimentos protectores, más riesgos de trastornos del sueño, mayores niveles de estrés crónico (tanto en los niños como en sus cuidadores) y mayor índice de rechazo entre pares. En la mayoría de los niños se encontró un uso generalizado de pantallas antes de acostarse. El presente estudio evidencia la diversidad de factores asociados a esta problemática y destaca la conveniencia de utilizar un enfoque multidimensional para abordar la obesidad en la infancia. Asimismo, los resultados de este trabajo sugieren la necesidad de considerar los hábitos de vida como estrategia preventiva y terapéutica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad desde etapas tempranas.

Utilización medicinal de cannabis en pacientes oncológicos de San Carlos de Bariloche: Estudio basado en una encuesta / Medicinal use of cannabis in cancer patients in San Carlos de Bariloche: a survey-based study

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN El uso medicinal del cannabis en pacientes oncológicos se ha popularizado en los últimos años. Para poder brindar asesoramiento que redunde en un uso más eficaz y seguro, es necesario conocer la experiencia y expectativas de los usuarios. El objetivo fue conocer los motivos y la experiencia del uso medicinal de cannabis en adultos con enfermedades oncológicas en San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro). MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio basado en una encuesta en línea autoadministrada sobre uso de cannabis, tiempo y motivo de uso, grado de satisfacción, asesoramiento profesional, vía de administración y efectos adversos. RESULTADOS Participaron 201 pacientes. Un 19% utilizaba cannabis, y el 31% lo había utilizado antes. La principal forma de uso fue el aceite. Los principales motivos fueron tratar el dolor, dormir mejor y sentirse mejor. Las experiencias fueron satisfactorias o muy satisfactorias para más del 50%, y las más favorables fueron para tratar el dolor, mejorar el ánimo, tolerar la quimioterapia y dormir mejor. Entre las razones para dejar de usarlo se mencionó falta de utilidad, efectos adversos, dudas sobre dosis, tiempo de uso y calidad del producto adquirido. Menos del 50% de los pacientes habían recibido asesoramiento profesional sobre uso de cannabis. DISCUSIÓN El 50% de los participantes utilizó cannabis. Este relevamiento ofrece un diagnóstico útil para promover políticas que reflejen las necesidades frente al uso de cannabis.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The medicinal use of cannabis in cancer patients has become popular in recent years. In order to provide advice that results in a more effective and safe use, it is necessary to know the experience and expectations of users. The objective was to know the reasons and experience of the medicinal use of cannabis in adults with oncological diseases in San Carlos de Bariloche (Río Negro province). METHODS The study was based on a self-administered online survey on cannabis use, time and reason for use, degree of satisfaction, professional advice, route of administration and adverse effects. RESULTS A total of 201 patients participated, of which 19% used cannabis and 31% had previously used it. The main form of use was oil. The main reasons for use were to treat pain, sleep better and feel better. The experiences were satisfactory or very satisfactory for more than 50%, and the most favorable ones were to treat pain, improve mood, tolerate chemotherapy, and sleep better. Lack of usefulness, adverse effects, doubts about the dose, time of use and quality of the product purchased were mentioned among the reasons for the decision to stop using it. Less than 50% of the patients had received professional advice on the use of cannabis. DISCUSSION Half of the participants used cannabis. This survey provides a useful diagnosis to foster policies that reflect the needs regarding the use of cannabis.

A cross-sectional study of free-roaming dogs in a Patagonian city: Their distribution and intestinal helminths in relation to socioeconomic aspects of neighborhoods.

Human and dog health are inextricably linked, and although our relationship with dogs brings numerous benefits for our well-being, it is known that they can transmit disease. Bariloche is a Patagonian tourist city with heterogeneous social composition. This cross-sectional study evaluates the population of free-roaming dogs and their intestinal parasites in relation to the socioeconomic level of the city's human population. Census areas were used as survey units, stratified in three levels according to socioeconomic status. The free-roaming dog population was estimated by walking around each census area. Eight fresh feces per census count area were collected and analyzed using coproparasitological flotation tests, and CoproELISA was used to detect Echinococcus sp. A total of 858 free-roaming dogs were registered along 40.9 km, with significant differences between socioeconomic strata: the highest numbers were found in the lowest income strata. Of the feces collected, 39.2% tested positive for parasites, those associated with a lower socioeconomic level having higher percentages of positive feces and a greater number of species. Eight species of helminths were found, some of which were zoonotic, such as Echinococcus sp., Toxocara canis, and Dibothriocephalus latus. The presence of parasites can be explained by the number of free-roaming dogs per census count area. The free-roaming dogs generally have owners, and their parasitic infection is strongly associated with the socioeconomic level of the population. The main problem is irresponsible pet care, which generates healthy conditions for both dogs and humans. Thus, both dogs and humans deserve effective ethical public policies.

