[Questionnaire of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology is a new tool for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction]. / Oprosnik NMITs koloproktologii imeni A.N. Ryzhikh ­ novyi instrument otsenki khronicheskoi tazovoi boli i narusheniya funktsii tazovykh organov.

The article presents the work of a multidisciplinary team of experts from various fields of medicine to optimize the «Questionnaire for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction (QCPPD) of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology¼ for use in clinical practice. The survey of respondents was conducted from June 28 to September 28, 2021. As a result of this survey, by repeatedly making edits and clarifications during communication with respondents, the final version was obtained, which allows assessing the patient's subjective sensations by the nature and localization of pelvic pain, sensitivity disorders and pelvic organ function. The main objective of this Questionnaire is to differentiate patients with neurogenic pain from a huge number of patients with chronic pelvic pain. This aspect will allow a more targeted approach to the diagnosis and pathogenetically justified treatment of patients, including after appropriate instrumental examinations. The work of a multidisciplinary team implies a higher degree of objectification and terminological accuracy of the Questionnaire under discussion. The presented version of the «Questionnaire for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction (QCPPD) of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology¼ will be primarily used in coloproctological patients with pelvic pain problems and anal incontinence and obstructive defecation. Further studies will be directed to the clinical evaluation of the results of the work carried out.

[Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation in the treatment of chronic refractory cluster headache. A preliminary multicenter study in Russia]. / Stimulyatsiya krylonebnogo gangliya v lechenii khronicheskoi klasternoi golovnoi boli. Rezul'taty pervogo mul'titsentrovogo opyta v Rossii.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation in treatment of chronic headache. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical histories of patients who underwent sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation in 4 clinical centers have been analyzed. The analysis included the type of pain and its characteristics, methods of surgery, CT, MRI, radiography before and after surgery. The follow-up data of patients with implanted pulse generators was collected in an outpatient clinic or by telephone review. RESULTS: The study included 15 patients with chronic refractory headache, including 14 with cluster headache and one female patient with features of trigeminal autonomic cephalgia without a clear definition of the type of pain. Trial stimulation was performed in 10 patients to determine analgesic effect. Among them stimulation was favorable in 7 cases, and 6 of them underwent pulse generator implantation. In total, 11 (73%) patients underwent implantation with a follow-up from 1 to 60 months. Among them only 6 (54%) patients use stimulation, the remaining 5 (46%) cases had device-related complications (migration, infection of system). Cluster headache has a significant improvement in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation may have high potential in the treatment of chronic drug-resistant cluster headache. The complication rate demonstrates that operative technique should be improved.

[The effect of various multimodal analgesia regimens during surgical treatment of patients with spinal stenosis on the rate of failed back surgery syndrome]. / Vliianie razlichnykh mul'timodal'nykh skhem analgezii pri khirurgicheskom lechenii patsientov so stenozom pozvonochnogo kanala na chastotu sindroma neudachnoi operatsii na pozvonochnike.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of various methods of perioperative analgesia on the rate of failed back surgery syndrome in patients operated on for spinal stenosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 122 patients were operated on for spinal stenosis in 2010-2016. The patients were assigned to groups according to the type of received analgesia: Group K (n=19) underwent analgesia on-demand. Patients in the PMA group (n=21) received preventive multimodal analgesia (PMA) with ketoprofen, paracetamol and morphine. Patients in the PMA+PG (n=20) and PMA+N (n=20) groups additionally received pregabalin and nefopam, respectively. Patients in the PMA+E group (n=22) received continuous epidural analgesia with a combination of ropivacaine and morphine. In patients in the PMA+I group (n=20), the wound was infiltrated with ropivacaine and ketorolac. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In Group K, analgesia was not adequate during five postoperative days. Analgesia with PMA resulted in significant pain reduction during three postoperative days compared to Group K. Wound infiltration in addition to PMA was followed by more significant pain relief during six postoperative hours (compared to the PMA group). Administration of pregabalin or nefopam, as well as epidural analgesia, did not improve quality of postoperative analgesia. Five to seven months after the surgery, 66% (57; 75%) of patients had low back and/or leg pain; 41% (32; 50%) of patients had leg pain. Among patients suffering from pain, 32-41% patients had the severe chronic pain syndrome that resulted in sleep disorder, disability and significant deterioration of quality of life. The rate of failed back surgery syndrome did not depend on the perioperative analgesia regimen.

