Consequences of Spin-Orbit Coupling at the Single Hole Level: Spin-Flip Tunneling and the Anisotropic g Factor.

Hole transport experiments were performed on a gated double quantum dot device defined in a p-GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure with a single hole occupancy in each dot. The charging diagram of the device was mapped out using charge detection confirming that the single hole limit is reached. In that limit, a detailed study of the two-hole spin system was performed using high bias magnetotransport spectroscopy. In contrast to electron systems, the hole spin was found not to be conserved during interdot resonant tunneling. This allows one to fully map out the two-hole energy spectrum as a function of the magnitude and the direction of the external magnetic field. The heavy-hole g factor was extracted and shown to be strongly anisotropic, with a value of 1.45 for a perpendicular field and close to zero for an in-plane field as required for hybridizing schemes between spin and photonic quantum platforms.

Long-range spin transfer in triple quantum dots.

Tunneling in a quantum coherent structure is not restricted to only nearest neighbors. Hopping between distant sites is possible via the virtual occupation of otherwise avoided intermediate states. Here we report the observation of long-range transitions in the transport through three quantum dots coupled in series. A single electron is delocalized between the left and right quantum dots, while the center one remains always empty. Superpositions are formed, and both charge and spin are exchanged between the outermost dots. The delocalized electron acts as a quantum bus transferring the spin state from one end to the other. Spin selection is enabled by spin correlations. The process is detected via the observation of narrow resonances which are insensitive to Pauli spin blockade.

Universal distance-scaling of nonradiative energy transfer to graphene.

The near-field interaction between fluorescent emitters and graphene exhibits rich physics associated with local dipole-induced electromagnetic fields that are strongly enhanced due to the unique properties of graphene. Here, we measure emitter lifetimes as a function of emitter-graphene distance d, and find agreement with a universal scaling law, governed by the fine-structure constant. The observed energy transfer rate is in agreement with a 1/d(4) dependence that is characteristic of two-dimensional lossy media. The emitter decay rate is enhanced 90 times (energy transfer efficiency of ~99%) with respect to the decay in vacuum at distances d ≈ 5 nm. This high energy transfer rate is mainly due to the two-dimensionality and gapless character of the monatomic carbon layer. Graphene is thus shown to be an extraordinary energy sink, holding great potential for photodetection, energy harvesting, and nanophotonics.

Bipolar spin blockade and coherent state superpositions in a triple quantum dot.

Spin qubits based on interacting spins in double quantum dots have been demonstrated successfully. Readout of the qubit state involves a conversion of spin to charge information, which is universally achieved by taking advantage of a spin blockade phenomenon resulting from Pauli's exclusion principle. The archetypal spin blockade transport signature in double quantum dots takes the form of a rectified current. At present, more complex spin qubit circuits including triple quantum dots are being developed. Here we show, both experimentally and theoretically, that in a linear triple quantum dot circuit the spin blockade becomes bipolar with current strongly suppressed in both bias directions and also that a new quantum coherent mechanism becomes relevant. In this mechanism, charge is transferred non-intuitively via coherent states from one end of the linear triple dot circuit to the other, without involving the centre site. Our results have implications for future complex nanospintronic circuits.

Quantum interference between three two-spin states in a double quantum dot.

Qubits based on the singlet (S) and the triplet (T(0), T(+)) states in double quantum dots have been demonstrated in separate experiments. It has been recently proposed theoretically that under certain conditions a quantum interference could occur from the interplay between these two qubit species. Here we report experiments and modeling that confirm these theoretical predictions and identify the conditions under which this interference occurs. Density matrix calculations show that the interference pattern manifests primarily via the occupation of the common singlet state. The S/T(0) qubit is found to have a much longer coherence time as compared to the S/T(+) qubit.

Spin-selective Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in a lateral triple quantum dot.

We present a theory of spin-selective Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in a lateral triple quantum dot. We show that to understand the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect in an interacting electron system within a triple quantum dot molecule (TQD) where the dots lie in a ring configuration requires one to not only consider electron charge but also spin. Using a Hubbard model supported by microscopic calculations we show that, by localizing a single electron spin in one of the dots, the current through the TQD molecule depends not only on the flux but also on the relative orientation of the spin of the incoming and localized electrons. AB oscillations are predicted only for the spin singlet electron complex resulting in a magnetic field tunable "spin valve."

Stability diagram of a few-electron triple dot.

