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The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide in a life-threatening manner. In such a scenario, the development of anti-cancer drugs with minimal side effects and effective drug delivery systems is of paramount importance. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the powerful anti-cancer drugs from the chemical family anthracycline, which is used to treat a wide variety of cancers, including breast, prostate, ovarian, and hematological malignancies. However, DOX has been associated with many side effects, including lethal cardiotoxicity, baldness, gastrointestinal disturbances and cognitive function impairment. Even though DOX is administered in liposomal formulations to reduce its toxicity and enhance its therapeutic profile, the liposomal formulations themselves have certain therapeutic profile limitations such as "palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE)", which shows severe swelling and redness in the skin, thus restricting the dosage and reducing patient compliance. In contemporary chemotherapy research, there is a great interest in the utilization of nanomaterials for precise and targeted drug delivery applications, especially using carbon-based nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both experimental and theoretical scientific works, exploring diverse forms of carbon-based materials such as graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes that function as carriers for DOX. In addition, the review consolidates information on the fate of the carriers after the delivery of the payload at the site of action through different imaging techniques and the various pathways through which the body eliminates these nanomaterials. In conclusion, the review presents a detailed overview of the toxicities associated with these carriers within the human body, contributing to the development of enhanced drug delivery systems.
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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder with no permanent cure that affects the quality of life due to trismus. Computational pharmacology has accelerated the discovery of drug candidates for the treatment of incurable diseases. The present study aimed to screen the compounds of the miracle herb Centella asiatica with drug-likeness properties based on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. The pharmacological actions of these screened compounds against OSMF were identified by network pharmacology, gene ontology, pathway enrichment analysis, molecular docking, and simulation. Fifteen drug-like ligands were identified after virtual screening viz; asiatic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, bayogenin, gallic acid, isothankunic acid, madecassic acid, madasiatic acid, arjunolic acid, terminolic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and nobiletin. 850 potential targets were predicted for the ligands, which were analyzed against 354 proteins associated with OSMF. Compound pathway analysis and disease pathway analysis identified 53 common proteins. The GO enrichment analysis identified 472 biological process terms, 76 molecular function terms, and 44 cellular component terms. Pathway enrichment analysis predicted 142 KEGG pathways, 35 Biocarta pathways, and 236 Reactome pathways for the target proteins. The analysis revealed that the herb targets crucial events of fibrosis such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, collagen deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The common 53 proteins were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, which revealed 4 key proteins interacting with the phytocompounds viz; transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), mothers against decapentaplegic-3 (SMAD-3), mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK-1) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC). Molecular docking revealed that all ligands had a good binding affinity to the target proteins. Bayogenin had the highest binding affinity towards MAPK-1 (-9.7 kcal/mol), followed by isothankunic acid towards SRC protein (-9.3 kcal/mol). Madasiatic acid had the highest binding affinity to SMAD-3 (-7.6 kcal/mol) and TGF-ß1 (-7.1 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated stable ligand protein interactions of bayogenin and MAPK complex, isothankunic acid and SRC complex. This in silico study is the first to identify potential phytochemicals present in Centella asiatica and their target molecules, which might be responsible for reversing OSMF.
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To reduce TB deaths, Tamil Nadu, a southern Indian state, implemented the first state-wide differentiated TB care strategy starting April 2022. Triage-positive severely ill patients are prioritised for comprehensive assessment and inpatient care. Routine program data during October-December 2022 revealed that documentation of total score after comprehensive assessment was available in only 39%, possibly indicating poor quality of comprehensive assessment. We confirmed this using operational research. The case record form to record comprehensive assessment was used only in 26% and among these, the completeness and correctness in filling out the form were sub-optimal. There is a clear need to enhance the quality of comprehensive assessments.
