RESUMO
Functional liver parenchyma can be damaged from treatment of liver malignancies with 90Y selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT). Evaluating functional parenchymal changes and developing an absorbed dose (AD)-toxicity model can assist the clinical management of patients receiving SIRT. We aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between 90Y PET AD voxel maps and spatial changes in the nontumoral liver (NTL) function derived from dynamic gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI before and after SIRT. Methods: Dynamic gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI scans were acquired before and after treatment for 11 patients undergoing 90Y SIRT. Gadoxetic acid uptake rate (k1) maps that directly quantify spatial liver parenchymal function were generated from MRI data. Voxel-based AD maps, derived from the 90Y PET/CT scans, were binned according to AD. Pre- and post-SIRT k1 maps were coregistered to the AD map. Absolute and percentage k1 loss in each bin was calculated as a measure of loss of liver function, and Spearman correlation coefficients between k1 loss and AD were evaluated for each patient. Average k1 loss over the patients was fit to a 3-parameter logistic function based on AD. Patients were further stratified into subgroups based on lesion type, baseline albumin-bilirubin scores and alanine transaminase levels, dose-volume effect, and number of SIRT treatments. Results: Significant positive correlations (ρ = 0.53-0.99, P < 0.001) between both absolute and percentage k1 loss and AD were observed in most patients (8/11). The average k1 loss over 9 patients also exhibited a significant strong correlation with AD (ρ ≥ 0.92, P < 0.001). The average percentage k1 loss of patients across AD bins was 28%, with a logistic function model demonstrating about a 25% k1 loss at about 100 Gy. Analysis between patient subgroups demonstrated that k1 loss was greater among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, higher alanine transaminase levels, larger fractional volumes of NTL receiving an AD of 70 Gy or more, and sequential SIRT treatments. Conclusion: Novel application of multimodality imaging demonstrated a correlation between 90Y SIRT AD and spatial functional liver parenchymal degradation, indicating that a higher AD is associated with a larger loss of local hepatocyte function. With the developed response models, PET-derived AD maps can potentially be used prospectively to identify localized damage in liver and to enhance treatment strategies.
Assuntos
Fígado , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Radioisótopos de Ítrio , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radioisótopos de Ítrio/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Neoplasias Hepáticas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Gadolínio DTPA , Testes de Função Hepática , Dosagem RadioterapêuticaRESUMO
Computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA), and CT perfusion (CTP) play crucial roles in the comprehensive evaluation and management of acute ischemic stroke, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and vasospasm. CTP provides functional data about cerebral blood flow, allowing radiologists, neurointerventionalists, and stroke neurologists to more accurately delineate the volume of core infarct and ischemic penumbra allowing for patient-specific treatment decisions to be made. CTA and CTP are used in tandem to evaluate for vasospasm associated with aneurysmal SAH and can help provide an insight into the physiologic impact of angiographic vasospasm, better triaging patients for medical and interventional treatment.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano , Humanos , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Angiografia Cerebral/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/complicações , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnóstico por imagem , Perfusão , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/etiologia , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/complicaçõesRESUMO
MR imaging's exceptional capabilities in vascular imaging stem from its ability to visualize and quantify vessel wall features, such as plaque burden, composition, and biomechanical properties. The application of advanced MR imaging techniques, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional black-blood MR imaging, T1 and T2 relaxometry, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, wall shear stress, and arterial stiffness, empowers clinicians and researchers to explore the intricacies of vascular diseases. This array of techniques provides comprehensive insights into the development and progression of vascular pathologies, facilitating earlier diagnosis, targeted treatment, and improved patient outcomes in the management of vascular health.
Assuntos
Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodosAssuntos
Isquemia Encefálica , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has emerged as a valuable imaging modality in the diagnosis and management of various cerebrovascular pathologies, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, and acute ischemic stroke. This article reviews the principles of DECT and its applications in the evaluation and management of these conditions. The authors discuss the advantages of DECT over conventional computed tomography, as well as its limitations, and provide an overview of current research and future directions in the field.
