Apoptosis of pro-B lymphocytes induced by NR4A1 activation in the presence of gingival fibroblast exosomes and TNFα, caspase 8, STAT3, and Akt pathways modulators.

There is a lack of data in the mainstream literature regarding the interactions between gingival fibroblasts, as a component of the local niche, and tumor precursors of B-lymphocytes. Although it is known that the development of tumors and tumor precursors depends on the local environment's characteristics. In order to experimentally evaluate the apoptosis of pro-B type lymphocytes, induced as a result of the known activation of orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), through Cytosporone B (Csn-B, 10 µM), in the presence or absence of exosomes derived from gingival fibroblasts, we administered as a treatment: 1 µM R-7050 [functional inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)], 1 µM Z-IETD-FMK (functional inhibitor of caspase 8), 1 µM GSK690693 (functional inhibitor of Akt 1∕2∕3 pathways) and, last but not least, 1 µM scutellarin [functional inhibitor of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)] and therefore of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Firstly, it is really clear that the presence of exosomes in the pro-B lymphocytes culture medium amplified the apoptotic effects of 10 µM Csn-B. The inhibition of tumoral precursors development, namely the pro-B type, might be highly dependent on the inhibition of Akt 1∕2∕3 pathways, the first and most important consequence being apoptosis induced by the activation of NR4A1 orphan nuclear receptors.

Considerations of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Use in Oral Surgery.

Nowadays, tooth extraction has become a frequently performed surgical procedure whose most common postoperative outcome is alveolar bone atrophy. To reduce the bone dimensional changes, localized alveolar ridge augmentation or socket preservation with bone grafting is required. The socket may be filled with synthetic grafts, xenografts, autografts, allografts, autologous platelet concentrate. The use of platelet concentrates for healing improvement and regeneration of the soft and hard tissues in oral cavity is one of the latest achievements in dentistry. One of the newest practices in bone augmentation is the use of platelet rich fibrin, derived from the patient's own blood and can be very easily accepted by patients due to cost effectiveness, low donor morbidity and low rate of postoperative complications or infection. This biomaterial might be a solution for patients that have strong beliefs regarding the use of allografts or xenografts, or which are afraid of complications during or after autografting procedure. One cannot say that there is an ideal grafting material and must consider a person's religious affiliation or beliefs when performing bone augmentation.