Depuis avril 2022, le Tamil Nadu, un État du sud de l'Inde, a mis en Åuvre la première stratégie de soins différenciés pour la TB à l'échelle de l'État afin de réduire le nombre de décès dus à la TB. Les personnes gravement malades ayant obtenu un résultat positif au triage sont prioritaires pour une évaluation complète et des soins hospitaliers. Les données du programme de routine entre octobre et décembre 2022 ont révélé que la documentation du score total après l'évaluation complète n'était disponible que dans 39% des cas, ce qui pourrait indiquer une mauvaise qualité de l'évaluation complète. Nous l'avons confirmé par le biais d'une recherche opérationnelle. Le formulaire de dossier pour enregistrer l'évaluation complète n'a été utilisé que dans 26% des cas et, parmi ceux-ci, l'exhaustivité et l'exactitude du remplissage du formulaire n'étaient pas optimales. Il est manifestement nécessaire d'améliorer la qualité de l'évaluation complète.
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The gastrointestinal tract is one of the main organs affected during systemic inflammation and disrupted gastrointestinal motility is a major clinical manifestation. Many studies have investigated the involvement of neuroimmune interactions in regulating colonic motility during localized colonic inflammation, i.e., colitis. However, little is known about how the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages contribute to dysregulated motility during systemic inflammation. Given that systemic inflammation commonly results from the innate immune response against bacterial infection, we mimicked bacterial infection by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats and assessed colonic motility using ex vivo video imaging techniques. We utilized the Cx3cr1-Dtr rat model of transient depletion of macrophages to investigate the role of intestinal macrophages in regulating colonic motility during LPS infection. To investigate the role of inhibitory enteric neurotransmission on colonic motility following LPS, we applied the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA). Our results confirmed an increase in colonic contraction frequency during LPS-induced systemic inflammation. However, neither the depletion of intestinal macrophages, nor the suppression of inhibitory enteric nervous system activity impacted colonic motility disruption during inflammation. This implies that the interplay between the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages is nuanced, and complex, and further investigation is needed to clarify their joint roles in colonic motility.
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Sistema Nervoso Entérico , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Inflamação , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos , Animais , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Ratos , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/fisiopatologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/metabolismo , Masculino , Eixo Encéfalo-Intestino/fisiologia , Colo/metabolismo , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Colite/fisiopatologia , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Gastroenteropatias/fisiopatologia , Gastroenteropatias/metabolismoRESUMO
Herein, we prepare a new array of N-(α-furanyl) alkyl sulfoximines via a gold catalyzed reaction of enynone with sulfoximine in moderate to very good yields. The reaction involves Michael addition of sulfoximine to enynone, followed by intramolecular cyclization. The presence of two chiral centres led to the formation of a mixture of diastereomers approximately in a 1 : 1 ratio. The salient features of the protocol include broad substrate scope, high efficiency and high yields. The synthetic utility of the protocol is explored using Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and mild, metal-free opening of the furan ring.
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Individuals with autism often experience gastrointestinal issues but the cause is unknown. Many gene mutations that modify neuronal synapse function are associated with autism and therefore may impact the enteric nervous system that regulates gastrointestinal function. A missense mutation in the Nlgn3 gene encoding the cell adhesion protein Neuroligin-3 was identified in two brothers with autism who both experienced severe gastrointestinal dysfunction. Mice expressing this mutation (Nlgn3R451C mice) are a well-studied preclinical model of autism and show autism-relevant characteristics, including impaired social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive behaviour. We previously showed colonic dysmotility in response to GABAergic inhibition and increased myenteric neuronal numbers in the small intestine in Nlgn3R451C mice bred on a mixed genetic background. Here, we show that gut dysfunction is a persistent phenotype of the Nlgn3 R451C mutation in mice backcrossed onto a C57BL/6 background. We report that Nlgn3R451C mice show a 30.9% faster gastrointestinal transit (p = 0.0004) in vivo and have 6% longer small intestines (p = 0.04) compared to wild-types due to a reduction in smooth muscle tone. In Nlgn3R451C mice, we observed a decrease in resting jejunal diameter (proximal jejunum: 10.6% decrease, p = 0.02; mid: 9.8%, p = 0.04; distal: 11.5%, p = 0.009) and neurally regulated dysmotility as well as shorter durations of contractile complexes (mid: 25.6% reduction in duration, p = 0.009; distal: 30.5%, p = 0.004) in the ileum. In Nlgn3R451C mouse colons, short contractions were inhibited to a greater extent (57.2% by the GABAA antagonist, gabazine, compared to 40.6% in wild-type mice (p = 0.007). The inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis decreased the frequency of contractile complexes in the jejunum (WT p = 0.0006, Nlgn3R451C p = 0.002), but not the ileum, in both wild-type and Nlgn3R451C mice. These findings demonstrate that changes in enteric nervous system function contribute to gastrointestinal dysmotility in mice expressing the autism-associated R451C missense mutation in the Neuroligin-3 protein.