Individual and coupled quantum dots containing one or two electrons have been realized and are regarded as components for future quantum information circuits. In this Letter we map out experimentally the stability diagram of the few-electron triple dot system, the electron configuration map as a function of the external tuning parameters, and reveal experimentally for the first time the existence of quadruple points, a signature of the three dots being in resonance. In the vicinity of these quadruple points we observe a duplication of charge transfer transitions related to charge and spin reconfigurations triggered by changes in the total electron occupation number. The experimental results are largely reproduced by equivalent circuit analysis and Hubbard models. Our results are relevant for future quantum mechanical engineering applications within both quantum information and quantum cellular automata architectures.

H2A.Z is required for global chromatin integrity and for recruitment of RNA polymerase II under specific conditions.

Evolutionarily conserved variant histone H2A.Z has been recently shown to regulate gene transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that loss of H2A.Z in this organism negatively affects the induction of GAL genes. Importantly, fusion of the H2A.Z C-terminal region to S phase H2A without its corresponding C-terminal region can mediate the variant histone's specialized function in GAL1-10 gene induction, and it restores the slow-growth phenotype of cells with a deletion of HTZ1. Furthermore, we show that the C-terminal region of H2A.Z can interact with some components of the transcriptional apparatus. In cells lacking H2A.Z, recruitment of RNA polymerase II and TATA-binding protein to the GAL1-10 promoters is significantly diminished under inducing conditions. Unexpectedly, we also find that H2A.Z is required to globally maintain chromatin integrity under GAL gene-inducing conditions. We hypothesize that H2A.Z can positively regulate gene transcription, at least in part, by modulating interactions with RNA polymerase II-associated factors at certain genes under specific cell growth conditions.

BRCA1 can stimulate gene transcription by a unique mechanism.

Most familial breast and ovarian cancers have been linked to mutations in the BRCA1 gene. BRCA1 has been shown to affect gene transcription but how it does so remains elusive. Here we show that BRCA1 can stimulate transcription without the requirement for a DNA-tethering function in mammalian and yeast cells. Furthermore, the BRCA1 C-terminal region can stimulate transcription of the p53-responsive promoter, MDM2. Unlike many enhancer-specific activators, non-tethered BRCA1 does not require a functional TATA element to stimulate transcription. Our results suggest that BRCA1 can enhance transcription by a function additional to recruiting the transcriptional machinery to a targeted gene.

[Sexual behavior, knowledge and attitudes to AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases of students at the University of Benin (Togo)]. / Comportements sexuels, connaissances et attitudes des étudiants de l'Université du Bénin (Togo) face au sida et aux maladies sexuellement transmissibles.

Many studies have shown that in Africa, particularly in Togo, the 20- to 29-year-old age group is the age group most frequently affected by AIDS. This age group accounts for 84% of the students of the University of Benin. We studied students, most of the age group thought to be most at risk, investigating sexual behavior, knowledge and attitudes to AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The level of knowledge about the problems of AIDS and STDs was similar for both sexes and for all ages and levels of education of the students. Students had a reasonable knowledge of AIDS, particularly concerning the transmission of HIV (88.6% of students aware), risk behavior (80.8%), AIDS treatment (57.0%) and more general information about HIV (49.4%). They were poorly informed about the transmission (42.9%) and complications (0.69%) of other STDs. Most students had positive attitudes towards HIV issues, particularly the use of preventive measures (3.41 in 5) and the acceptance of infected individuals (3.98 in 5). However, few had seriously considered that AIDS and STDs might impact on their own sex lives (1. 84 in 5) and some were even fatalistic concerning HIV infection. The students were highly sexually active, having intercourse a mean of 31 times per year. Their sexual behavior depended on age and sex. The 15- to 19-year-olds preferred occasional partners. They had sexual intercourse 1 to 3 times per month and used condoms 10 to 20% of the time. The 20- to 29-year-olds had multiple partners. They had sexual intercourse 3 to 5 times per month and used condoms more than 30% of the time. Students over the age of 30 had many partners in addition to their regular partner. They had sexual intercourse 5 to 10 times per month and used condoms 0 to 20% of the time. Significantly more women than men had high-risk sexual behavior (40. 5% of men claimed to regularly use condoms, versus only 22.7% of the women and 11.9% of the women accepted anal penetration versus only 8. 4% of men). The general assumption is that students, who have a high level of education, should be well informed concerning AIDS and STDs and should therefore have positive attitudes and responsible sexual behavior. This study demonstrates that the assumption bears no resemblance to reality. The students were aware of the way in which HIV is transmitted and of what construes risky behavior, but there was nonetheless a high frequency of high-risk behavior (e.g. multiple sexual partners, anal and oral sex, homosexuality, intravenous drug use). The behavior of the students was not significantly different from that of young people living on the streets of Lomé. There were significant relationships between knowledge and attitudes and between some types of sexual behavior and knowledge. However, there was no correlation between attitudes and behavior. The education of young people should focus on both the prevention of AIDS and STDs and on facing up to these diseases.

