Study on the Application of Nitrogen-Doped Holey Graphene in Supercapacitors with Organic Electrolyte.

We present a facile low-cost method to produce nitrogen-doped holey graphene (N-HGE) and its application to supercapacitors. A composite of N-HGE and activated carbon (AC) was used as the electrode active material in organic-electrolyte supercapacitors, and the performances were evaluated. Melamine was mixed into graphite oxide (GO) as the N source, and an ultra-rapid heating method was used to create numerous holes during the reduction process of GO. X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the successful doping with 2.9-4.5 at.% of nitrogen on all samples. Scanning electron micrographs and Raman spectra revealed that a higher heating rate resulted in more holes and defects on the reduced graphene sheets. An extra annealing step at 1000 °C for 1 h was carried out to further eliminate residual oxygen functional groups, which are undesirable in the organic electrolyte system. Compared to the low-heating-rate counterpart (N-GE-15), N-HGE boosted the specific capacity of the supercapacitor by 42 and 22% at current densities of 0.5 and 20 A/g, respectively. The effects of annealing time (0.5, 1, and 2 h) at 1000 °C were also studied. Longer annealing time resulted in higher capacitance values at all current densities due to the minimized oxygen content. Volumetric specific capacitances of 49 and 24 F/cm3 were achieved at current densities of 0.5 and 20 A/g, respectively. For the high-power-density operation at 31,000 W/kg (or 10,000 W/L), an energy density as high as 11 Wh/kg (or 3.5 Wh/L) was achieved. The results indicated that N-HGE not only improved the conductivity of the composite supercapacitors but also accelerated ion transport by way of shortened diffusion paths through the numerous holes all over the graphene sheets.

A Novel Method for the Fabrication of Antibacterial Stainless Steel with Uniform Silver Dispersions by Silver Nanoparticle/Polyethyleneimine Composites.

Only a few studies have so far focused on the addition of silver to SS316L alloys by conventional sintering methods. Unfortunately, the metallurgical process of silver-containing antimicrobial SS is greatly limited due to the extremely low solubility of silver in iron and its tendency to precipitate at the grain boundaries, resulting in an inhomogeneous distribution of the antimicrobial phase and loss of antimicrobial properties. In this work, we present a novel approach to fabricate antibacterial stainless steel 316L by functional polyethyleneimine-glutaraldehyde copolymer (PEI-co-GA/Ag catalyst) composites. PEI is a highly branched cationic polymer, which makes it exhibit very good adhesion on the surface of the substrate. Unlike the effect of the conventional silver mirror reaction, the introduction of functional polymers can effectively improve the adhesion and distribution of Ag particles on the surface of 316LSS. It can be seen from the SEM images that a large number of silver particles are retained and well dispersed in 316LSS after sintering. PEI-co-GA/Ag 316LSS exhibits excellent antimicrobial properties and does not release free silver ions to affect the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the probable mechanism for the influence of the functional composites on the enhancement of adhesion is also proposed. The formation of a large number of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, as well as the negative zeta potential of the 316LSS surface, can effectively enable the formation of a tight attraction between the Cu layer and the surface of 316LSS. These results meet our expectations of designing passive antimicrobial properties on the contact surface of medical devices.

Design and Ballistic Performance of Hybrid Plates Manufactured from Aramid Composites for Developing Multilayered Armor Systems.

In this study, the impact resistance of aramid fabric reinforced with shear thickening fluids (STFs), epoxy or polyurea elastomers is examined through ballistic tests. According to the ballistic test results, the aramid composite structure treated with polyurea elastomers absorbs the most impact energy per unit area density and has the best impact resistance. However, the occurrence of stress concentration during ballistic impact reduces the impact resistance of the aramid composite structure treated with epoxy. On the other hand, aramid fabric impregnated with STF improves structural protection, but it also increases the weight of the composite structure and reduces the specific energy absorption (SEA). The results of this study analyze the energy absorption properties, deformation characteristics, and damage modes of different aramid composites, which will be of interest to future researchers developing next-generation protective equipment.

The Effect of Oxalic Acid as the Pre-Activator for the Electropolishing of Additive Manufactured Titanium-Based Materials and Its Characterization.

