Comparison of clinical performance of obturating materials in pulpectomies: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Chemomechanical debridement is insufficient to disinfect all bacteria from the root canals of primary teeth, and obturation of canals with an appropriate material thus acquires excellent importance and remains a critical step in the ultimate success of pulpectomy. AIM: The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate Endoflas, Metapex, and a mixture of calcium hydroxide (CH) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as obturating materials (OMs) in primary mandibular second molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five mandibular second primary molars requiring pulpectomies were identified in children aged 4-8 years. They were randomly allocated to the three treatment groups according to the type of OM received using the block randomization technique. After the completion of chemomechanical debridement, the canals were filled with Endoflas, Metapex, and CH-ZnO mixture, respectively. The intergroup clinical and radiographic comparison was made based on Coll and Sadrian criteria to decipher their clinical performance at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed at any evaluation time interval (P > 0.05). At 6 months, the clinical success rates were 95.2% in Endoflas, 96% in Metapex, and 95.8% in the CH and ZnO mixture groups, respectively. The materials, however, behaved differently in different clinical situations. CONCLUSION: Based on the observations, all three OMs showed similar clinical success in maintaining tooth functioning, but their use can be restricted to indications. However, prospective studies with longer follow-ups with more stringent eligibility criteria are required to reach more definitive conclusions.

Influence of periodontitis and diabetes on structure and cytokine content of platelet-rich fibrin.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate with multiple applications in wound healing and regeneration in both periodontitis and diabetes. However, the three dimensional (3-D) structure and cytokine content of PRF might be altered in patients suffering from either/both of the chronic inflammatory conditions, ultimately influencing the efficacy of PRF as a biomaterial for regenerative medicine. AIM: The aim of the present study was hence to evaluate the effect of both these chronic inflammatory diseases on the 3-D structure of PRF membrane. An attempt was also made to compare the growth factor content between the plasma and RBC ends of the prepared PRF gel. MATERIALS & METHODS: L-PRF was prepared for twenty participants, healthy (5), periodontitis (5), T2DM (5) and T2DM with periodontitis (5). Porosity and fiber diameter of PRF membranes was visualized under FE-SEM and measured using ImageJ Software. PDGF-BB and TGF-ß1 levels in PRF gel were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS: The average diameter of fibrin fibers under FE-SEM was 0.15 to 0.30 micrometers. Porosity was higher at the plasma end (p = 0.042). Red blood cell (RBC) end of the membrane had thinner fibers arranged in a comparatively more dense and compact structure with smaller porosities. Healthy subjects had the least porous PRF compared to subjects with either/both of the chronic conditions. PDGF-BB levels were similar along all the four groups. TGF-ß1 levels were highest in healthy subjects. DISCUSSION: 3-D structure and growth factor content of PRF are influenced by a person's periodontal and/or diabetic status. The RBC end of the PRF membrane, as compared to the plasma end, has thinner fibers arranged in a comparatively more dense and compact structure with smaller porosities, and hence should be favored during periodontal regenerative procedures. CONCLUSION: Both periodontitis and diabetes have a significant influence on the 3-D structure and growth factor content of PRF produced.

Validation of a noninvasive aMMP-8 point-of-care diagnostic methodology in COVID-19 patients with periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to validate an active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) point-of-care diagnostic tool in COVID-19 patients with periodontal disease. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: Seventy-two COVID-19-positive and 30 COVID-19-negative subjects were enrolled in the study. Demographic data were recorded, periodontal examination carried out, and chairside tests run for evaluating the expression of active MMP-8 (aMMP-8) in the site with maximum periodontal breakdown via gingival crevicular fluid sampling as well as via a mouth rinse-based kit for general disease activity. In COVID-19-positive patients, the kits were run again once the patients turned COVID-19 negative. RESULTS: The overall (n = 102) sensitivity/specificity of the mouthrinse-based kits to detect periodontal disease was 79.41%/36.76% and that of site-specific kits was 64.71%/55.88% while adjusting for age, gender, and smoking status increased the sensitivity and specificity (82.35%/76.47% and 73.53%/88.24, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the adjusted model revealed very good area under the ROC curve 0.746-0.869 (p < .001) and 0.740-0.872 (p < .001) (the aMMP-8 mouth rinse and site-specific kits, respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed in the distribution of results of aMMP-8 mouth rinse test (p = .302) and aMMP-8 site-specific test (p = .189) once the subjects recovered from COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study support the aMMP-8 point-of-care testing (PoCT) kits as screening tools for periodontitis in COVID-19 patients. The overall screening accuracy can be further increased by utilizing adjunctively risk factors of periodontitis. The reported noninvasive, user-friendly, and objective PoCT diagnostic methodology may provide a way of stratifying risk groups, deciding upon referrals, and in the institution of diligent oral hygiene regimens.

