Serpentinization-associated travertines as spatio-temporal archives for lipid biomarkers key for the search for life on Mars.

Serpentinization is a well-known aqueous alteration process that may have played important roles in the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, and perhaps Mars, but there are still aspects related to biomarker distribution, partitioning, and preservation that merit further study. To assess the role that precipitation of carbonate phases in serpentinization settings may have on biomarker preservation, we search for life signs in one of the world's largest outcrops of subcontinental peridotites (Ronda, South Spain). We investigate the organic record of groundwater and associated carbonate deposits (travertines) in seven hyperalkaline springs, and reconstruct the biological activity and metabolic interactions of the serpentinization-hosted ecosystem. We identified lipid biomarkers and isotopic evidences of life, whose concentration and variety were much lower in groundwater than travertine deposits (ppb/ppt versus ppm level). Groundwater carried organics of abiotic (n-alkanes with values of CPI âˆ¼ 1) and/or biotic origin, of fresher (e.g. acids or alcohols) or more diagenetized (mature hopanes and n-alkanes) nature. In contrast, associated travertines held a more prolific record of biomarkers incorporating (molecular and isotopic) fingerprints of surface (mostly phototrophs) and subsurface (chemolithotrophs, methanogens and/or methanotrophs) life. Serpentinization-associated travertines seem to act as biomolecule archives over time fed by autochthonous and allochthonous sources, hence amplifying the dim biological signal of groundwater. These results illustrate the relevance of serpentinization-associated surface mineral deposits in searching for traces of life on analogous environments on Mars. We highlight the diversity of lipids produced in serpentinizing land environments and emphasize the potential of these geostable biomolecules to preserve fingerprints of life.

Encrucijadas sobre ¿qué vender?: máquinas expendedoras en entornos alimentarios universitarios / Crossroads about what to sell?: vending machines in university food environments

Introducción. Las máquinas expendedoras de bebidas y alimentos (MEBA) ganan presencialidad en universidades, lo que potencia aumento de peso en adultos jóvenes. Objetivo. reconocer la configuración de las MEBA para la construcción del ambiente alimentario saludable en una universidad de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Diseño descriptivo multimodos, con aproximación empírica de: entrevista a tomadores de decisión (n=6) de la institución educativa; análisis de ventas durante un año (n=12.955) en las MEBA (n=12); caracterización por densidad nutricional de la oferta (n=152) y rastreo a comunicaciones circulantes asociadas con alimentación. El análisis consideró cuatro momentos: I-Relaciones; II-Canal MEBA; III-Nutrición y IV-Interacción. Los I y II se enfocaron en los componentes político, sociocultural, físico y económico. El III estudió el aporte nutricional de bebidas y alimentos para integrar resultados en el IV. Resultados. La ausencia de política sobre alimentación institucional como la visibilización comunicativa parecen potenciar condiciones sociales que refuerzan lógicas de: "mal necesario", "perfil de consumo ya existente", "ausencia de ejercicios académicos" y "experiencias negativas con alimentación saludable". Cimientos para ofertar con mayor demanda bebidas como refrescos y agua y, en alimentos, chocolate en diferentes formulaciones. En la clasificación por densidad nutricional se encontró que las bebidas fueron clasificadas como "no saludable" (51,6%); "algo saludable" (28,1%) y "saludable" (20,3%). Los alimentos "algo saludable" (44,9%); "no saludable" (32,2%) y "saludable" (22,9%). Conclusiones. la universidad, espacio de formación, requiere realizar esfuerzos de comprensión sociocultural, gerencia alineada a normativas de promoción de salud para incidir en la calidad nutricional ofertada a la comunidad universitaria(AU)