Impacto psicológico del aislamiento por COVID-19 en jóvenes de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina: la mirada de los padres / Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents from San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina: Parents' perspective

Introducción. Los jóvenes no fueron muy afectados desde el punto de vista infeccioso por la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, las medidas de aislamiento social modificaron de manera profunda su estilo de vida, y se cree que esto los afecta psicológicamente. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto del aislamiento por COVID-19en la salud emocional de jóvenes en escolaridad primaria o secundaria.Población y métodos. Participaron del estudio padres de jóvenes de San Carlos de Bariloche. Se evaluó la percepción del adulto sobre el impacto emocional y de comportamiento del aislamiento sobre el joven, cambio de hábitos de sueño, uso de pantallas, actividades deportivas y alimentación y de asistencia a consulta médica.Resultados. Se incluyeron 267 padres. El 96,3 % observó cambios emocionales y de comportamiento. Los más frecuentes fueron que estaban más aburridos (el 76,8 %), irritables (el 59,2 %), desganados (el 56,9 %) y enojados (el 54,7 %). Se observó que se levantaban y acostaban más tarde y dormían 30 minutos más. Además, el uso de pantallas por esparcimiento aumentó 3 horas durante los días hábiles. El tiempo dedicado a la actividad física no varió, pero sí cambió el tipo de actividades: la natación y los deportes de equipo fueron reemplazados por ciclismo, caminatas y esquí.Conclusiones. El aislamiento por COVID-19impactó sobre la salud emocional y los hábitos de los jóvenes. El aburrimiento, la irritabilidad y el desgano estuvieron más presentes durante el aislamiento. La posibilidad de realizar actividades al aire libre permitió que continuaran practicando deportes.

Introduction. From an infectious perspective, children and adolescents were not highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, social isolation measures have deeply changed their lifestyle, which is believed to have a psychological impact on them. The objective was to assess the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the emotional health of children and adolescents attending primary or secondary school.Population and methods. Parents of children and adolescents from San Carlos de Bariloche participated in the study. Adults' perception of the emotional and behavioral impact of lockdown on children and adolescents, changes in sleeping habits, screen use, sports-related activities, eating, and medical consultations, was assessed.Results. A total of 267 parents were included. Of them, 96.3 % noticed emotional and behavioral changes. The most common ones were that their children were more bored (76.8 %), more irritable (59.2 %), more reluctant (56.9 %), and angrier (54.7 %). It was observed that they woke up and went to bed later, and slept 30 minutes more. Moreover, leisure screen use increased by 3 hours on weekdays. Time dedicated to physical activities did not change, but the type of activities did: swimming and team sports were replaced by biking, walking, and skiing.Conclusions. COVID-19 lockdown affected the emotional health and habits of children and adolescents. Boredom, irritability, and reluctance were more present during lockdown. The possibility of doing outdoor physical activities allowed them to keep practicing sports

Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents from San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina: Parents' perspective. / Impacto psicológico del aislamiento por COVID-19 en jóvenes de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina: la mirada de los padres.

INTRODUCTION: From an infectious perspective, children and adolescents were not highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, social isolation measures have deeply changed their lifestyle, which is believed to have a psychological impact on them. The objective was to assess the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the emotional health of children and adolescents attending primary or secondary school. POPULATION AND METHODS: Parents of children and adolescents from San Carlos de Bariloche participated in the study. Adults' perception of the emotional and behavioral impact of lockdown on children and adolescents, changes in sleeping habits, screen use, sports-related activities, eating, and medical consultations, was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 267 parents were included. Of them, 96.3 % noticed emotional and behavioral changes. The most common ones were that their children were more bored (76.8 %), more irritable (59.2 %), more reluctant (56.9 %), and angrier (54.7 %). It was observed that they woke up and went to bed later, and slept 30 minutes more. Moreover, leisure screen use increased by 3 hours on weekdays. Time dedicated to physical activities did not change, but the type of activities did: swimming and team sports were replaced by biking, walking, and skiing. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 lockdown affected the emotional health and habits of children and adolescents. Boredom, irritability, and reluctance were more present during lockdown. The possibility of doing outdoor physical activities allowed them to keep practicing sports.

