Public engagement for the conduct of a controlled human infection study testing vaccines against Necator americanus (hookworm) in areas of active hookworm transmission in Brazil.

Controlled Human Infection Models (CHIS) involve administering human pathogens to healthy participants in controlled medical settings, which can elicit complex bioethical issues. Understanding how the community perceives such studies can significantly increase the participant's sense of cooperation and increases the researcher's and the participant's transparency. The current study describes the development of an educational intervention to achieve these ends as it aims to (1) analyze perceptions of the Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), and (2) evaluate the participants' comprehension of the CHIS. METHODS: This is a qualitative action research that includes the development of an educational intervention with residents of a rural area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, where there is continuous natural transmission of the human pathogen Necator americanus ("hookworm"). In this area, it is intended to carry out a proposed phase 3 vaccine clinical trial in the future to test the efficacy of hookworm vaccines using controlled human infection. Two data collection strategies were used: an educational intervention and a focus group. RESULTS: The participants' perceptions showed distinct perspectives on CHIS. On one side, they recognized that the investigation is essential for the community, but on the other side, they thought that there would be resistance to its conduct by fear of infection. The idea that the study would generate a benefit for the greater good, contributing to the prevention of hookworm infection, was clearly stated. The participants perceived that the study offered concrete risks that could be reduced by constant monitoring by the researchers. They also mentioned the importance of access to information and the positive influence those who express interest in participating in the study can exert in the community. In relation to comprehension the participants memorized the information, mobilized it to explain everyday situations and created strategies to disseminate the study and engage the community in its development. By repeating and making sense of the information, the participant not only assimilates the knowledge transmitted, but also creates new knowledge. CONCLUSION: We concluded that an educational process of discussion and dialogue around participants' perceptions about the CHIS, promotes understanding and allows ways to disseminate information about the research to be collectively created.

Enseñanza de la seguridad del paciente en el grado de enfermería / O ensino da segurança do paciente na graduação em enfermagem / Teaching Patient Safety in the Undergraduate Nursing Degree

Introducción: La importancia de utilizar metodologías/estrategias de enseñanza que incentiven la reflexión y la develación de nuevos conceptos se hace notar, así como la creación de problemas por parte del alumno, que tomen en cuenta no solo los conocimientos técnico-científicos, sino también los aspectos subjetivos del cuidado en salud. Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia en la literatura científica sobre los contenidos cubiertos y las metodologías/estrategias utilizadas para la enseñanza de la seguridad del paciente en los cursos de grado en enfermería. Métodos: Revisión de alcance, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en las bases de datos - Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, MEDLINE/ PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Scopus, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center, The National Library of Australia's, Electronic Theses Online Service, National ETD Portal e Theses Canada. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos científicos, disertaciones y tesis disponibles en su totalidad y que describieran los contenidos y estrategias/metodologías que se han abordado en la enseñanza de la seguridad del paciente en el grado en enfermería. Se excluyeron editoriales, artículos de opinión, ensayos teóricos/reflexivos y reseñas. Los resultados se sintetizaron y se presentaron en figuras y tablas. Conclusión: Los enfoques pedagógicos se mantuvieron centrados en el docente, valorando la transmisión de contenidos y el desarrollo de competencias como condición sine qua non para la formación de los estudiantes(AU)

Introdução: denota-se a importância da utilização de metodologias/estratégias de ensino que estimulem a reflexão e o desvelar de novos conceitos, assim como a criação de problemas pelo discente, que considerem não somente os conhecimentos técnico-científicos, mas também os aspectos subjetivos do cuidar em saúde. Objetivo: identificar as evidências na literatura científica sobre os conteúdos abordados e as metodologias/estratégias empregadas para o ensino da segurança do paciente em cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem. Métodos: revisão de escopo, cuja coleta de dados foi realizada nas bases de dados - Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, MEDLINE/ PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Scopus, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center, The National Library of Australia's, Electronic Theses Online Service, National ETD Portal e Theses Canada. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos científicos, dissertações e teses disponíveis na íntegra e que descrevessem conteúdos e estratégias/metodologias que vêm sendo abordados no ensino da segurança do paciente na Graduação em Enfermagem. Foram excluídos editoriais, artigos de opinião, ensaios teóricos/reflexivos e revisões. Os resultados foram sintetizados de forma descritiva e apresentados em forma de figura e quadros. Conclusão: observou-se que as abordagens pedagógicas permaneceram centrada no docente, valorizando a transmissão de conteúdos e o desenvolvimento de competências como condição sine qua non para a formação do discente(AU)

Introduction: The importance of using teaching methodologies/strategies that encourage reflection and the unveiling of new concepts is noted, as well as the creation of problems by the student, which take into account not only technical-scientific knowledge, but also the subjective aspects of health care. Objective: To identify the evidence in the scientific literature on the contents covered and the methodologies/strategies used for teaching patient safety in undergraduate nursing courses. Methods: Scoping review, whose data collection was performed in the databases - Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal, MEDLINE/ PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Scopus, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center, The National Library of Australia's, Electronic Theses Online Service, National ETD Portal e Theses Canada. Inclusion criteria were: scientific articles, dissertations and theses available in their entirety and describing the content and strategies/methodologies that have been addressed in the teaching of patient safety in undergraduate nursing. Editorials, opinion pieces, theoretical/reflective essays, and reviews were excluded. Results were synthesized and presented in figures and tables. Conclusion: Pedagogical approaches remained teacher-centered, valuing the transmission of content and the development of competencies as a sine qua non condition for student training(AU)

Intervention for promoting intake of fruits and vegetables in Brazilians: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nutritional intervention to promote fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. DESIGN: A randomised controlled community trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a 7-month nutritional intervention and to promote FV intake, separately and together. All participants attended physical exercise sessions. The intervention was based on the transtheoretical model and Paulo Freire's pedagogy. The interventions included group educational sessions, motivational cards and informational materials. The primary outcome was a change in FV intake (g/d), and secondary outcomes included stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance and knowledge on FV. All data were collected face-to-face; and FV intake was assessed using a validated brief questionnaire. SETTING: Health promotion services of Brazilian Primary Health Care. PARTICIPANTS: 3414 users of Brazilian Primary Health Care (1931 in the control group and 1483 in the intervention group (IG)). RESULTS: At baseline, the average daily FV intake was 370·4 g/d (95 % CI 364·2, 376·6). The increase in FV intake (23·4 g/d; 95 % CI 6·7, 40·0) and fruit intake (+17·3 g/d; 95 % CI 5·1, 29·4; P = 0·01) was greater in the IG among participants in the lowest baseline intake. Participants in the IG also showed progression in the stages of change (P < 0·001), increased self-efficacy (P < 0·001) and improved knowledge of FV crops (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional intervention was effective in increasing FV intake and fruits intake among individuals with a lower intake at baseline and in maintaining FV intake among those who reported consuming FV as recommended (400 g/d).