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Transtorno Autístico , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Trânsito Gastrointestinal , Intestino Delgado , Jejuno , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cafeína , Antagonistas GABAérgicosRESUMO
Different regions of the gastrointestinal tract have specific functions and thus distinct motility patterns. Motility is primarily regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), an intrinsic network of neurons located within the gut wall. Under physiological conditions, the ENS is influenced by the central nervous system (CNS). However, by using ex vivo organ bath experiments, ENS regulation of gut motility can also be studied in the absence of CNS influences. The current technique enables the characterisation of small intestinal, caecal, and colonic motility patterns using an ex vivo organ bath and video imaging protocol. This approach is combined with the novel edge detection script GutMap, available in MATLAB, that functions across Windows and Mac platforms. Dissected intestinal segments are cannulated in an organ bath containing physiological saline with a camera mounted overhead. Video recordings of gut contractions are then converted to spatiotemporal heatmaps and analysed using the GutMap software interface. Using data analysed from the heatmaps, parameters of contractile patterns (including contraction propagation frequency and velocity as well as gut diameter) at baseline and in the presence of drugs/treatments/genetic mutations can be compared. Here, we studied motility patterns of female mice at baseline and in the presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-Nitro-L-arginine; NOLA) (nitric oxide being the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of gut motility) to showcase the application of GutMap. This technique is suitable for application to a broad range of animal models of clinical disorders to understand underlying biological pathways contributing to gastrointestinal dysfunction. Key features ⢠Enhanced video imaging analysis of gut contractility in rodents using a novel software interface. ⢠New edge detection algorithm to accurately contour curvatures of the gastrointestinal tract. ⢠Allows for output of high-resolution spatiotemporal heatmaps across Windows and Mac platforms. ⢠Edge detection and analysis method makes motility measurements accessible in different gut regions including the caecum and stomach.
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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea with the potential to cause long-term gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Preventative treatments for ETEC-induced diarrhea exist, yet the effects of these treatments on GI commensals in healthy individuals are unclear. Whether administration of a prophylactic preventative treatment for ETEC-induced diarrhea causes specific shifts in gut microbial populations in controlled environments is also unknown. Here, we studied the effects of a hyperimmune bovine colostrum (IMM-124E) used in the manufacture of Travelan (AUST L 106709) on GI bacteria in healthy C57BL/6 mice. Using next-generation sequencing, we aimed to test the onset and magnitude of potential changes to the mouse gut microbiome in response to the antidiarrheagenic hyperimmune bovine colostrum product, rich in immunoglobulins against select ETEC strains (Travelan, Immuron Ltd). We show that in mice administered colostrum containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies, there was an increased abundance of potentially gut-beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia and Desulfovibrio, without disrupting the underlying ecology of the GI tract. Compared to controls, there was no difference in overall weight gain, body or cecal weights, or small intestine length following LPS antibody colostrum supplementation. Overall, dietary supplementation with colostrum containing LPS antibodies produced subtle alterations in the gut bacterial composition of mice. Primarily, Travelan LPS antibody treatment decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in gut microbial populations in unchallenged healthy mice. Further studies are required to examine the effect of Travelan LPS antibody treatment to engineer the microbiome in a diseased state and during recovery.