Introducción. Los jóvenes no fueron muy afectados desde el punto de vista infeccioso por la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, las medidas de aislamiento social modificaron de manera profunda su estilo de vida, y se cree que esto los afecta psicológicamente. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto del aislamiento por COVID-19 en la salud emocional de jóvenes en escolaridad primaria o secundaria. Población y métodos. Participaron del estudio padres de jóvenes de San Carlos de Bariloche. Se evaluó la percepción del adulto sobre el impacto emocional y de comportamiento del aislamiento sobre el joven, cambio de hábitos de sueño, uso de pantallas, actividades deportivas y alimentación y de asistencia a consulta médica. Resultados. Se incluyeron 267 padres. El 96,3 % observó cambios emocionales y de comportamiento. Los más frecuentes fueron que estaban más aburridos (el 76,8 %), irritables (el 59,2 %), desganados (el 56,9 %) y enojados (el 54,7 %). Se observó que se levantaban y acostaban más tarde y dormían 30 minutos más. Además, el uso de pantallas por esparcimiento aumentó 3 horas durante los días hábiles. El tiempo dedicado a la actividad física no varió, pero sí cambió el tipo de actividades: la natación y los deportes de equipo fueron reemplazados por ciclismo, caminatas y esquí. Conclusiones. El aislamiento por COVID-19 impactó sobre la salud emocional y los hábitos de los jóvenes. El aburrimiento, la irritabilidad y el desgano estuvieron más presentes durante el aislamiento. La posibilidad de realizar actividades al aire libre permitió que continuaran practicando deportes.

Disfunción olfativa y gustativa en pacientes con COVID-19 de Argentina / Olfactory and gustatory disfunction in COVID-19 patients from Argentin

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen evidencias sobre el deterioro del olfato y el gusto en pacientes con la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19). Se hallaron diferencias en la proporción de pacientes afectados por estos síntomas en distintas poblaciones. Con base en el patrón de presentación, a partir de abril de 2020, la definición de caso sospechoso en Argentina incorporó la pérdida parcial o total de olfato o de gusto. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la proporción de pacientes con COVID-19 que presentan pérdida de olfato o de gusto en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico. Participaron pacientes con COVID-19 mayores de 18 años confirmados con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR, por sus siglas en inglés) en muestras obtenidas por hisopado entre el 15 de mayo y el 31 de agosto de 2020. Los participantes completaron una encuesta en línea, que incluyó preguntas sociodemográficas sobre síntomas de COVID-19, comorbilidades y la percepción de la pérdida del olfato y el gusto. RESULTADOS: Participaron 241 pacientes, 79% informaron pérdida de olfato y 54%, de gusto. En 32% de los casos, la pérdida de olfato fue el primer síntoma. La proporción de hombres y mujeres que informaron pérdida olfativa fue similar y lo mismo ocurrió en relación con la pérdida de gusto. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en relación con la edad. DISCUSIÓN: Una proporción elevada de pacientes con COVID-19 presenta disfunción olfativa y gustativa en la población argentina. Resulta importante la disponibilidad amplia de un test para la evaluación del olfato y el gusto con adaptación sociocultural y que pueda realizarse en el hogar. En el futuro, se implementará la realización de un test masivo desechable y digital

Depresión en San Carlos de Bariloche: estudio epidemiológico sobre prevalencia y uso de los servicios de salud mental / Depression in San Carlos de Bariloche: Epidemiological study of prevalence and use of mental health services

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN pocos estudios han evaluado la prevalencia de depresión mayor (DM) en Argentina, y las estimaciones son muy disímiles. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estimar la prevalencia de DM, la utilización de los servicios de salud y la relación con aspectos sociodemográficos en personas de 18-64 años de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. MÉTODOS se utilizó la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-R) para evaluar DM en una muestra de 299 personas en 2017 La encuesta comprendió, además, preguntas sociodemográficas y consultó si la persona había visitado a un profesional y recibido tratamiento por problemas de depresión. RESULTADOS la prevalencia de DM fue 5,7% (IC95%: 3,3-8,9). La tasa fue mayor en los estratos de menor nivel socioeconómico. Solamente un 47,1% de los casos de DM habían visitado a un médico por problemas emocionales, nervios o salud mental, con una tasa menor en los estratos de menor nivel socioeconómico. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de DM entre los desempleados y las personas que no trabajaban ni buscaban trabajo. El consumo perjudicial de alcohol o dependencia alcohólica fue más frecuente en individuos con DM (17,6%) que entre aquellos que no la padecían (6,9%). DISCUSIÓN la prevalencia de DM encontrada es similar a la registrada a nivel nacional. Se destaca la importante brecha entre atención y tratamiento. Es necesario fomentar políticas de Salud Pública para acceder a instancias terapéuticas adecuadas con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION few studies have evaluated major depression (MD) prevalence in Argentina, and estimates are very variable. The goal of this research was to estimate prevalence of MD, health services utilization and relationship with socio-demographic factors in 18- to 64-year-old people from San Carlos de Bariloche. METHODS the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) was used to assess MD in a sample of 299 people in 2017. The questionnaire also inquired about socio-demographic aspects, and asked if people had visited a health care provider and received treatment for depression. RESULTS MD prevalence was 5.7% (CI95%: 3.3-8.9). The rate was higher in lower socio-economic strata. Only 47.1% of MD cases had visited a health care provider for emotional, nervous or mental health problems, with lower rates in lower socio-economic strata. There was a higher risk of MD among unemployed people and those who were neither working nor seeking for a job. Risky alcohol consumption or dependency was more common among MD cases (17.6%) than among non-MD cases (6.9%). DISCUSSION the MD prevalence found is similar to that reported nationwide. The study highlights an important gap between service use and treatment. It is necessary to promote public health policies to provide adequate therapeutic resources with the purpose of improving the quality of life.