Introduction. Food and beverage vending machines (MEBA) are gaining presence in universities, which promotes weight gain in young adults. Objective. to recognize the configuration of the MEBA for the construction of a healthy food environment in a university in Colombia. Materials and methods. multimodal descriptive design, with an empirical approach of: interview with decision makers of the educational institution (n=6); analysis of sales during one year (n=12,955) in the MEBAs (n=12); characterization by nutritional density of the offer (n=152) and tracking of circulating communications associated with food. The analysis considered four moments: I-Relationships; II-MEBA Channel; III-Nutrition and IV-Interaction. I and II focused on the political, sociocultural, physical and economic components. The III studied the nutritional contribution of drinks and foods to integrate results in the IV. Results. the absence of a policy on institutional food such as communicative visibility seems to enhance social conditions that reinforce logics of: "necessary evil", "already existing consumption profile", "absence of academic exercises" and "negative experiences with healthy eating". Foundations to offer with greater demand drinks such as soft drinks and water and, in food, chocolate in different formulations. In the classification by nutritional density, it was found that the drinks were classified as "unhealthy" (51.6%); "something healthy" (28.1%) and "healthy" (20.3%). "Somewhat healthy" foods (44.9%); "unhealthy" (32.2%) and "healthy" (22.9%). Conclusions. the university, a training space, requires efforts at sociocultural understanding, management aligned with health promotion regulations to influence the nutritional quality offered to the university community(AU)

Dissecting the dimension of protection: Caligae and Scutum in the evaluative model of normative appeals.

A normative appeal indicates that one should (or should not) do a certain action in a concrete situation. According to the Evaluative Model of Normative Appeals (EMNA), willingness to comply with these messages depends on an appraisal formed by two dimensions: formality and protection. In this work we center on the dimension of protection, proposing that it can be divided into two components: avoiding physical or psychological damage (scutum) and affording the performance of the main intended action (caligae). We conducted two studies to test this twofold meaning of protection. In Study 1 (N = 525), we manipulated the coherence of regulatory focus (promotion vs. control vs. prevention) with salience of the components of protection (caligae vs. control vs. scutum). In Study 2 (N = 513), we separately measured the perception of each component referred to an actual normative appeal (i.e., "To get into a class punctually"). The results showed that the manipulated salience and the measured perception of caligae and scutum elicits (Study 1) and predicts (Study 2) higher willingness to comply with normative appeals. Theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.

Disentangling Emotions during the Coronavirus Outbreak in Spain: Inner Emotions, Descriptive Feeling Rules and Socioemotional Conventions.

For constructionism, language is the link among different levels of analysis of emotional events, from individual to interpersonal and macrosocial. The interaction among these emotional levels allows us to construe an emotional episode and label it with an emotion word, coordinate with the emotions perceived in others, and represent events as a society. Across two studies, we found similarities and differences among inner emotions experienced (individual level), emotions perceived in others (descriptive feeling rules, interpersonal level) and emotions shared on the internet (socioemotional conventions, macrosocial level), with all these emotional targets focused on the COVID-19 outbreak. The results indicate a similarity between the emotional meaning of COVID-19 in society and the descriptive feeling rules, whereas the reported inner emotions were clearly distinct: Joy was irrelevant at the interpersonal and macrosocial levels but clearly important at the individual level. A mismatch also appeared for fear and hope. While fear was the most predominant emotion at the interpersonal and macrosocial levels during most of the phases, it was moderately predominant at the individual level. Hope followed the opposite pattern, being the most relevant emotion at the individual level but less relevant at the interpersonal and macrosocial levels. Each level might have different consequences: Mixed emotions at the individual level might promote resilience; fear perceived in other people might motivate protective behaviors; and sadness socially shared during Christmas might generate greater empathy. These results support the complexity of emotional concepts and the suitability of exploring them at different levels of analysis.

Application of hydrogeochemistry and isotopic characterization for the assessment of recharge in a volcanic aquifer in the eastern region of central Costa Rica.

In the eastern region of central Costa Rica, land use in the sub-basins of the Maravilla-Chiz and Quebrada Honda rivers (47 km2) is dominated by agricultural and livestock production, while groundwater resources constitute the main drinking water supply. This study aimed to (a) evaluate the location of groundwater recharge areas and groundwater flow paths, and (b) provide a characterization of the hydrochemistry and possible anthropic impacts. Groundwater was collected from 20 sites during the dry and rainy seasons and analysed for major ions, water stable isotopes and 222Rn. Approximated recharge areas were estimated through a local altitudinal line based on isotopic compositions in springs. The hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater showed that the main recharge areas occur in the upper part of the basin, except for springs in the middle part of the basin probably due to a certain hydraulic disconnection from the upper part that facilitates local recharge processes. In the lower basin, groundwater exhibited greater transit times and longer flow paths. Low nitrate, chloride and sulphate concentrations found in groundwater indicate low leaching of fertilizers or urban wastewaters. Our results are focused to improve water resources and agricultural management plans in a dynamic tropical landscape.