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Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Feminino , Gravidez , Camundongos , Animais , Bovinos , Lipopolissacarídeos , Imunoglobulina G , Colostro , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fatores Imunológicos , Diarreia/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Intestinal macrophages are well-studied for their conventional roles in the immune response against pathogens and protecting the gut from chronic inflammation. However, these macrophages may also have additional functional roles in gastrointestinal motility under typical conditions. This is likely to occur via both direct and indirect influences on gastrointestinal motility through interaction with myenteric neurons that contribute to the gut-brain axis, but this mechanism is yet to be properly characterised. The CX3CR1 chemokine receptor is expressed in the majority of intestinal macrophages, so we used a conditional knockout Cx3cr1-Dtr (diphtheria toxin receptor) rat model to transiently ablate these cells. We then utilized ex vivo video imaging to evaluate colonic motility. Our previous studies in brain suggested that Cx3cr1-expressing cells repopulate by 7 days after depletion in this model, so we performed our experiments at both the 48 hr (macrophage depletion) and 7-day (macrophage repopulation) time points. We also investigated whether inhibitory neuronal input driven by nitric oxide from the enteric nervous system is required for the regulation of colonic motility by intestinal macrophages. Our results demonstrated that CD163-positive resident intestinal macrophages are important in regulating colonic motility in the absence of this major inhibitory neuronal input. In addition, we show that intestinal macrophages are indispensable in maintaining a healthy intestinal structure. Our study provides a novel understanding of the interplay between the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages in colonic motility. We highlight intestinal macrophages as a potential therapeutic target for gastrointestinal motility disorders when inhibitory neuronal input is suppressed.
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Interneurônios , Macrófagos , Animais , Ratos , Encéfalo , Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a EGF de Ligação à HeparinaRESUMO
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD; autism) commonly present with gastrointestinal (GI) illness in addition to core diagnostic behavioural traits. The appendix, or cecum in mice, is important for GI homeostasis via its function as a key site for fermentation and a microbial reservoir. Even so, the role of the appendix and cecum in autism-associated GI symptoms remains uninvestigated. Here, we studied mice with an autism-associated missense mutation in the post-synaptic protein neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3R451C), which impacts brain and enteric neuronal activity. We assessed for changes in cecal motility using a tri-cannulation video-imaging approach in ex vivo preparations from wild-type and Nlgn3R451C mice. We investigated cecal permeability and neurally-evoked secretion in wild-type and Nlgn3R451C tissues using an Ussing chamber set-up. The number of cecal patches in fresh tissue samples were assessed and key immune populations including gut macrophages and dendritic cells were visualised using immunofluorescence. Nlgn3R451C mice displayed accelerated cecal motor complexes and reduced cecal weight in comparison to wildtype littermates. Nlgn3R451C mice also demonstrated reduced neurally-evoked cecal secretion in response to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP), but permeability was unchanged. We observed an increase in the number of cecal patches in Nlgn3R451C mice, however the cellular morphologies of key immune populations studied were not significantly altered. We show that the R451C nervous system mutation leads to cecal dysmotility, impaired secretion, and neuro-immune alterations. Together, these results suggest that the R451C mutation disrupts the gut-brain axis with GI dysfunction in autism.
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Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Transtorno Autístico , Animais , Camundongos , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Transtorno Autístico/metabolismo , Ceco/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adesão Celular Neuronais/genética , Tecido Linfoide/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Children undergoing hemispheric surgery for intractable seizures are susceptible to visual complications including strabismus. This systematic review aims to investigate the rates and characteristics of strabismus development after hemispheric surgery and evaluate clinical implications for ophthalmologic care. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, PsychINFO, and Web of Science databases was performed from database inception to May 2022. Included articles referred to strabismus outcomes in pediatric populations after hemispherectomy or hemispherotomy. Reviews and non-English-language publications were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Demographic data and characteristics of strabismus were extracted and tabulated. RESULTS: Of 41 articles identified, 10 studies consisting of 384 pediatric participants (48% females) and age at surgery between 6 months and 16 years were included. Preoperative strabismus rates ranged between 3% and 56%, whereas postoperative rates ranged between 38% and 100%. With respect to the site of hemispheric surgery, contralateral exodeviation was the most common (16%-67%; nâ¯=â¯7) and then ipsilateral exodeviation (16%-56%; nâ¯=â¯2), whereas ipsilateral esodeviation was infrequent (4%-9%; nâ¯=â¯3). CONCLUSIONS: Contralateral exotropia and ipsilateral esotropia may occur after hemispheric surgery and may have the potential to be field expanding. Concerns regarding negative social reactions should be balanced with the risk of visual field reduction and (or) diplopia by strabismus surgery. Higher-quality articles with large, homogeneous, and well-described populations (i.e., complete pre- and postoperative ophthalmologic assessments) are required to establish the risks and rates of strabismus development after hemispheric surgery.