Landscape factors modulating patterns of salmonid distribution during summer in north Patagonian rivers.

Understanding how ecosystem processes influencing fish distribution operate across spatial scales is important to understand biological invasions. Salmonids, originally from the Northern Hemisphere, have been repeatedly introduced throughout the world, making them an ideal group to test hypotheses about factors driving invasions. We assessed the influence of environmental variables at the watershed scale on the abundance and structure of salmonid assemblages in the breeding streams of the Upper Limay river basin, Rio Negro, Argentina. We combined field captures with digital map data and geographic information systems to examine landscape-level patterns of salmonid abundance in 35 representative sub-basins of the environmental gradient. We employed a hierarchical cluster analysis and classification and regression tree models to relate the abundance of salmonids and types of species assemblages with environmental characteristics at watershed level. We found stream localization, precipitation regime, altitude and air temperature to be important predictors of the abundance and assemblage structure of salmonids. Total catches showed an increasing gradient of catch-per-unit-effort from west to east and from north to south, with Oncorhynchus mykiss being the most abundant species. O. mykiss relative abundance was westward skewed, where smaller catchments with steeper and shaded valleys are drained by less productive streams with more irregular hydrological regimes, like those found in this species' North American native range. In contrast, the abundance of Salmo trutta abundance was eastward skewed, where larger, sunnier and more gently sloped catchments result in more productive streams with stable hydrological regimes, like those found in that species' European native range. Thus, differential salmonid abundance could result from the interplay between the evolutionary fingerprint left by each species' native environment (especially flow and temperature regimes) and the availability of those conditions in new environments to which they have been translocated. By furthering our understanding of how landscape conditioned invasion success, these findings can help guide the management of economically important introduced fish.

Depresión en San Carlos de Bariloche Estudio epidemiológico sobre prevalencia y uso de los servicios de salud mental / Depression in San Carlos de Bariloche: Epidemiological study of prevalence and use of mental health services

INTRODUCCIÓN: pocos estudios han evaluado la prevalencia de depresión mayor (DM) en Argentina, y las estimaciones son muy disímiles. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estimar la prevalencia de DM, la utilización de los servicios de salud y la relación con aspectos sociodemográficos en personas de 18-64 años de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. MÉTODOS: se utilizó la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-R) para evaluar DM en una muestra de 299 personas en 2017. La encuesta comprendió, además, preguntas sociodemográficas y consultó si la persona había visitado a un profesional y recibido tratamiento por problemas de depresión. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de DM fue 5,7% (IC95%: 3,3-8,9). La tasa fue mayor en los estratos de menor nivel socioeconómico. Solamente un 47,1% de los casos de DM habían visitado a un médico por problemas emocionales, nervios o salud mental, con una tasa menor en los estratos de menor nivel socioeconómico. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de DM entre los desempleados y las personas que no trabajaban ni buscaban trabajo. El consumo perjudicial de alcohol o dependencia alcohólica fue más frecuente en individuos con DM (17,6%) que entre aquellos que no la padecían (6,9%). DISCUSIÓN: la prevalencia de DM encontrada es similar a la registrada a nivel nacional. Se destaca la importante brecha entre atención y tratamiento. Es necesario fomentar políticas de Salud Pública para acceder a instancias terapéuticas adecuadas con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas

[Sublicinal depression: an overlooked problem]. / Depresión subclínica: un problema no visibilizado.

Subclinical depression is a worldwide spread disease with significant impact on health and life quality. The goal of this study is to assess its prevalence, service utilization, and to identify the most vulnerable groups in 18 to 64 years-old residents of San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. A survey was administered to a stratified sample of the study population. The CESD-R scale was applied to establish the diagnosis. Sociodemographic and health-care service utilization information was collected as well. The prevalence of subclinical depression was 10% (CI 95%: 6.9%-14.0%). A trend of higher prevalence was observed among younger subjects, and in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. One third of subjects with subclinical depression had previously consulted a health professional and less than half of them had been correctly diagnosed. Early detection and treatment of subclinical depression is key to diminishing the associated disability and to prevent its evolution to major depression. It is necessary to implement early detection strategies, specifically directed to the most vulnerable groups: younger people and lower socioeconomic strata.