The clinical association between Periodontitis and COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to clinically assess the association between periodontitis and COVID-19-related outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data pertaining to patient demographics, medical history, blood parameters, periodontal clinical examination and aMMP-8 point-of-care diagnostics (both site-level and patient-level) was recorded for eighty-two COVID-19-positive patients. COVID-19-related outcomes such as COVID-19 pneumonia, death/survival, types of hospital admission and need of assisted ventilation were also assessed. RESULTS: Males were predominantly afflicted with COVID-19, with advanced age exhibiting a greater association with the presence of periodontitis. Higher severity of periodontitis led to 7.45 odds of requiring assisted ventilation, 36.52 odds of hospital admission, 14.58 odds of being deceased and 4.42 odds of COVID-19-related pneumonia. The aMMP-8 mouthrinse kit was slightly more sensitive but less specific than aMMP-8 site-specific tests. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of the present study, periodontitis seems to be related to poorer COVID-19-related outcomes. However, within the constraints of this work, a direct causality may not be established. Periodontitis, by means of skewing the systemic condition for a number of comorbidities, may eventually influence COVID-19 outcomes in an indirect manner. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The study is the first to clinically, and by means of a validated point-of-care diagnostic methodology, assess the association between periodontal health and COVID-19-related outcomes. Assessment of the periodontal status of individuals can aid in the identification of risk groups during the pandemic along with reinforcing the need to maintain oral hygiene and seeking periodontal care.

Modelling the impact of increase in sugar prices on dental caries in India.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the impact of raising the price of sugar and/or sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on caries incidence in the Indian population. METHODS: A tooth-level decision-analytic model was developed to evaluate a change in caries increment after increasing the price of Sugar and SSBs. The transition of a tooth from a caries-free state to the state of tooth loss in both scenarios was modelled with the help of a Markov model for a time horizon of 63 years, ranging from 2021 to 2083 for the 12-year-old population cohort of India. A conceptual framework was designed to implicate the possible effects of an increase in sugar prices on the reduction of caries incidence. Health effects were estimated in terms of the number of carious lesions and tooth-loss in both the scenarios and modelled as a product of the dose-response relationship between sugar intake and caries incidence. The model was thus used to establish the number of caries lesions prevented, and tooth-loss avoided. Uncertainties in the parameters were assessed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The Monte Carlo method was used for simulating the results 999 times. RESULTS: A 20% rise in the price of sugar is expected to result in the prevention of an average of 1.32 teeth in a lifetime of an individual and prevent 27.96 million tooth-loss incidents among the population cohort of India that will eventually lead to a saving of INR (₹) 3116.32 billion (US$ 42.69 billion) on account of dental caries treatment. Similarly, increasing-price of SSBs by 20% will lead to a 0.86% reduction in carious teeth incidence in an individual's lifetime. CONCLUSION: Increasing the cost of sugar and/or SSBs will reduce the daily intake of sugar, which will reduce caries incidence and subsequent progression, thereby preventing caries-attributed tooth-loss and saving treatment costs.

Herbal smoking products: a systematic content analysis and mapping of the e-retail market.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the online availability and e-marketing strategies of herbal smoking products (HSPs). METHODOLOGY: Google, Yahoo and Bing were searched using relevant keywords related to HSPs. The first 50 records were retrieved and duplicates were removed. Two trained and calibrated authors screened the records according to the eligibility criteria and extracted data from each selected retail-webpage as per the pre-tested data extraction form. RESULTS: Out of the initial 1044 records obtained, 73 retail webpages were finally included. Most of the webpages about HSPs hailed from India followed by the USA. The results showed 24 brands with about 189 flavour variants that are readily available online to all age groups including minors, with price per pack (20 sticks) of herbal cigarettes ranging from INR (₹) 51 to 1830 (median 588). There are no regulations regarding the sale and marketing of HSPs concerning age restrictions and display of health warnings. CONCLUSION: HSPs are readily available online at affordable prices and attractive variants for customers of all ages. The flavour appeal and the health benefit appeal is being used to target minors and young women. There is an urgent need for some regulations on the sale and e-marketing of such products that have an enormous potential to be used as a gateway to tobacco smoking.