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To reduce TB deaths in resource-limited settings, a differentiated care strategy can be used to triage patients with high risk of severe illness (i.e., those with very severe undernutrition, respiratory insufficiency, or inability to stand without support) at diagnosis and refer them for comprehensive assessment and inpatient care. Globally, there are few examples of implementing this type of strategy in routine program settings. Beginning in April 2022, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu implemented a differentiated care strategy called Tamil Nadu-Kasanoi Erappila Thittam (TN-KET) for all adults aged 15 years and older with drug-susceptible TB notified by public facilities. Before evaluating the impact on TB deaths, we sought to understand the retention and delays in the care cascade as well as predictors of losses. During April-June 2022, 14,961 TB patients were notified and 11,599 (78%) were triaged. Of those triaged, 1,509 (13%) were at high risk of severe illness; of these, 1,128 (75%) were comprehensively assessed at a nodal inpatient care facility. Of 993 confirmed as severely ill, 909 (92%) were admitted, with 8% unfavorable admission outcomes (4% deaths). Median admission duration was 4 days. From diagnosis, the median delay in triaging and admission of severely ill patients was 1 day each. Likelihood of triaging decreased for people with extrapulmonary TB, those diagnosed in high-notification districts or teaching hospitals, and those transferred out of district. Predictors of not being comprehensively assessed included: aged 25-34 years, able to stand without support, and diagnosis at a primary or secondary-level facility. Inability to stand without support was a predictor of unfavorable admission outcomes. To conclude, the first quarter of implementation suggests that TN-KET was feasible to implement but could be improved by addressing predictors of losses in the care cascade and increasing admission duration.
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Desnutrição , Adulto , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
High glucose (HG), a hallmark of the tumour microenvironment, is also a biomechanical stressor, as it exerts hyper-osmotic stress (HG-HO), but not much is known regarding how tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG-HO. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate the novel molecular mechanisms by which tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG/HG-HO and whether phytochemical-based interference in these mechanisms can generate tumour-cell-selective vulnerability to cell death. Mannitol and L-glucose were used as hyper-osmotic equivalents of high glucose. The results revealed that the tumour cells can efficiently mechanoadapt to HG-HO only in the normoxic microenvironment. Under normoxic HG/HG-HO stress, tumour cells polySUMOylate a higher pool of mitotic driver pH3(Ser10), which translocates to the nucleus and promotes faster cell divisions. On the contrary, acute hypoxia dampens HG/HG-HO-associated excessive proliferation by upregulating sentrin protease SENP7. SENP7 promotes abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10), thereby restricting its nuclear entry and promoting the M-phase arrest and cell loss. However, the hypoxia-arrested cells that managed to survive showed relapse upon reversal to normoxia as well as upregulation of pro-survival-associated SENP1, and players in tumour growth signalling, autophagy, glycolytic pathways etc. Depletion of SENP1 in both normoxia and hypoxia caused significant loss of tumour cells vs undepleted controls. SENP1 was ascertained to restrict the abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in both normoxia and hypoxia, although not so efficiently in hypoxia, due to the opposing activity of SENP7. Co-treatment with Momordin Ic (MC), a natural SENP1 inhibitor, and Gallic Acid (GA), an inhibitor of identified major pro-tumourigenic signalling (both enriched in Momordica charantia), eliminated surviving tumour cells in normal glucose, HG and HG-HO normoxic and hypoxic microenvironments, suggesting that appropriate and enhanced polySUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in response to HG/HG-HO stress was attenuated by this treatment along with further dampening of other key tumourigenic signalling, due to which tumour cells could no longer proliferate and grow.