[Prognostic models of the severity of acute dynamic pain on the first postoperative day and the likelihood of chronic postoperative pain in spine surgery]. / Prognosticheskie modeli vyrazhennosti ostroi dinamicheskoi boli v pervye sutki posle operatsii i veroiatnosti vozniknoveniia khronicheskoi posleoperatsionnoi boli v khirurgii pozvonochnika.

The risk factors for acute pain as well as chronic pain syndrome (CPS) in spine surgery have not been defined to date. PURPOSE: To define the prognostic parameters of acute pain severity and the risk of CPS in patients operated on for spinal diseases and injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 291 patients operated on for degenerative diseases and injuries of the spine at the Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine in 2010-2016. Sociodemographic and clinical data and the psychological status of patients were evaluated. A mechanical algometer was used to measure the pain threshold (PT) and pain tolerance. The movement pain intensity was assessed by using a visual analog scale (VAS) on the day of surgery. Pain was considered minor at a median score of 0-4 cm and severe at a median score of 5-10 cm. The presence of CPS was assessed during a telephone survey 5-7 months after surgery. RESULTS: The gender, PT, dynamic pain intensity before surgery, and expectation of postoperative pain are risk factors for severe acute postoperative pain. A multinomial logit regression model (Hosmer-Lemeshow test - 4.322; p=0.827) predicts minor dynamic pain on the 1st postoperative day with an accuracy of 70% (95% CI 63-76). The age and dynamic pain intensity on the 1st postoperative are the risk factors for CPS; the multinomial logit regression model (Hosmer-Lemeshow test - 3.1; p=0.928) predicts CPS with an accuracy of 65% (95% CI 59-71) 5-7 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The developed software in the form of MS Excel calculators provides a particular patient with preoperative assessment of the risk for minor acute dynamic pain on the 1st postoperative day and CPS 5-7 months after surgery.

[THE CHOICE OF PERIOPERATIVE MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS WITH LUMBAR HERNIATED DISC: THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS.]

DESIGN: 129 patients scheduled for elective lumbar discectomy in 2010-2013 were enrolled in prospective study. Group K (n=20) underwent general anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia on-demand. Group PMA+SA (n=23) got subarachnoid block and preventive multimodal analgesia (PMA) including ketoprofen, paracetamol and nalbuphine. At PMA group (n=21) general anaesthesia and PMA were used; at PMA+I (n=21) also bupivacaine wound infiltration was administrated; at PlvL4+S (n=20) - depo-corticosteroid was applied locally on affected spinal nerve root; at PMA+IS (n=24) wound infiltration and local corticosteroids were combined. Patients could use i.v. nalbuphine on-demand by PCA device in addition to PMA post-operatively. 7 days post-operatively, the pain scores using 10 cm VAS at rest and during movement were also recorded. RESULTS: Group K patients had not adequate pain relief during 4 postoperative days. At PMA group the postoperative analgesia was adequate during the whole assessment time, PMA group patients had significant less pain scores than at K group during 4 postoperative days. Patients at PM +SA had better than PMA group pain relief only during 2 hours postoperatively. Groups PMA+I and PMA+IS did not demand nalbuphine at al. Their pain scores were signifcant less than at PMA group during 2 postoperative days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative analgesia on-demand is not adequate but the PMA is. Subarachnoid block results in decreasing severity of pain only during first hours postoperatively. The additional bupivacaine wound infiltration in pa- tients with lumbar herniated disc follows avoiding of opioids and significant pain relief during 2 postoperative days.

[ROLE OF ANESTHESIOLOGIST IN CHRONIC PAIN MANAGEMENT].