Echinococcosis and other parasitic infections in domestic dogs from urban areas of an Argentinean Patagonian city.

In urban populations of South America, dogs with free access to public areas represent a public health concern. The primary consequence of roaming dogs on human health is the transmission of infectious and parasitic diseases mainly through feces contamination. The main diseases likely to be transmitted are hydatidosis or echinococcosis, larva migrans, and giardiasis. In Argentina, hydatidosis ranks among the most prevalent zoonosis. Although it is considered a rural disease, the circulation of this parasite in urban areas has been documented. The aim of this work was to survey intestinal parasites in canine feces from two low-income urban neighborhoods of Bariloche city, Argentina, and to assess their seasonal variation. During 2016, 188 fresh dog feces were collected from sidewalks in 40 randomly selected blocks from the neighborhoods. Each sample was processed by Sheater flotation and tested for a coproantigen (CAg) by ELISA. The percentage of parasitized feces was 65.3% (95% CI: 55.9%-73.8%). Eleven parasite species were found, 3 protozoan, 3 cestodes, and 5 nematodes. Echinococcus sp. was present in 9.3% of the samples (95% CI: 4.7%-16.1%). Canine echinococcosis rates resulted similar to rates found previously in other neighborhoods of the city. The life cycle of Echinococcus sp. is sustained in urban areas by the entry of parasitized livestock, domiciliary slaughtering, and inadequate deposition of offal. The risk of Echinococcus sp. transmission to people in these neighborhoods is very high, due to high density of free-roaming dogs and high percentages of infected feces, similar to percentages observed in rural areas.

Echinococcosis and other parasitic infections in domestic dogs from urban areas of an argentinean Patagonian city

In urban populations of South America, dogs with free access to public areas represent a public health concern. The primary consequence of roaming dogs on human health is the transmission of infectious and parasitic diseases mainly through feces contamination. The main diseases likely to be transmitted are hydatidosis or echinococcosis, larva migrans, and giardiasis. In Argentina, hydatidosis ranks among the most prevalent zoonosis. Although it is considered a rural disease, the circulation of this parasite in urban areas has been documented. The aim of this work was to survey intestinal parasites in canine feces from two low-income urban neighborhoods of Bariloche city, Argentina, and to assess their seasonal variation. During 2016, 188 fresh dog feces were collected from sidewalks in 40 randomly selected blocks from the neighborhoods. Each sample was processed by Sheater flotation and tested for a coproantigen (CAg) by ELISA. The percentage of parasitized feces was 65.3% (95% CI: 55.9%-73.8%). Eleven parasite species were found, 3 protozoan, 3 cestodes, and 5 nematodes. Echinococcus sp. was present in 9.3% of the samples (95% CI: 4.7%-16.1%). Canine echinococcosis rates resulted similar to rates found previously in other neighborhoods of the city. The life cycle of Echinococcus sp. is sustained in urban areas by the entry of parasitized livestock, domiciliary slaughtering, and inadequate deposition of offal. The risk of Echinococcus sp. transmission to people in these neighborhoods is very high, due to high density of free-roaming dogs and high percentages of infected feces, similar to percentages observed in rural areas.

En las poblaciones urbanas de América del Sur, los perros con acceso libre a áreas públicas representan un problema de salud pública. La principal consecuencia es la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias a través de la contaminación por heces. Las principales enfermedades que pueden transmitirse son hidatidosis, larva migrans y giardiasis. En Argentina, la hidatidosis es una de las zoonosis más prevalentes y aunque es considerada una enfermedad rural, algunos estudios muestran la circulación de este parásito en zonas urbanas. El objetivo fue registrar los parásitos intestinales en heces caninas de dos barrios de bajos ingresos de la ciudad de Bariloche, Argentina, y evaluar su variación estacional. Durante 2016, se recolectaron 188 heces frescas de perros en 40 manzanas seleccionados aleatoriamente. Las heces se procesaron mediante flotación de Sheater y una prueba ELISA de coproantigeno (CAg). El porcentaje de heces parasitadas fue del 65.3% (IC 95%: 55.9%-73.8%). Se encontraron 11 especies de parásitos, 3 protozoos, 3 cestodes y 5 nematodes. Echinococcus sp. estuvo presente en el 9.3% de las heces (IC 95%: 4.7% -16.1%). La equinococosis canina mostró valores similares a estudios previos en otros barrios de la ciudad. El ciclo de vida Echinococcus sp. se mantiene en las zonas urbanas por entrada de ganado parasitado, faena domiciliaria y deposición inadecuada de vísceras. El riesgo de transmisión de Echinococcus sp. en estos barrios es alto, debido a la alta densidad de perros sueltos y al alto porcentaje de heces infectadas, similar al de las zonas rurales.