The use of additive manufactured (AM) titanium-based materials has increased substantially for medical implants and aerospace components. However, the inferior surface roughness of additive manufactured products affects the outward appearance and reduces performance. This study determines whether activation treatment prior to electropolishing produces a better surface. Oxalic acid (OA) is used as a pre-activator using different experimental conditions and the surface roughness is reduced by electropolishing with an electrolyte of perchloric acid and glacial acetic acid. The SEM surface morphology, mechanical properties, phase transformation and electrochemical properties are measured to determine the effect of different degrees of roughness on the surface. The results show that the surface roughness of AM titanium-based samples decreases from 8.47 µm to 1.09 µm after activation using OA as a pre-treatment for electropolishing. After electropolishing using optimal parameters, the hardness and resistance to corrosion resistance are increased.

A Chromate-Free and Convenient Route to Fabricate Thin and Compact Conversion Coating for Corrosion Protection on LZ91 Magnesium Alloy.

This study characterizes and determines the corrosion resistance of Mn-Ce conversion coated LZ91 magnesium alloy that undergoes pretreatments. It is challenging to process large and curved workpieces in the industry because the geometric shapes are complex if they are mechanically ground. This study uses acid pickling instead of mechanical grinding, and a nitric acid solution is used for pickling. After pretreatments, the samples are immersed for 30 s in a conversion coating solution containing 0.1 M KMnO4 and 0.025 M Ce(NO3)3 with a pH of 1.5, as demonstrated in previous studies by the authors. The microstructure of the coating layer and electrochemical behavior of conversion coated samples exposed to 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution are studied. The corrosion behavior of Mn-Ce conversion coating specimens is determined using a salt spray test (SST). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to analyze the interface between the coating layer and the underlying magnesium substrate and to investigate the microstructure of the specimens. The roughness of the coatings is measured using 3D white light interferometry. The results show that the deteriorated area ratio for conversion coated LZ91 decreases to less than 5% after 72 h of SST exposure, and the corrosion resistance is improved 2.25 times with the Mn-Ce conversion coating on LZ91 magnesium alloy.

Preparation and Ballistic Performance of a Multi-Layer Armor System Composed of Kevlar/Polyurea Composites and Shear Thickening Fluid (STF)-Filled Paper Honeycomb Panels.

In this study, the ballistic performance of armors composed of a polyurea elastomer/Kevlar fabric composite and a shear thickening fluid (STF) structure was investigated. The polyurea used was a reaction product of aromatic diphenylmethane isocyanate (A agent) and amine-terminated polyether resin (B agent). The A and B agents were diluted, mixed and brushed onto Kevlar fabric. After the reaction of A and B agents was complete, the polyurea/Kevlar composite was formed. STF structure was prepared through pouring the STF into a honeycomb paper panel. The ballistic tests were conducted with reference to NIJ 0101.06 Ballistic Test Specification Class II and Class IIIA, using 9 mm FMJ and 44 magnum bullets. The ballistic test results reveal that polyurea/Kevlar fabric composites offer better impact resistance than conventional Kevlar fabrics and a 2 mm STF structure could replace approximately 10 layers of Kevlar in a ballistic resistant layer. Our results also showed that a high-strength composite laminate using the best polyurea/Kevlar plates combined with the STF structure was more than 17% lighter and thinner than the conventional Kevlar laminate, indicating that the high-strength protective material developed in this study is superior to the traditional protective materials.

Using Graphene-Based Composite Materials to Boost Anti-Corrosion and Infrared-Stealth Performance of Epoxy Coatings.