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Neoplasias , Humanos , Pressão Osmótica , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Glucose/metabolismo , Carcinogênese , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Hipóxia , Oxigênio , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The review aims to comprehend various factors engaged in the alteration of molecular events resulting in Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and its malignant transformation. DESIGN: Literature pertinent to pathways involved in OSMF were explored in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The relevant literature was reviewed and critically appraised in this narrative review. RESULTS: Areca nut components influence myriad of cellular molecules such as cytokines, growth factors, myofibroblasts, non-coding RNAs and alter their expression. These aberrantly expressed molecules drive the progression of OSMF from localized inflammation to fibrosis of buccal mucosa. The oral tissue suffers from oxidative stress, hypoxia, autophagy, aberration of cell cycle and DNA damage. Apoptosis of epithelial layer results in its atrophy facilitating deeper penetration of areca nut elements. With the advance of disease, epithelial-mesenchymal transition eventuates and promotes dysplasia. The jeopardized expression of various cellular molecules, suppressed apoptosis, along with increased genetic alterations and neovascularization favors the malignant transformation. CONCLUSION: OSMF is a progressive disorder with complex mechanism of pathogenesis initiated by inflammation of oral mucosa. Continuous habit of areca nut chewing and the resulting insult to the tissues prevents healing process and is destined to debilitating disease which affects the quality of life with a higher probability of progression to malignancy.
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Neoplasias Bucais , Fibrose Oral Submucosa , Fibrose Oral Submucosa/metabolismo , Qualidade de Vida , Mucosa Bucal/metabolismo , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Inflamação/patologia , ArecaRESUMO
Biofortification is a revolutionary technique for improving plant nutrition and alleviating human micronutrient deficiency. Fertilizers can help increase crop yield and growth, but applying too much fertilizer can be a problem because it leads to the release of greenhouse gases and eutrophication. One of the major global hazards that affects more than two million people globally is the decreased availability of micronutrients in food crops, which results in micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" in people. Micronutrients, like macronutrients, perform a variety of roles in plant and human nutrition. This review has highlighted the importance of micronutrients as well as their advantages. The uneven distribution of micronutrients in geological areas is not the only factor responsible for micronutrient deficiencies, other parameters including soil moisture, temperature, texture of the soil, and soil pH significantly affects the micronutrient concentration and their availability in the soil. To overcome this, different biofortification approaches are assessed in the review in which microbes mediated, Agronomic approaches, Plant breeding, and transgenic approaches are discussed. Hidden hunger can result in risky health conditions and diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, and many more. Microbes-mediated biofortification is a novel and promising solution for the bioavailability of nutrients to plants in order to address these problems. Biofortification is cost effective, feasible, and environmentally sustainable. Bio-fortified crops boost our immunity, which helps us to combat these deadly viruses. The studies we discussed in this review have demonstrated that they can aid in the alleviation of hidden hunger.
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Biofortificação , Saúde Global , Humanos , Biofortificação/métodos , Melhoramento Vegetal , Micronutrientes , Solo , Produtos AgrícolasRESUMO
The nitrogen-fixing bacterium has great prospects in replacing synthetic fertilizers with biofertilizers for plant growth. It would be a useful tool in eradicating chemical fertilizers from use. Five nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from the Tea and Groundnut rhizosphere soil out of which RSKVG 02 proved to be the best. The optimized condition of RSKVG 02 was found to be pH 7 at 30 °C utilizing 1% glucose and 0.05% ammonium sulfate as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Plant growth-promoting traits such as IAA and ammonia were estimated to be 82.97 ± 0.01254a µg/ml and 80.49 ± 0.23699a mg/ml respectively. Additionally, their phosphate and potassium solubilization efficiency were evaluated to be 46.69 ± 0.00125 b mg/ml and 50.29 ± 0.000266 mg/ml. Morphological, and biochemical methods characterized the isolated bacterial culture, and molecularly identified by 16 S rRNA sequencing as Rhizobium mayense. The isolate was further tested for its effects on the growth of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and Green gram (Vigna radiata) under pot conditions. The pot study experiments indicated that the bacterial isolates used as bio inoculants increased the total plant growth compared to the control and their dry weight showed similar results. The chlorophyll content of Green gram and Finger millet was estimated to be 19.54 ± 0.2784a mg/L and 15.3 ± 0.0035 mg/L which suggested that Rhizobium sp. Possesses high nitrogenase activity. The enzyme activity proved to use this bacterium as a biofertilizer property to enhance soil fertility, efficient farming, and an alternative chemical fertilizer. Therefore, Rhizobium mayense can be potentially used as an efficient biofertilizer for crop production and increase yield and soil fertility.