[Responsible ownership of dogs and human health in neighborhoods of San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina]. / Tenencia responsable de perros y salud humana en barrios de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.

Human relationship with dogs associates with numerous and varied benefits on human health; however, it also presents significant risks. The goal of this study was to describe demographic parameters and characteristics of dog ownership with possible implications on human health and to evaluate the prevalence of dog bites and traffic accidents due to dogs. Interviews were conducted in the neighborhoods of Nuestras Malvinas and Nahuel Hue in San Carlos de Bariloche. The percentage of homes with at least one dog, the average number of dogs per home, the prevalence of dog bites and traffic accidents due to dogs and the general awareness of the population on dog transmitted zoonoses were estimated. Regarding ownership characteristics, the degree of sterilization, vaccination and parasite control and the percentage of dogs allowed to roam freely in public places were evaluated. A total of 141 interviews were conducted; 87% of the households had at least one dog, with an average of 2.2 dogs. In 26% of the households someone had suffered a traffic accident caused by dogs and in 41% someone had been bitten. Antiparasite treatment was administered to 83% of the dogs in the last 12 months, on average 1.4 times (recommended 6 times), 51% were sterilized, 55% were allowed to roam freely. This study shows a disturbing situation regarding the canine population of the evaluated neighborhoods. The number of dogs allowed to roam freely and the low level of parasite control and sterilization provide suitable conditions for the spread of zoonoses.

Tenencia responsable de perros y salud humana en barrios de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina / Responsible ownership of dogs and human health in neighborhoods of San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

La relación entre el hombre y el perro se asocia a numerosos y variados beneficios sobre la salud humana; sin embargo también presenta importantes riesgos. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir parámetros demográficos y características de la tenencia de perros con implicancias sobre la salud humana y evaluar la prevalencia de mordeduras y accidentes de tránsito causados por perros. Se realizó una encuesta en los barrios Nuestras Malvinas y Nahuel Hue de San Carlos de Bariloche. Se estimó el porcentaje de viviendas con al menos un perro, la media de perros por vivienda, la prevalencia de mordeduras de perro y de accidentes de tránsito causados por perros y el conocimiento de la población sobre zoonosis transmitidas por perros. Respecto de la tenencia, se evaluó el grado de esterilización, vacunación y desparasitación y el porcentaje de perros con libre acceso a la calle. Se realizaron 141 entrevistas. En 87% de las viviendas había al menos un perro (promedio 2.2 perros/vivienda). En 26% de las viviendas alguien había sufrido un accidente de tránsito causado por perros y en 41% alguien había sido mordido. El 83% de los perros fueron desparasitados en los últimos 12 meses, en promedio 1.4 veces (óptimo: 6 veces/año), 51% estaban esterilizados, 55% tenían libre acceso a la calle. Este estudio muestra una situación preocupante respecto de la población canina de los barrios evaluados. El número de perros sueltos en la calle y el bajo nivel de desparasitación y esterilización proveen condiciones ideales para que se propaguen zoonosis.

Human relationship with dogs associates with numerous and varied benefits on human health; however, it also presents significant risks. The goal of this study was to describe demographic parameters and characteristics of dog ownership with possible implications on human health and to evaluate the prevalence of dog bites and traffic accidents due to dogs. Interviews were conducted in the neighborhoods of Nuestras Malvinas and Nahuel Hue in San Carlos de Bariloche. The percentage of homes with at least one dog, the average number of dogs per home, the prevalence of dog bites and traffic accidents due to dogs and the general awareness of the population on dog transmitted zoonoses were estimated. Regarding ownership characteristics, the degree of sterilization, vaccination and parasite control and the percentage of dogs allowed to roam freely in public places were evaluated. A total of 141 interviews were conducted; 87% of the households had at least one dog, with an average of 2.2 dogs. In 26% of the households someone had suffered a traffic accident caused by dogs and in 41% someone had been bitten. Antiparasite treatment was administered to 83% of the dogs in the last 12 months, on average 1.4 times (recommended 6 times), 51% were sterilized, 55% were allowed to roam freely. This study shows a disturbing situation regarding the canine population of the evaluated neighborhoods. The number of dogs allowed to roam freely and the low level of parasite control and sterilization provide suitable conditions for the spread of zoonoses.