Transcriptional activation by artificial recruitment in yeast is influenced by promoter architecture and downstream sequences.

The idea that recruitment of the transcriptional machinery to a promoter suffices for gene activation is based partly on the results of "artificial recruitment" experiments performed in vivo. Artificial recruitment can be effected by a "nonclassical" activator comprising a DNA-binding domain fused to a component of the transcriptional machinery. Here we show that activation by artificial recruitment in yeast can be sensitive to any of three factors: position of the activator-binding elements, sequence of the promoter, and coding sequences downstream of the promoter. In contrast, classical activators worked efficiently at all promoters tested. In all cases the "artificial recruitment" fusions synergized well with classical activators. A classical activator evidently differs from a nonclassical activator in that the former can touch multiple sites on the transcriptional machinery, and we propose that that difference accounts for the broader spectrum of activity of the typical classical activator. A similar conclusion is reached from studies in mammalian cells in the accompanying paper [Nevado, J., Gaudreau, L., Adam, M. & Ptashne, M. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2674-2677].

Transcriptional activation by artificial recruitment in mammalian cells.

We show that the typical "nonclassical" activator, which comprises a fusion protein bearing a component of the transcriptional machinery fused to a DNA-binding domain, activates transcription in mammalian cells only weakly when tested with an array of promoters. However, as found in analogous "artificial recruitment" experiments performed in yeast, these activators work synergistically with "classical" activators. The effect of the classical activator in such experiments requires that it be tethered to DNA, a requirement that cannot be overcome by expression of that classical activator at high levels. The effect of the one nonclassical activator that does elicit significant levels of transcription when working alone (i.e., that bearing TATA box-binding protein) is strongly influenced by promoter architecture. The results, consistent with those of analogous experiments in yeast [see the accompanying paper: Gaudreau, L., Keaveney, M., Nevado, J., Zaman, Z., Bryant, G. O., Struhl, K. & Ptashne, M. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2668-2673], suggest that classical activators, presumably by virtue of their abilities to interact with multiple targets, have a functional flexibility that nonclassical activators lack.

Activation of transcription in vitro by recruitment of the yeast RNA polymerase II holoenzyme.

It has been argued that many transcriptional activators work by "recruitment," that is, by helping the transcriptional machinery bind stably to DNA. We demonstrate here a realization of a strong prediction of this idea in an in vitro transcription reaction performed with purified yeast RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and a classical transcriptional activator. We show that the level of transcription reached by the activator working on low concentrations of holoenzyme can also be reached in the absence of activator by raising the holoenzyme concentration, and that under that condition the activator has no further stimulatory effect. We also show, in agreement with another prediction of the recruitment model, that in a reaction using a holoenzyme purified from cells bearing the "P" mutation, transcription is stimulated by a DNA-tethered peptide that binds the mutant holoenzyme component Gal11P but that lacks a classical activating region.

Recruitment of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and its implications in gene regulation.

In yeast cells, interaction between a DNA-bound protein and a single component of the RNA polymerase II (poIII) holoenzyme is sufficient to recruit the latter to a promoter and thereby activate gene transcription. Here we review results which have suggested such a simple mechanism for how genes can be turned on. The series of experiments which eventually led to this model was originally instigated by studying gene expression in a yeast strain which carries a point mutation in Gal11, a component of the poIII holoenzyme. In cells containing this mutant protein termed Gall11P, a derivative of the transcriptional activator Gal4 devoid of any classical activating region is turned into a strong activator. This activating function acquired by an otherwise silent DNA-binding protein is solely due to a novel and fortuitous interaction between Gal11P and a fragment of the Gal4 dimerization region generated by the P mutation. The simplest explanation for these results is that tethering Gal11 to DNA recruits the poIII holoenzyme and, consequently, activates gene transcription. Transcription factors that are believed not to be integral part of the poIII holoenzyme but are nevertheless required for this instance of gene activation, e.g. the TATA-binding TFIID complex, may bind DNA cooperatively with the holoenzyme when recruited to a promoter, thus forming a complete poIII preinitiation complex. One prediction of this model is that recruitment of the entire poIII transcription complex and consequent gene activation can be achieved by tethering different components to DNA. Indeed, fusion of a DNA-binding domain to a variety of poIII holoenzyme components and TFIID subunits leads to activation of genes bearing the recognition site for the DNA-binding protein. These results imply that accessory factors, which are required to remove or modify nucleosomes do not need to be directly contacted by activators, but can rather be engaged in the activation process when the poIII complex is recruited to DNA. In fact, recruitment of the poIII holoenzyme suffices to remodel nucleosomes at the PHO5 promoter and presumably at many other promoters. Other events in the process of gene expression following recruitment of the transcription complex, e.g. initiation, promoter clearance, elongation and termination, could unravel as a consequence of the recruitment step and the formation of an active preinitiation complex on DNA. This view does not exclude the possibility that classical activators also act directly on chromatin remodeling and post-recruitment steps to regulate gene expression.