Systematic content analysis of online information on herbal smoking products.

BACKGROUND: Herbal smoking products (HSPs) are marketed as a safer alternative to tobacco. These are easily available at affordable prices in the online retail websites. This study aimed to analyze the HSP-related informational content available in the most popular online platforms. METHODS: Google, Yahoo, Bing and YouTube online platforms were searched for HSP related content using appropriate keywords. First 50 search results were retrieved and screened for potential eligibility. The included web-pages were categorized as video and still records. From each included record, information regarding source, primary theme, health benefits/hazards and tone was abstracted. Additionally, video production quality, like ratio and video power index was also computed for each video record. All included records were subjected to descriptive statistics and Chi-square test, as appropriate. Level of significance was set at <0.05. RESULTS: 174 still and 94 video records were included. 35.6% of the included still records were sourced by manufacturers/suppliers while that of scientific origin was 12.1%. 83% of the video-records were posted by general public. About 90% of the included records had not mentioned anything regarding age restrictions. 67.8% of the still records and 87.2% of the video records promoted the use of HSPs. CONCLUSIONS: The informational content presented online is huge, mostly posted by the general public without any scientific rationale and exclusively favors the use of HSPs. There is no age restriction as to who can access the information, making this content easily accessible to people of all ages. Such spread of information may mislead the public in adopting the smoking of these herbal products. Since HSPs may act as a potential gateway to tobacco smoking, there is an urgent need to regulate the content available online.

Active matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) point-of-care test (POCT) in the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Active matrix metalloproteinase (aMMP)-8 utilized in point-of-care testing (POCT) is regarded as a potential biomarker for periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Various host and microbial factors eventually influence the expression, degranulation, levels and activation of aMMP-8. The type of oral fluids (saliva, mouthrinse, gingival crevicular, and peri-implant sulcular fluids [GCF/PISF], respectively) affect the analysis. AREAS COVERED: With this background, we aimed to review here the recent studies on practical, inexpensive, noninvasive and quantitative mouthrinse and GCF/PISF chair-side POCT lateral flow aMMP-8 immunoassays (PerioSafe and ImplantSafe/ORALyzer) and how they help to detect, predict, monitor the course, treatment and prevention of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. The correlations of aMMP-8 POCT to other independent and catalytic activity assays of MMP-8 are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION: The mouthrinse aMMP-8 POCT can also detect prediabetes/diabetes and tissue destructive oral side-effects due to the head and neck cancers' radiotherapy. Chlorhexidine and doxycycline can inhibit collagenolytic human neutrophil and GCF aMMP-8. Furthermore, by a set of case-series we demonstrate the potential of mouthrinse aMMP-8 POCT to real-time/online detect periodontitis as a potential risk disease for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical interdisciplinary utilization of aMMP-8 POCT requires additional oral, medical, and interdisciplinary studies.

Effect of an Oral Health Preventive Protocol on Salivary Parameters and Gingival Health of Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

CONTEXT: Type 1 diabetic children exhibit poorer oral health than general population. However, no oral health preventive protocol exists for attending to the oral health needs of such children. AIM: To evaluate the effect of an oral health preventive protocol on salivary parameters and gingival health of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus over a period of 6 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty diabetic children, aged 6-12 years were selected and divided into two groups. Children in group I received a comprehensive oral health preventive protocol. The parameters recorded were oral hygiene practices, salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, viscosity, electrolytes, and plaque and gingival indices. These were compared at baseline, 3-, and 6-month intervals. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS STATISTICS (version 22.0). Tests were based on the type of data. RESULTS: The intervention group (group I) showed favorable improvements in the parameters assessed. A greater number of participants adopted the correct oral hygiene methods. Unstimulated salivary flow rate increased from 0.36 ± 0.21 to 0.82 ± 0.16 mL/minute in group I and from 0.32 ± 0.24 to 0.58 ± 0.16 mL/minute in group II after 6 months (p = 0.001). Salivary buffer capacity increased from 3.07 ± 2.64 to 10.40 ± 0.82 in group I while in group II, it improved from 3.20 ± 1.47 to 9.33 ± 1.44 (p = 0.02). Salivary viscosity decreased in group I from 1.97 ± 0.42 to 1.15 ± 0.06 and from 1.97 ± 0.35 to 1.23 ± 0.11 in group II after 6 months (p = 0.02). Gingival scores changed from 1.07 ± 0.35 to 0.20 ± 0.23 in group I and from 1.04 ± 0.28 to 0.85 ± 0.25 in group II (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The preventive protocol used in the present study showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the parameters assessed. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Singh V, Gauba K, Goyal A, et al. Effect of an Oral Health Preventive Protocol on Salivary Parameters and Gingival Health of Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):109-114.