Síntomas afectivos en pacientes con lesiones talámicas y su correlación con el patrón de conectividad talamocortical: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Affective symptoms in patients with thalamic lesions and their correlation with the thalamocortical connectivity pattern: a systematic review

RESUMEN Desde la década de 1970, la disponibilidad de neuroimágenes estructurales (tomografia computarizada y resonancia magnética) y funcionales como la tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón único (SPECT), la tomografia por emisión de positrones (PET) o la resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI)), abrió una nueva via en el estudio de la relación bidireccional que existe entre los fenómenos comportamentales y la actividad neuronal. La introducción de estas técnicas condujo a una mejor comprensión del impacto de una lesión cerebral en la actividad cortical y en el desarrollo de síntomas psiquiátricos. Explicar la presencia de síntomas afectivos como una alteración en la función de una estructura cerebral es insuficiente, y se debe considerar siempre un compromiso de los circuitos cerebrales. Muchos trastornos del afecto se han asociado con lesiones en las conexiones talamolímbicas, incluyendo trastorno depresivo mayor, trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, adicción a sustancias psicoactivas y trastorno de estrés postraumático, por lo que la identificación de los tractos de conectividad puede proporcionar nuevos medios para una intervención terapéutica eficaz.

SUMMARY Since the 1970s, the availability of structural neuroimaging (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) and functional neuroimaging (single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)), has opened a new way in the study of the bidirectional relationship between behavioral phenomena and neuronal activity. The introduction of these techniques led to a better understanding of the impact of a brain injury on cortical activity and on the development of psychiatric symptoms. It is difficult to explain affective symptoms as a consequence of a brain structure dysfunction and is important to consider a brain circuit impairment. Many affective disorders have been associated with lesions in thalamolymbic connections, including major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, addiction to psychoactive substances and post-traumatic stress disorder, and the identification of the connectivity tracts can provide new means for effective therapeutic intervention.

Análisis bibliométrico de la Revista Colombiana de Radiología / Bibliometric analysis of the Revista Colombiana de Radiología

Objetivos: Describir las estadísticas y los indicadores bibliométricos de la Revista Colombiana de Radiología desde su primer número, en 1989, hasta el último de 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron todos los números de la Revista tanto impresos como en versión digital. Se creó una base de datos en el software de referencias JabRef con todas las publicaciones encontradas. Cada referencia, aparte de la información de autores, volumen, número, año de publicación y resumen, contiene datos de filiación institucional, localización geográfica, tipo de publicación y tema. Por medio de un análisis estadístico simple se examinaron los indicadores de producción, como cantidad de publicaciones por número, año, autor, filiación institucional, localización geográfica, tópico y tipo de publicación. Para los indicadores bibliométricos de impacto se realizaron búsquedas de las citaciones sobre la producción de la revista en bases de datos y buscadores. Resultados: En total fueron 902 referencias. El año de más publicaciones fue el 2011 y el tipo de publicación más frecuente fue el de presentación de caso. Las áreas con más publicaciones fueron imagen corporal y neurorradiología. Las ciudades en Colombia con más publicaciones fueron Bogotá y Medellín. Las instituciones que más publicaron fueron la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio y la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá y Universidad El Bosque. Conclusiones: La Revista Colombiana de Radiología es la principal publicación sobre radiología en el país. La Revista cuenta con una considerable cantidad de publicaciones de diferente tipo y tema. Este análisis bibliométrico podrá servir de insumo para tomar decisiones respecto al futuro de la Revista