Percepción parental de la salud psicofísica, estado nutricional y salud bucal, en relación con características sociodemográficas en niños de Bariloche, Argentina: estudio epidemiológico / Parental perception of psychophysical health, nutritional status and oral health in relation to sociodemographic characteristics in children in Bariloche, Argentina: an epidemiological study

Introducción. Existen evidencias de la asociación de determinantes sociales con la salud infantil. Objetivo. Identificar características sociodemográficas asociadas a desigualdades en la salud infantil y evaluar el efecto acumulado sobre la salud de factores de riesgo basados en estas características. Población y métodos. Evaluamos niños de 4-13 años, de Bariloche, entre junio de 2008 y mayo de 2009. Características sociodemográficas consideradas: nivel socioeconómico, educación materna, embarazo adolescente, cobertura médica, inseguridad y hábitos familiares. Valoramos la percepción parental de la salud física y socioemocional, el estado nutricional y la salud bucal en relación con dichas características y con la acumulación de factores de riesgo. Utilizamos encuesta, antropometría y examen bucal. Resultados. Participaron 180 escolares. El nivel educativo materno se asoció con la salud física, socioemocional y bucal del niño. El porcentaje de niños con piezas faltantes o caries fue 77% entre aquellos cuyas madres, como máximo, habían completado el primario, comparado con 13% entre aquellos cuyas madres habían completado estudios terciarios/universitarios. La posibilidad de percepción de salud física y socioemocional no óptima aumentó con cada factor de riesgo 1,8 y 1,4 veces, respectivamente, y la posibilidad de caries o piezas faltantes se duplicó con cada factor de riesgo adicional. El 27,3% de los escolares presentó sobrepeso y el 8,7%, obesidad, y no se encontró asociación con características sociodemográficas. Conclusiones. El bajo nivel socioeconómico familiar y educativo materno se asoció con una mayor prevalencia de resultados de salud desfavorables. Múltiples factores de riesgo tienen un efecto acumulado sobre la percepción parental de la salud física y socioemocional y la salud bucal.

Introduction. There is evidence of an association between social determinants and child health. Objective. To identify sociodemographic characteristics related to child health inequalities and to analize the cumulative effect on health of risk factors based on these characteristics. Population and Methods. We evaluated 4-13 year-old children in Bariloche between June 2008 and May 2009. The following sociodemographic characteristics were taken into account: socioeconomic level, maternal education, adolescent pregnancy, medical coverage, unsafeness, and family habits. We assessed parental perception of physical, and social and emotional health, nutritional status and oral health in relation to these characteristics and the accumulation of risk factors. We used survey, anthropometry and oral examination. Results. One hundred and eighty students participated. The level of maternal education was associated with the child's physical, social and emotional, and oral health. The percentage of children with missing teeth or cavities reached 77% among those whose mothers had, at most, completed primary school, compared to 13% among those whose mothers had completed tertiary school or university. The possibility of perceiving a non-optimal physical, and social and emotional health increased 1.8 and 1.4 times with each risk factor, respectively, and the possibility of having missing teeth or cavities was twice as much with each additional risk factor. Overweight and obesity was observed in 27.3% and 8.7% of students, respectively, and no relationship was found with sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions. A low family socioeconomic level and a low maternal education level were associated with a higher prevalence of unfavorable health outcomes. Multiple risk factors have an cumulative effect on parental perception of physical, social and emotional, and oral health.

Parental perception of psychophysical health, nutritional status and oral health in relation to sociodemographic characteristics in children in Bariloche, Argentina: an epidemiological study.

INTRODUCTION: There is evidence of an association between social determinants and child health. OBJECTIVE: To identify sociodemographic characteristics related to child health inequalities and to analize the cumulative effect on health of risk factors based on these characteristics. POPULATION AND METHODS: We evaluated 4-13 year-old children in Bariloche between June 2008 and May 2009. The following sociodemographic characteristics were taken into account: socioeconomic level, maternal education, adolescent pregnancy, medical coverage, unsafeness, and family habits. We assessed parental perception of physical, and social and emotional health, nutritional status and oral health in relation to these characteristics and the accumulation of risk factors. We used survey, anthropometry and oral examination. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty students participated. The level of maternal education was associated with the child's physical, social and emotional, and oral health. The percentage of children with missing teeth or cavities reached 77% among those whose mothers had, at most, completed primary school, compared to 13% among those whose mothers had completed tertiary school or university. The possibility of perceiving a non-optimal physical, and social and emotional health increased 1.8 and 1.4 times with each risk factor, respectively, and the possibility of having missing teeth or cavities was twice as much with each additional risk factor. Overweight and obesity was observed in 27.3% and 8.7% of students, respectively, and no relationship was found with sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: A low family socioeconomic level and a low maternal education level were associated with a higher prevalence of unfavorable health outcomes. Multiple risk factors have an cumulative effect on parental perception of physical, social and emotional, and oral health.