Assuntos
AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Humanos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/complicações , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Hemorragias Intracranianas , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapiaAssuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Criocirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This case report highlights the rare association among a dental procedure, infective endocarditis, and an acute ischemic stroke. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 54-year-old woman who experienced an acute ischemic stroke 5 weeks after a tooth extraction is described. The initial symptoms of this patient included mild to moderate word-finding difficulty and right facial droop. Computed tomographic angiography revealed a left M1 segment middle cerebral artery occlusion (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scale, 0) with reconstitution of the distal middle cerebral branches through arterial collaterals. After initial administration of tissue plasminogen activator, endovascular thrombectomy was successfully performed with thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scale 3 (complete) recanalization. After the procedure, the patient showed improvement in language and neurologic deficits. Imaging showed multifocal, bilateral, cortical, and deep brain hemorrhages. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus mitis, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of endocarditis. Echocardiographic imaging revealed moderate to severe aortic insufficiency, a mitral valve vegetation, and mild mitral valve regurgitation. After evaluation by the cardiothoracic surgery team, the patient was discharged with intravenous antibiotics and short-term outpatient follow-up with the cardiothoracic surgery team. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dental procedures, although generally safe, can introduce oral bacteria into the bloodstream, leading to bacterial seeding of cardiac valves and subsequent infective endocarditis. Recognizing infective endocarditis subsequent to a dental procedure, including a tooth extraction, as a potential cause of an acute ischemic stroke is vital so that prompt treatment can be initiated.
Assuntos
Endocardite Bacteriana , Endocardite , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/cirurgia , AVC Isquêmico/complicações , Endocardite Bacteriana/complicações , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Endocardite/complicações , Endocardite/diagnóstico , Endocardite/cirurgia , Infarto Cerebral/complicações , Odontologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A woman in her 60s with a history of prior ischaemic stroke developed acute onset slurring of speech, left-sided facial droop and left-sided weakness and was found on CT angiography to have a subocclusive thrombus multiple days after undergoing mitral and tricuspid valve repair surgery. A stent retriever and aspiration catheter were used to successfully remove the subocclusive material which was identified as 'foreign material' on histology. Ultimately, the patient demonstrated clinical improvement.Foreign material embolism is a rare but serious complication that can occur during or after mitral and tricuspid valve repair surgery. It can cause ischaemic stroke and prompt recognition and immediate intervention are necessary to prevent serious complications.The case report highlights the successful use of stent retriever-mediated suction thrombectomy to remove a foreign material embolism in a patient. It emphasises the importance of timely intervention to prevent serious complications and shows the potential benefits of this technique.
Assuntos
Arteriopatias Oclusivas , Isquemia Encefálica , Embolia , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Trombose , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Arteriopatias Oclusivas/complicações , Isquemia Encefálica/cirurgia , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Embolia/complicações , AVC Isquêmico/complicações , Stents , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/cirurgia , Trombectomia/métodos , Trombose/diagnóstico por imagem , Trombose/etiologia , Trombose/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento , Valva Tricúspide/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Tricúspide/cirurgiaAssuntos
Embolização Terapêutica , Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior , Hiperplasia Prostática , Masculino , Humanos , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Próstata/irrigação sanguínea , Hiperplasia Prostática/diagnóstico por imagem , Hiperplasia Prostática/terapia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Artérias , Resultado do Tratamento , Sintomas do Trato Urinário Inferior/terapiaRESUMO
What was the educational challenge?The complexity and variability of cross-sectional imaging present a significant challenge in imparting knowledge of radiologic anatomy to medical students.What was the solution?Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) segmentation and augmented reality (AR) technology provide a promising solution. These advances allow for the creation of interactive, patient-specific 3D/AR models which incorporate multiple imaging modalities including MRI, CT, and 3D rotational angiography can help trainees understand cross-sectional imaging.How was the solution implemented?To create the model, DICOM files of patient scans with slice thicknesses of 1 mm or less are exported to a computer and imported to 3D Slicer for registration. Once registered, the files are segmented with Vitrea software utilizing thresholding, region growing, and edge detection. After the creation of the models, they are then imported to a web-based interactive viewing platform and/or AR application.What lessons were learned that are relevant to a wider global audience?Low-resource 3D/AR models offer an accessible and intuitive tool to teach radiologic anatomy and pathology. Our novel method of creating these models leverages recent advances in 3D/AR technology to create a better experience than traditional high and low-resource 3D/AR modeling techniques. This will allow trainees to better understand cross-sectional imaging.What are the next steps?The interactive and intuitive nature of 3D and AR models has the potential to significantly improve the teaching and presentation of radiologic anatomy and pathology to a medical student audience. We encourage educators to incorporate 3D segmentation models and AR in their teaching strategies.