Objetivos: Describir las estadísticas y los indicadores bibliométricos de la Revista Colombiana de Radiología desde su primer número, en 1989, hasta el último de 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron todos los números de la Revista tanto impresos como en versión digital. Se creó una base de datos en el software de referencias JabRef con todas las publicaciones encontradas. Cada referencia, aparte de la información de autores, volumen, número, año de publicación y resumen, contiene datos de filiación institucional, localización geográfica, tipo de publicación y tema. Por medio de un análisis estadístico simple se examinaron los indicadores de producción, como cantidad de publicaciones por número, año, autor, filiación institucional, localización geográfica, tópico y tipo de publicación. Para los indicadores bibliométricos de impacto se realizaron búsquedas de las citaciones sobre la producción de la revista en bases de datos y buscadores. Resultados: En total fueron 902 referencias. El año de más publicaciones fue el 2011 y el tipo de publicación más frecuente fue el de presentación de caso. Las áreas con más publicaciones fueron imagen corporal y neurorradiología. Las ciudades en Colombia con más publicaciones fueron Bogotá y Medellín. Las instituciones que más publicaron fueron la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio y la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá y Universidad El Bosque. Conclusiones: La Revista Colombiana de Radiología es la principal publicación sobre radiología en el país. La Revista cuenta con una considerable cantidad de publicaciones de diferente tipo y tema. Este análisis bibliométrico podrá servir de insumo para tomar decisiones respecto al futuro de la Revista.

Assessment of hydrochemical trends in the highly anthropised Guadalhorce River basin (southern Spain) in terms of compliance with the European groundwater directive for 2015.

One of the key aspects introduced by the European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) and developed by Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC was the need to analyse pollution trends in groundwater bodies in order to meet the environmental objectives set in Article 4 WFD. According to this Directive, the main goal of "good status" should be achieved by the year 2015, and having reached this horizon, now is a suitable time to assess the changes that have taken place with the progressive implementation of the WFD. An extensive database is available for the Guadalhorce River basin, and this was used not only to identify in groundwater but also to draw real conclusions with respect to the degree of success in meeting the targets established for this main deadline (2015) The geographic and climate context of the Guadalhorce basin has facilitated the development of a variety of economic activities, but the one affecting the largest surface area is agriculture (which is practised on over 50 % of the river basin). The main environmental impacts identified in the basin aquifers arise from the widespread use of fertilisers and manures, together with the input of sewage from population centres. In consequence, some of the groundwater bodies located in the basin have historically had very high nitrate concentrations, often exceeding 200 mg/L. In addition, return flows, the use of fertilisers and other pressures promote the entry of other pollutants into the groundwater, as well as the salinisation of the main aquifers in the basin. In order to assess the hydrochemical changes that have taken place since the entry into force of the WFD, we performed a detailed trends analysis, based on data from the official sampling networks. In some cases, over 35 years of water quality data are available, but these statistics also present significant limitations, due to some deficiencies in the design or management; thus, data are missing for many years, the results are subject to seasonality effects, there are gaps in the historical records obtained by the monitoring networks and other shortcomings. The results obtained were analysed with the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and revealed a general upward trend of pollutants in the areas affected by major pressures. In this analysis, we evaluated not only the increase or decrease in pollutants but also the different processes detected and the sources of pollution within the basin area. Our evaluation shows that robust measures should be taken in order to prevent further major degradation of groundwater quality and to enable "good quality" status to be achieved in future extensions of the WFD.

Application of stable isotopes (δ³4S-SO4, δ¹8O-SO4, δ¹5N-NO 3, δ¹8O-NO 3) to determine natural background and contamination sources in the Guadalhorce River Basin (southern Spain).

The integrated use of isotopes (δ(34)S-SO4, δ(18)O-SO4, δ(15)N-NO3, δ(18)O-NO3), taking into account existing hydrogeological knowledge of the study area (mainly hydrochemical), was applied in the Guadalhorce River Basin (southern Spain) to characterise SO4(2-) and NO3(-) sources, and to quantify natural background levels (NBLs) in groundwater bodies. According to Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and, more recently, Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC, it is important to determine NBLs, as their correct assessment is the first, essential step to characterising groundwater bodies, establishing threshold values, assessing chemical status and identifying trends in pollutant concentrations. In many cases, NBLs are high for some parameters and types of groundwater, making it difficult to distinguish clearly between factors of natural or human origin. The main advantages of using stable isotopes in a complex area like the Guadalhorce River Basin that exhibits widely varying hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions and longstanding anthropogenic influences (mainly agriculture, but also many others) is accurate determination of pollution sources and precise quantification of NBLs. Since chemical analyses only provides the concentration of pollutants in water and not the source, three isotopic sampling campaigns for sulphates (δ(34)S-SO4, δ(18)O-SO4) were carried out, in 2006, 2007 and 2012, and another one was conducted for nitrates (δ(15)N-NO3, δ(18)O-NO3), in 2009, in groundwater bodies in order to trace the origins of each pollutant. The present study identified different pollution sources of dissolved NO3(-) in groundwater using an isotopic composition and quantified the percentage of natural (lithology, chemical and biological processes) and anthropogenic (fertilisers, manure and sewage) SO4(2-) and matched a concentration associated with the percentage in order to determine the NBLs in the basin.