RNA polymerase II holoenzyme recruitment is sufficient to remodel chromatin at the yeast PHO5 promoter.

We examine transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling at the PHO5 promoter in yeast by fusion proteins that are thought to act by recruiting the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme to DNA in the absence of a classic activating region. These hybrid proteins (e.g., Gal11+Pho4 or Gal4(58-97)+Pho4 in the presence of a GAL11P allele) efficiently activated transcription and remodeled chromatin. Similar chromatin remodeling was observed at a PHO5 promoter deleted for TATA and thus unable to support transcription. We conclude that recruitment of the holoenzyme or associated proteins suffices for chromatin remodeling. We also show that the SWI/SNF complex is required neither for efficient transcription of the wild-type PHO5 nor the GAL1 promoters, and we observe nearly complete chromatin remodeling at PHO5 in the absence of Snf2.

A cloned replicon of Saccharopolyspora phages JHJ-1 and JHJ-3 is stably maintained as a plasmid in various actinomycetes.

A replicon of phage JHJ-1 (and JHJ-3) was cloned. The autonomously replicating phage element was maintained as a medium-copy-number shuttle plasmid in many actinomycetes, and was efficiently transmitted to spores without antibiotic selection. One gene was shown to be expressed in a vector containing the JHJ-3 replicon.

Construction of a shuttle lacZ alpha-based Escherichia coli-actinomycetes vector containing the phage JHJ-3 replicon.

Using the broad replicating range JHJ-3 phage replicon, a shuttle vector for Escherichia coli and actinomycetes has been constructed. The vector, pOJ31, bears the lacZ alpha fragment allowing a blue/white gene cloning system. pOJ31 also contains a polylinker of 15 unique cloning sites and the phage T7 promoter. The vector has been used to stably express the mel gene from plasmid pIJ702 in Streptomyces lividans.

Biological characterization of induced phages from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta 367 and comparison with phage JHJ-1.

Phages JHJ-2 and JHJ-3 were isolated from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta 367 UC 8106 following induction with mitomycin C and amplified on S. hirsuta NRRL B-5792. Their properties were compared with those of phage JHJ-1, isolated previously from S. hirsuta 367 NRRL 12045. The DNA restriction patterns appeared to be identical. One-step growth experiments showed no differences between the replication cycles. Burst sizes ranged from 100 to 110 p.f.u. per cell. However, the three phages showed some differences in their behaviour in different hosts. The host range of phage JHJ-1, on non-lysogenic strains, was emended to include all of the Saccharopolyspora strains tested; the host range of phage JHJ-2 was shown to be identical to JHJ-1. Phage JHJ-3 did not form detectable plaques on strains of S. rectivirgula or S. erythraea except S. erythraea NRRL 2359. Neither phage JHJ-2 nor JHJ-3 formed plaques on any lysogenic strains, while JHJ-1 formed plaques on all such strains except S. hirsuta 367 UC8106. Phage JHJ-3 was characterized as a temperate bacteriophage because it formed turbid, self-limiting plaques and lysogenized S. hirsuta NRRL B-5792. It was spontaneously released from UC8106. Both JHJ-1 and JHJ-2 formed clear and invasive (Inv+ phenotype: the property to grow on old mycelium) plaques on some Saccharopolyspora strains but clear and self-limiting plaques on others. Thus, the expression of the Inv+ phenotype encoded by JHJ-1 and JHJ-2 appears to be modulated by the host cell.