Disparities in pediatric leukemia early survival in Argentina: a population-based study / Disparidades en la supervivencia temprana a la leucemia infantil en Argentina: un estudio poblacional

OBJECTIVE: To identify disparities-using recursive partitioning (RP)-in early survival for children with leukemias treated in Argentina, and to depict the main characteristics of the most vulnerable groups. METHODS: This secondary data analysis evaluated 12-month survival (12-ms) in 3 987 children diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 with lymphoid leukemia (LL) and myeloid leukemia (ML) and registered in Argentina's population-based oncopediatric registry. Prognostic groups based on age at diagnosis, gender, socioeconomic index of the province of residence, and migration to a different province to receive health care were identified using the RP method. RESULTS: Overall 12-ms for LL and ML cases was 83.7% and 59.9% respectively. RP detected major gaps in 12-ms. Among 1-10-year-old LL patients from poorer provinces, 12-ms for those who did and did not migrate was 87.0% and 78.2% respectively. Survival of ML patients < 2 years old from provinces with a low/medium socioeconomic index was 38.9% compared to 62.1% for those in the same age group from richer provinces. For 2-14-year-old ML patients living in poor provinces, patient migration was associated with a 30% increase in 12-ms. CONCLUSIONS: Major disparities in leukemia survival among Argentine children were found. Patient migration and socioeconomic index of residence province were associated with survival. The RP method was instrumental in identifying and characterizing vulnerable groups.

OBJETIVO: Determinar mediante particionamiento recursivo las disparidades en la supervivencia temprana de los niños con leucemia tratados en Argentina, y presentar las características principales de los grupos más vulnerables. MÉTODOS: Análisis de datos secundarios en el que se evaluó la supervivencia a los 12 meses de 3 987 niños diagnosticados entre el 2000 y el 2008 de leucemia linfoide (LL) y leucemia mieloide (LM), e inscritos en el registro oncopediátrico poblacional de Argentina. Mediante el método de particionamiento recursivo se determinaron los grupos pronósticos con base en la edad en el momento del diagnóstico, el sexo, el índice socioeconómico de la provincia de residencia y la migración a una provincia diferente para recibir atención de salud. RESULTADOS: La supervivencia global a los 12 meses correspondiente a los casos de LL y LM fue de 83,7 y 59,9%, respectivamente, y el método detectó brechas importantes en la supervivencia. Entre los pacientes de 1 a 10 años con LL de las provincias más pobres la supervivencia a los 12 meses de los que migraron y de los que no lo hicieron fue de 87,0 y 78,2%, respectivamente. La supervivencia de los pacientes con LM menores de dos años que residían en las provincias con un índice socioeconómico bajo o medio fue de 38,9%, en comparación con 62,1% en los pacientes del mismo grupo etario que residían en las provincias más ricas. En los pacientes con LM de 2 a 14 años de edad que residían en las provincias pobres, la migración se asoció con un aumento de 30% en la supervivencia a los 12 meses. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron importantes disparidades en la supervivencia de los niños argentinos con leucemia. La supervivencia se asoció con la migración y el índice socioeconómico de la provincia de residencia. El método de particionamiento recursivo contribuyó a la determinación y caracterización de los grupos vulnerables.

Disparities in pediatric leukemia early survival in Argentina: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify disparities-using recursive partitioning (RP)-in early survival for children with leukemias treated in Argentina, and to depict the main characteristics of the most vulnerable groups. METHODS: This secondary data analysis evaluated 12-month survival (12-ms) in 3 987 children diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 with lymphoid leukemia (LL) and myeloid leukemia (ML) and registered in Argentina's population-based oncopediatric registry. Prognostic groups based on age at diagnosis, gender, socioeconomic index of the province of residence, and migration to a different province to receive health care were identified using the RP method. RESULTS: Overall 12-ms for LL and ML cases was 83.7% and 59.9% respectively. RP detected major gaps in 12-ms. Among 1-10-year-old LL patients from poorer provinces, 12-ms for those who did and did not migrate was 87.0% and 78.2% respectively. Survival of ML patients < 2 years old from provinces with a low/medium socioeconomic index was 38.9% compared to 62.1% for those in the same age group from richer provinces. For 2-14-year-old ML patients living in poor provinces, patient migration was associated with a 30% increase in 12-ms. CONCLUSIONS: Major disparities in leukemia survival among Argentine children were found. Patient migration and socioeconomic index of residence province were associated with survival. The RP method was instrumental in identifying and characterizing vulnerable groups.