Buccal swabs as non-invasive specimens for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

INTRODUCTION: The current gold standard for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA involves subjecting nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs to reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). However, both sample types need to be collected by trained professionals. Using self-collected buccal swabs as an alternative could simplify and accelerate diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: To assess self-collected buccal swab samples as an alternative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Buccal swab samples were self-collected by 73 patients with COVID-19. Total RNA was extracted using Qiagen kits. RNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Env protein and human RNase P as an internal control was amplified using the TRUPCR® SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR kit version 2.1 and a Bio-Rad CFX96 Real-Time Detection System. RESULT: The sensitivity of RT-qPCR from buccal swabs was 58.9% (43/73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 46.77%-70.27%) and that of RT-qPCR from saliva was 62.90% (39/62; 95% CI 49.69%-74.84%) taking positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR from nasopharyngeal swabs as the gold standard. CONCLUSION: Self-collected buccal swabs are promising alternatives to nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs for SARS CoV-2 detection.

Adherence to the tobacco-free educational institution guidelines at schools of Raipur Rani, Haryana.

Tobacco-Free Educational Institution (ToFEI) guidelines are required to be followed by the schools. This cross-sectional study conducted in the year 2019 assessed the accordance with ToFEI guidelines among all the 84 schools of Raipur Rani educational block, Haryana. Investigators collected data from all the government (71) and private (13) schools during school working days. Tobacco sales within 100 yards of the school premises was covertly observed. None of the schools thoroughly complied with the tobacco-free school policy, though the compliance score for private schools (26.77 ± 19.15) was better than the government schools (13.65 ± 4.38). Only two private schools achieved the mandatory score of 50. All private schools and few government schools (42.3%) had successfully implemented the ban on tobacco sale within 100 yards of the school. None of the schools could achieve a ToFEI status in the present study. The policymakers and implementers should prioritize ToFEI agenda & support schools in achieving tobacco-free status.

Remineralization potential and caries preventive efficacy of CPP-ACP/Xylitol/Ozone/Bioactive glass and topical fluoride combined therapy versus fluoride mono-therapy - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the remineralization potential and caries preventive efficacy of CPP-ACP/bioactive glass/xylitol/ozone and topical fluoride (TF) combined therapy versus TF mono-therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched. 4457 records were screened and 26 trials were included. Data from 16 trials was pooled using Review Manager 5.4. Level of significance was p < .05. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: Pooled analysis of two trials for white spot lesions (WSLs) regression (SMD -0.6, 95% CI: [-1.07 to -0.14], p = .01) and three trials for post-intervention DIAGNOdent values (SMD -1.24, 95% CI: [-1.96 to -0.52], p = .0007) significantly favoured CPP-ACP-TF combined therapy over TF mono-therapy. The sub-group analysis for caries increment (SMD -0.14, 95% CI: [-0.21 to -0.07], p < .0001) and the post intervention S mutans count (SMD -0.42, 95% CI: [-0.62 to -0.23], p < .0001) significantly favours 'xylitol-TF' and 'CPP-ACP-TF' combined therapy respectively. The high/unclear risk of bias, imprecision and indirectness of the included trials presented a low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSION: CPP-ACP-TF exhibits superiority over TF monotherapy in remineralizing existing lesions and demonstrates better antibacterial effect, whereas it is not more effective for preventing caries incidence. However, Xylitol exerts an added benefit over fluoride alone in preventing caries increment. The low-certainty evidence highlights the need for more good quality trials.

Safety and Efficacy of IV Dexmedetomidine as an Adjunct to Propofol to Sedate Anxious and Uncooperative Pediatric Dental Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine (dex) as an adjunct to propofol sedation in pediatric dental patients. STUDY DESIGN: This RCT enrolled 30 anxious ASA-I 2-5 year olds. Allocated into 2 groups either receiving IV propofol (1 mg/kg)(Gp-P) or [IV dex (1ug/kg) with propofol(1 mg/kg)] (Gp-D) after oral midazolam premedication (0.5 mg/kg). Sedation maintained with propofol infusion at 50-75ug/kg/min. Additional bolus/es of propofol (1mg/kg) was/were administered in case of inadequate sedation. Primary outcome was to compare requirement of propofol in two groups. Secondary outcomes were to compare vital signs, depth of sedation, induction, treatment and recovery time, intra & post-operative complications and analgesic requirement post-operatively. RESULTS: Total propofol (in mgs) used and number of additional boluses were significantly higher in group P (p<0.05). Although within normal limits, heart rate was significantly lower in group D. Respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, NIBP were comparable. Depth of sedation achieved was comparable at all steps (p>0.05). Induction time (mins) was significantly lower in Group P (p<0.05), however treatment and recovery time were similar (p>0.05). Desaturation was observed in 3/15(group P) & 0/15(group D). Analgesic requirement post-operatively was significantly higher in group P (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective adjunct to propofol.