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Bactérias Fixadoras de Nitrogênio , Rhizobium , Solo/química , Bactérias Fixadoras de Nitrogênio/genética , Rizosfera , Fertilizantes , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Rhizobium/genética , Bactérias , Nitrogênio , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
Due to the workload and lack of a critical mass of trained operational researchers within their ranks, health systems and programmes may not be able to dedicate sufficient time to conducting operational research (OR). Hence, they may need the technical support of operational researchers from research/academic organisations. Additionally, there is a knowledge gap regarding implementing differentiated tuberculosis (TB) care in programme settings. In this 'how we did it' paper, we share our experience of implementing a differentiated TB care model along with an inbuilt OR component in Tamil Nadu, a southern state in India. This was a health system initiative through a collaboration of the State TB cell with the Indian Council of Medical Research institutes and the World Health Organisation country office in India. The learnings are in the form of eleven tips: four broad principles (OR on priority areas and make it a health system initiative, implement simple and holistic ideas, embed OR within routine programme settings, aim for long-term engagement), four related to strategic planning (big team of investigators, joint leadership, decentralised decision-making, working in advance) and three about implementation planning (conducting pilots, smart use of e-tools and operational research publications at frequent intervals). These may act as a guide for other Indian states, high TB burden countries that want to implement differentiated care, and for operational researchers in providing technical assistance for strengthening implementation and conducting OR in health systems and programmes (TB or other health programmes). Following these tips may increase the chances of i) an enriching engagement, ii) policy/practice change, and iii) sustainable implementation.
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Pesquisa Biomédica , Tuberculose , Humanos , Índia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Programas Governamentais , OrganizaçõesRESUMO
Potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) are the important macronutrients needed for the plant development, but it is widely present in an insoluble form for the plant's uptake. In order to increase the productivity, biofertilisers play crucial role in plant growth enhancement. Our present work focused to isolate potassium-phosphate solubilizing bacteria from the agricultural soil of tomato cultivated soil. Potassium and phosphate solubilization and degradation of monocrotophos was estimated spectrophotometrically. Out of thirteen isolates, two isolates proved to be the best P and K solubilizers. The bacterial isolates (SDKVG02 and SDKVG04) were optimized to obtain maximum P and K solubilization of 57.5 mg L-1 and 15.07 mg L-1 by the isolates. Pot experiments were conducted using SDKVG 02 and 04, immobilized on carrier materials, peat proving the best carrier with the total average green gram and chick pea length of 11.66 ± 0.0666 22.22 ± 0.0577. The MCP degradation percentage was achieved at 80 ppm of MCP with 75.8% and 64.10% by SDKVG 02 and SDKVG 04. Furthermore, production of organic acids such as malic acid, phthalic acid, ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid, and tartaric acid paves solubilization of P and K. The isolates were recognized based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Enterobacter hormaechei- SDKVG-02, Enterobacter cloacae SDKVG- 04. The KSB-PSB isolates also express N-fixing activity which is proved through In-silico analysis. It is worth to highlight SDKVG 02 and 04 would be potent biofertiliser exploited in increasing the soil fertility and crop productivity as well in degradation of monocrotophos present in the soil.