About 23% of the population according to WHO data suffer from chronic pain. It significantly reduces the quality of life of this patients and lead to their disability. Physicians of any existing specialties in Russia are not trained properly to the treatment of chronic pain. Anesthesiologists have the best background for management chronic pain syndrome.

[INTRATHECAL OPIOID ANALGESIA - STATE IN THE WORLD AND IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION].

Intrathecal opioid analgesia has been used in clinic practice since 1979 and has gained a great popularity till now due to its high analgesic potency Unfortunately it is impossible to use opioids intrathecally in Russian Federation by law because of nowadays official limitations. Russian national anaesthesiologic society should comprehend benefits and side effects of this method and make a decision if it is worth fighting for.

[Predicting of postoperative pain level and morphine consumption by preoperative pressure pain assessment in patients before elective surgery].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to predict a postoperative pain severity and morphine consumption by preoperative pressure pain assessment. DESIGN: 321 patients scheduled for elective surgery (lumbar discectomy, lumbar spinal fusion, hysterectomy, thoracotomy and total hip replacement) in 2009-2013 were enrolled in retrospective study. Pre-operatively, the pain threshold (PTH) and tolerance (PT) in Newton (N) were measured using the pressure algometry. Post-operatively, the pain scores at rest and during movement at 1st postoperative day (POD) using 10 cm VAS were also recorded Patients could get morphine by PCA device in addition to nonopioid analgesia post-operatively. RESULTS: PTH and PT were respectively 34 (24; 45.6) and 74 (54; 95) N, VAS at 1 POD 2 (1; 3.75) at rest and 4 (2,5; 6.25) cm during movement. Pre-operative PT correlated significantly with pain score during movement in patients at 1 POD (R = -0.124, p = 0.026, n = 320). Logit regression analysis found that pain control adequacy during movement at 1 POD could be predicted with PT (ß = 0.011, Std. Err = 0.004, χ2 = 8.536, p = 0.004, OR = 1.011, 95% CI = 1.004-1.018). Morphine consumption by PCA device in patients was 21.25 (7.5; 38) mg. We found a significant correlation between pre-operative PT and post-operative morphine consumption (R = -0.306, p = 0.0006, n = 122). CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative pain severity during movement at 1st postoperative day can be predicted with the pre-operative pain tolerance using the pressure algometry. There is significant moderate negative correlation between pre- operative pain tolerance and post-operative morphine consumption by PCA device in patients at 1st postoperative day.

[Assessment of pain relief in patients receiving different variants of multimodal analgesia after major gynecological surgery].

The major gynecology surgery generally results in severe postoperative pain. Currently multimodal analgesia concept is widely used for the aim of postoperative pain relief optimization. According to this theory it is worth using the medication with different mechanism in order to increase analgesia qualify, decrease analgesic consumption and avoid adverse reaction. Unfortunately the surveys recently conducted have been pointed out the postoperative analgesia quality is still insufficient despite of using the concept mentioned above. One way to solve the problem is appearing in daily practice nefopam--centrally acting non-opioid analgesic that inhibits reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine and also mitigates glutamatergic neurotransmission. In this trial we tried to assess the postoperative daily used analgesia quality and potency of preemptive multimodal analgesia model consisted of nefopam, ketoprofen, paracetamol and morphine.

[Xenon for postoperative analgesia: why not?].

Xenon is widely used for maintenance of anesthesia, however the analgesic effect of this noble gas brings to an idea of its use in analgesic schemes. The first time antinociceptive features of Xe were described by B. Lachman and colleagues in 1988. It is well known that Xe realises its analgesic potential through powerful non-competitive blockade of NMDA-glutamate receptors, by that suppressing the development of hyperalgesia process in neurons of posterior horns of spinal cord, which take part in the process of pain transmission and forming of central sensitization and becoming the actual "gates of pain". In the given review the literature data on mechanisms, effectiveness, safety and farmacoeconomic justification of the use of Xe as an analgesic in clinical practice are brought up.