Oral Health-related Quality of Life of Children with Early Childhood Caries before and after Receiving Complete Oral Rehabilitation under General Anesthesia.

Introduction: Early childhood caries (ECC) significantly affects the quality of life of children due to recurrent pain, infection, and other associated problems. Aim and objective: To assess the change in oral health-related quality of life of children aged <5 years undergoing complete oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia. Materials and methods: A total of 50 healthy children affected with ECC were enrolled for the present study. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of every child was assessed by interviewing the mothers using a prevalidated Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) questionnaire one day prior to the treatment appointment and comparing the scores with those at 1 and 3 months post-treatment to evaluate the changes in the OHRQoL, if any and assess the stability of the changes. Results: The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in Ouality of Life (QoL) scores of all the domains and total ECOHIS scores between baseline and 1 month, and baseline and 3 months. Conclusion: The oral health-related quality of life showed a significant improvement after complete oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia and the improvement persisted beyond the immediate post-treatment period. How to cite this article: Raghu R, Gauba K, Goyal A, et al. Oral Health-related Quality of Life of Children with Early Childhood Caries before and after Receiving Complete Oral Rehabilitation under General Anesthesia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-2):S117-S123.

Awareness among pediatricians regarding oral health care in children including those with special health care needs: A cross- sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Pediatricians are the custodians of the overall health of children and are the ideal healthcare personnel to impart information and instruction about oral health care. The aim of this survey was to evaluate awareness of pediatricians regarding oral health care and prevention of oral diseases in children. METHODOLOGY: The study participants consist of 102 young pediatricians working as Junior and Senior Residents. A questionnaire was formulated to evaluate their knowledge about oral diseases and their prevention. The questionnaire also tested the attitude and practices of pediatricians towards oral health of children with special health care needs. RESULTS: Majority of the pediatricians had correct knowledge about dental caries (60%), bottle feeding (88.2%), tongue cleaning (83.3%) and medication causing gum enlargement (92.2%). Few had correct knowledge about recommended age to start tooth brushing (35.3%) and maximum recommended sugar exposures per day (35.3%). Although, majority (62.7%) had correct knowledge about fluoride and its role caries prevention, very few (2.9%) knew about recommended fluoride concentration in toothpaste for children. CONCLUSION: There was a lack of knowledge amongst pediatrician about oral health care, prevention, and appropriate referral. The study result necessitates the emphasis of improving oral health related knowledge among pediatrician.