Comparison of Recharge Estimation Methods During a Wet Period in a Karst Aquifer.

Management of water resources, implying their appropriate protection, calls for a sound evaluation of recharge. Such assessment is very complex in karst aquifers. Most methods are developed for application to detrital aquifers, without taking into account the extraordinary heterogeneity of porosity and permeability of karst systems. It is commonly recommended to estimate recharge using multiple methods; however, differences inherent to the diverse methods make it difficult to clarify the accuracy of each result. In this study, recharge was estimated in a karst aquifer working in a natural regime, in a Mediterranean-type climate, in the western part of the Sierra de las Nieves (southern Spain). Mediterranean climate regions are characterized by high inter-annual rainfall variability featuring long dry periods and short intense wet periods, the latter constituting the most important contribution to aquifer water input. This paper aims to identify the methods that provide the most plausible range of recharge rate during wet periods. Six methods were tested: the classical method of Thornthwaite-Mather, the Visual Balan code, the chloride balance method, and spatially distributed methods such as APLIS, a novel spatiotemporal estimation of recharge, and ZOODRM. The results help determine valid methods for application in the rest of the unit of study and in similar karst aquifers.

Determination of background levels on water quality of groundwater bodies: a methodological proposal applied to a Mediterranean River basin (Guadalhorce River, Málaga, southern Spain).

Determine background levels are a key element in the further characterisation of groundwater bodies, according to Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and, more specifically, Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC. In many cases, these levels present very high values for some parameters and types of groundwater, which is significant for their correct estimation as a prior step to establishing thresholds, assessing the status of water bodies and subsequently identifying contaminant patterns. The Guadalhorce River basin presents widely varying hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions. Therefore, its background levels are the result of the many factors represented in the natural chemical composition of water bodies in this basin. The question of determining background levels under objective criteria is generally addressed as a statistical problem, arising from the many aspects involved in its calculation. In the present study, we outline the advantages of applying two statistical techniques applied specifically for this purpose: (1) the iterative 2σ technique and (2) the distribution function, and examine whether the conclusions reached by these techniques are similar or whether they differ considerably. In addition, we identify the specific characteristics of each approach and the circumstances under which they should be used.

Cambios en las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer / Changes in instrumental daily life activities in Alzheimer Disease

Introducción. La demencia causa incapacidad funcional y existe poca información de las diferencias de géneroy progresión de la enfermedad. Este trabajo determina la extensión del compromiso funcional, por géneros, en lasactividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD) en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer leve y moderada(lEA y mEA).Material y métodos. Un grupo de expertos, diagnosticaron 323 pacientes como Enfermedad de Alzheimer segúnlos criterios del NINCS-ADRDA. Se realizaron pruebas estandarizadas como el minimental (MMS) y la queja dememoria. La funcionalidad se exploró por la escala de Lawton modificada y la severidad por la escala global dedeterioro de Reisberg (EGAR). Se realizaron análisis no paramétricos en aquellos grupos que no presentabannormalidad estadística y se consideró un nivel significativo con valor p<0.05. En el primer análisis con fines descriptivosy de caracterización se examinaron los datos demográficos de los respectivos grupos por medio la pruebade ANOVA sobre rangos de Kruskal Wallis con comparaciones múltiples de Dunnet.Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el MMS (p<0.01) y en la AIVD (p<0.05). La funcionalidaden las mujeres estaba mejor antes de la instauración de la EA leve; según las diferencias significativas obtenidas enla AIVD (p = 0.001), así como en algunas actividades específicas.Conclusiones. Todos los grupos tenían comprometidas las AIVD y los pacientes con mEA perdieron más funcionalidad.Las mujeres eran más autónomas antes de la instauración de la demencia. La enfermedad en las mujerescausó una más rápida perdida de autonomía en las etapas leves. Estos resultados enfatizan las diferencias entre lasactividades funcionales específicas y el género.