Assuntos
Realidade Aumentada , Radiologia , Humanos , Software , Radiografia , Radiologia/educação , Aprendizagem , Modelos AnatômicosRESUMO
Percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) of the liver is a minimally invasive procedure that utilizes high frequency electromagnetic waves to generate heat and induce tumor necrosis. MWA has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment option for primary and metastatic liver tumors. The treatment of liver dome lesions can present a technical challenge due to the proximity of the hepatic dome to the diaphragm and lung parenchyma. In this report, we present a case of diaphragmatic injury and subsequent empyema following MWA of a liver dome lesion.
RESUMO
Preoperative embolization of a juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) using ethyl vinyl alcohol (EVOH) is an effective adjunctive treatment prior to surgical resection. While liquid embolic agents are safe to use, we present a unique case involving the migration of EVOH into the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) through an external carotid artery-internal carotid artery (ECA-ICA) collateral during preoperative embolization using a dual-lumen balloon catheter. A 16-year-old male presented with left-sided nasal congestion, new nasal intonation in voice, and epistaxis. CT imaging showed a hypervascular mass centered within the left posterior nasal cavity and nasopharynx with expansion of the ipsilateral sphenopalatine foramen. A JNA was diagnosed, and preoperative embolization was performed prior to surgical resection. During the embolization procedure, EVOH migrated into the intracranial circulation through a hypertrophied ECA-ICA collateral. Angiography confirmed embolic material at the left MCA bifurcation. The embolic material was successfully removed using a balloon guide catheter and stentriever. This case is presented to highlight potential complications and rescue techniques used in the setting of non-target embolization occurring during JNA embolization.
RESUMO
Objective.90Y selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can potentially underdose lesions, as identified on post-therapy PET/CT imaging. This study introduces a methodology and explores the feasibility for selectively treating SIRT-underdosed HCC lesions, or lesion subvolumes, with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) following post-SIRT dosimetry.Approach. We retrospectively analyzed post-treatment PET/CT images of 20 HCC patients after90Y SIRT. Predicted tumor response from SIRT was quantified based on personalized post-therapy dosimetry and corresponding response models. Predicted non-responding tumor regions were then targeted with a hypothetical SBRT boost plan using a framework for selecting eligible tumors and tumor subregions. SBRT boost plans were compared to SBRT plans targeting all tumors irrespective of SIRT dose with the same prescription and organ-at-risk (OAR) objectives. The potential benefit of SIRT followed by a SBRT was evaluated based on OAR dose and predicted toxicity compared to the independent SBRT treatment.Main results. Following SIRT, 14/20 patients had at least one predicted non-responding tumor considered eligible for a SBRT boost. When comparing SBRT plans, 10/14 (71%) SBRTboostand 12/20 (60%) SBRTaloneplans were within OAR dose constraints. For three patients, SBRTboostplans were within OAR constraints while SBRTaloneplans were not. Across the 14 eligible patients, SBRTboostplans had significantly less dose to the healthy liver (decrease in mean dose was on average ± standard deviation, 2.09 Gy ± 1.99 Gy, ) and reduced the overall targeted PTV volume (39% ± 21%) compared with SBRTalone.Significance. A clinical methodology for treating HCC using a synergized SIRT and SBRT approach is presented, demonstrating that it could reduce normal tissue toxicity risk in a majority of our retrospectively evaluated cases. Selectively targeting SIRT underdosed HCC lesions, or lesion subvolumes, with SBRT could improve tumor control and patient outcomes post-SIRT and allow SIRT to function as a target debulking tool for cases when SBRT is not independently feasible.