Is Bilateral Mental Incisive Nerve Block Better than Unilateral Mental Incisive Nerve Block during the Endodontic Management of Mandibular Incisors with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis? A Prospective Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this clinical trial was to comparatively evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of unilateral and bilateral mental incisive nerve block (MINB) during the endodontic treatment of inflamed mandibular incisors. METHODS: The study was designed as a crossover single-blind study. A total of 76 patients requiring endodontic intervention in at least 2 mandibular incisors participated in this trial. The patients randomly received unilateral or bilateral MINB of 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine at 2 separate appointments. To blind the procedure, a saline injection was given on the contralateral side in the unilateral injections. The endodontic procedure was initiated in the incisors on the side of the first anesthetic injection. Patients with a negative response to electric testing received endodontic access opening under rubber dam. Patients were asked to report pain, if any, during the endodontic procedure by using a Heft-Parker visual analog scale. The anesthetic success was defined as no or mild pain on Heft-Parker visual analog scale (score, 0-54). The statistical analysis was performed with McNemar tests at P values <.05. RESULTS: The success rates of unilateral MINB and bilateral MINB were 38% and 64%, respectively, for the central incisors and 44% and 69%, respectively, for the lateral incisors. The difference was statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The bilateral MINB was more successful during the endodontic management of mandibular incisors with inflamed pulps. However, both the techniques failed to give 100% success rates.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Topical Fluoride and Povidone Iodine with Topical Fluoride Alone for the Prevention of Dental Caries among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Combined use of povidone iodine (PI) along with topical fluorides (TF) has been suggested as a promising strategy to reduce dental caries incidence and cariogenic bacterial load. However, the available literature presents mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as compared to TF application alone. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: 'TF + PI' vs TF alone in the prevention of dental caries among 1-12-year-old children assessed through caries increment and mean S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCOhost, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant literature. Out of 72 studies that were screened, 7 eligible studies were included out of which 4 studies were subjected to meta-analysis. The generic inverse variance test was used to assess the primary outcome reported as mean ± SD/events occurred (caries incidence), whereas for mean post-intervention S. mutans colony count, inverse variance function was used. The Cochrane's Collaboration tool and Modified Downs and Black scoring criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the included articles. Heterogeneity across the studies was assessed using the I 2 statistic. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Overall, for primary and permanent dentition combined, the dental caries incidence was found to be significantly lower in the 'TF + PI' combined therapy group as compared to TF alone [SMD -0.4 (-0.78 to -0.03), p = 0.04]. The two groups showed no significant difference with respect to post-intervention S. mutans count [SMD -0.1 (-0.57 to +0.37), p = 0.69]. No study was found that compared post-intervention Lactobacillus count between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the pooled analysis from the limited literature available, there is a very low quality of evidence that 'TF + PI' combined therapy is more effective in the prevention of new caries lesions among 1-12-year-old children as compared to TF use alone. Future clinical trials with robust methodologies are recommended to generate conclusive evidence. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: PI application might exert an added benefit with TF in preventing the occurrence of new carious lesions among 1-12-year-old children. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Gupta A, Nishant, Sharda S, et al. Comparing the Effectiveness of Topical Fluoride and Povidone Iodine with Topical Fluoride Alone for the Prevention of Dental Caries among Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):559-565.

Endodontic Management of Complicated Vertical Crown-Root Fracture in Deciduous Molars: Report of Two Cases.

Dental traumatic injuries most commonly occur in the primary and mixed dentition, but vertical complicated crown-root fractures are rarely seen in children. Clinical and radiographic examination of these injuries helps in accurate diagnosis and management. According to the International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines, treatment usually involves extraction followed by placement of a space maintainer. Cases of complicated crown and root fracture in primary posterior teeth are often unnoticed by the clinician, at the time of injury. Two such patients are presented, who reported symptoms a few weeks after their accident. They were managed conservatively by initial stabilization with stainless steel crowns, followed by root canal therapy. This report highlights the need for referral to specialists and emphasizes the importance of conservative management of primary teeth to maintain functional demands.

A community-based pragmatic, controlled trial for preventing and reducing oral diseases among 1-6-year-old children visiting Anganwadi centers, under the Integrated Child Development Scheme, India.

BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC) has reached epidemic proportions affecting millions of children worldwide. Its prevention becomes imperative owing to the significant morbidity and financial implications involved with its treatment. The Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), launched in India to provide mid-day meals, pre-school education and primary healthcare to children, can be utilised to counsel and deliver oral health education to mothers. The purpose of the study is to compare the effect of an oral health care package (OHCP) with usual care on the change in dental disease status among 1 to 3-year-old children at Anganwadi centres (AWC) in periurban areas of Chandigarh and rural areas of Cuttack, Orissa over a follow-up period of three years. METHODS: Two geographically distant ICDS blocks would be selected at each of the two study sites and would be randomly allocated to intervention and control group. Closely located AWCs under each of the selected blocks shall constitute the study setting. OHCP would be delivered to the mothers of the 1-6-year-old children enrolled in the AWCs of the experimental group whereas mothers under control group would receive usual care advice available at the AWCs. DISCUSSION: ECC prevention had conventionally focused upon testing effectiveness of programs targeting behaviour change among the caregivers and children, but surprisingly minimal efforts have been made to seek translation of these efforts into reduction of ECC at the community level. The present study has two components; testing effect of altering maternal and child behavioral aspects on ECC incidence through cohort follow up of 1-3-year-old children for three consecutive years and cross-sectional follow up of all available 1-6-year old children at the selected AWCs at regular intervals to look for change in prevalence of ECC at community level. In other regions of the world surveys of ECC prevalence before and after the intensive educational programs have shown a significant reduction in ECC prevalence. A similar decline can be anticipated through this program. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been prospectively registered at Clinical Trials Registry, India (CTRI/2019/02/017556, 08 February 2019).