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Radiocirurgia , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/radioterapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/radioterapia , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Estudos de Viabilidade , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ehlers-Danlos type IV or vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (vEDS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by profound vascular fragility resulting from defective production of type III procollagen. Cerebrovascular diseases including spontaneous dissections, cerebral aneurysms, and cavernous carotid fistulae are common. Endovascular therapies in this patient population are known to be higher risk, although many studies (before 2000) involved older techniques and equipment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of modern neuroendovascular techniques in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in patients with vEDS. METHODS: We combined a multi-institutional retrospective case series at 3 quaternary-care centers with a systematic literature review of individual case reports and case series spanning 2000-2021 to evaluate the safety and efficacy of neuroendovascular procedure in patients with vEDS with cerebrovascular diseases. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients who underwent 66 neuroendovascular procedures were evaluated. Most of the patients had direct cavernous carotid fistulas (DCCF). Neuroendovascular procedures had a 94% success rate, with a complication rate of 30% and a mortality of 7.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroendovascular procedures can be performed with a high rate of success in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in patients with vEDS, although special care is required because complication rates and mortality are high. Access site and procedure-related vascular injuries remain a significant hurdle in treating vEDS with cerebrovascular diseases, even with modern techniques.
Assuntos
Seio Cavernoso , Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos Tipo IV , Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos , Aneurisma Intracraniano , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos/complicações , Síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos/cirurgia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/complicações , Estudos Multicêntricos como AssuntoRESUMO
Summary/AbstractMiddle meningeal artery embolization has become an important treatment option for chronic subdural hematomas. While the treatment is safe, we present a unique case of development of an iatrogenic middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm during endovascular embolization with use of a dual-lumen balloon catheter used for injection of a liquid embolic agent. A 62-year-old man on Coumadin for portal vein thrombosis presented to the hospital with headache and supratherapeutic INR. Imaging revealed bilateral acute on chronic subdural hematomas. Given his medical comorbidities he underwent endovascular middle meningeal artery embolization. During the embolization, angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the middle meningeal artery related to use of a dual-lumen balloon catheter. This pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with ethylene vinyl alcohol embolization. Intracranial pseudoaneurysm related to balloon catheter use is a rare cause of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm and could lead to life-threatening intracranial bleeding. Therefore, recognition and timely treatment are important.
RESUMO
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a disorder that affects 1 in 5000-10,000 people worldwide and can result in devastating complications such as cerebral abscess, stroke, massive hemorrhage, and even death. HHT is an autosomal dominant disorder that leads to the formation of abnormal communication between the arteries and veins with a resultant spectrum of vascular anomalies. The disorder affects many organ systems and thus requires a dedicated multidisciplinary approach. Interventional radiologists are vital members of this team providing expertise not only in disease management, but in complex embolotherapy, helping to maintain the health of these patients. This article reviews clinical manifestations, screening guidelines, diagnostic criteria, and endovascular management of HHT.
RESUMO
Neurodiagnostic and neurointerventional radiology (NIR) play a central role in the diagnosis and treatment of skull base disorders. Noninvasive imaging modalities, including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are important in lesion localization, evaluation of lesion extent, and diagnosis, but cannot always be definitive. Image-guided skull base biopsy and percutaneous and endovascular treatment options are important tools in the diagnosis and treatment of head, neck, and skull base disorders. NIR plays an important role in the treatment of vascular disorders of the skull base. This article summarizes the imaging evaluation and interventional therapies pertinent to the skull base.