Corrosion prevention and infrared (IR) stealth are conflicting goals. While graphene nanosheets (GN) provide an excellent physical barrier against corrosive agent diffusion, thus lowering the permeability of anti-corrosion coatings, they have the side-effect of decreasing IR stealth. In this work, the anti-corrosion properties of 100-µm-thick composite epoxy coatings with various concentrations (0.01-1 wt.%) of GN fillers thermally reduced at different temperatures (300 °C, 700 °C, 1100 °C) are first compared. The performance was characterized by potentiodynamic polarization scanning, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, water contact angle and salt spray tests. The corrosion resistance for coatings was found to be optimum at a very low filler concentration (0.05 wt.%). The corrosion current density was 4.57 × 10-11 A/cm2 for GN reduced at 1100 °C, showing no degradation after 500 h of salt-spray testing: a significant improvement over the anti-corrosion behavior of epoxy coatings. Further, to suppress the high IR thermal signature of GN and epoxy, Al was added to the optimized composite at different concentrations. The increased IR emissivity due to GN was not only eliminated but was in fact reduced relative to the pure epoxy. These optimized coatings of Al-GN-epoxy not only exhibited greatly reduced IR emissivity but also showed no sign of corrosion after 500 h of salt spray test.

A Holey Graphene Additive for Boosting Performance of Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors.

We demonstrate a facile and effective method, which is low-cost and easy to scale up, to fabricate holey graphene nanosheets (HGNSs) via ultrafast heating during synthesis. Various heating temperatures are used to modify the material properties of HGNSs. First, we use HGNSs as the electrode active materials for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). A synthesis temperature of 900 °C seems to be optimal, i.e., the conductivity and adhesion of HGNSs reach a compromise. The gravimetric capacitance of this HGNS sample (namely HGNS-900) is 56 F·g-1. However, the volumetric capacitance is low, which hinders its practical application. Secondly, we incorporate activated carbon (AC) into HGNS-900 to make a composite EDLC material. The effect of the AC:HGNS-900 ratio on the capacitance, high-rate performance, and cycling stability are systematically investigated. With a proper amount of HGNS-900, both the electrode gravimetric and volumetric capacitances at high rate charging/discharging are clearly higher than those of plain AC electrodes. The AC/HGNS-900 composite is a promising electrode material for nonaqueous EDLC applications.

Helical-Cathode Bulb-Shaped Field Emission Lamps Using Carbon Nanocoil Electron Emitters.

Bulb-shaped field emission lamps (FELs) with a helical cathode filament were simulated and fabricated in this research. The light bulbs comprised a helical stainless steel filament cathode grown with carbon nano-coils (CNCs) and an Al anode deposited on the bottom hemisphere of a 60-mm-diameter glass bulb. White light was generated when the field-emitted electrons bombarded a layer of three-color phosphor coated on the anode. A numerical simulation model for the helical-cathode FELs was constructed, and the field emission (FE) performance was carefully studied. Due to the screening effect, the electric field strength as well as the FE current density on the inner side of the helix dramatically decreased with decreasing helical pitch. Real FELs using cathodes with various helical radii and pitches were fabricated and their FE currents were measured. The theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement. A maximum total FE current was found at a pitch of 16 mm (helical radius = 2 mm), where the optimum trade-off between a large total surface area and a small screening effect was obtained. The optimized FEL showed a total luminous flux of about 220 lm at an applied voltage of 8 kV and a color rendering index of 94. Compared to a straight filament cathode, a helical cathode offered a higher total FE current or, alternatively, a lower current density and a longer cathode life, if we fix the total current by using a lower voltage.

Buckyball-, carbon nanotube-, graphite-, and graphene-enhanced dehydrogenation of lithium aluminum hydride.

Compared to C60, carbon nanotubes, and graphite, graphene more effectively lowers the dehydrogenation temperature and improves the dehydrogenation kinetics of LiAlH4. With 15 wt% graphene incorporation, the initial hydrogen release temperature is ~80 °C (60 °C lower than that of pristine LiAlH4).

Graphene-supported platinum nanoparticles prepared by a self-regulated reduction method.

Graphene-supported Pt nanoparticles were prepared by a self-regulated reduction method without using any extra reductive agent. Unassisted reduction of Pt ions by the oxygen-containing functional groups on graphene was demonstrated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a (200) peak of face-centered cubic Pt crystals and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) further confirmed the presence of Pt. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) depicted good dispersion of the Pt nanoparticles on graphene. The particle sizes estimated by TEM and XRD ranged from 2 to 6 nm. In comparison, the Pt nanoparticles reduced using ethylene glycol as an extra reducing agent exhibited larger sizes, a wider spread of size distribution, and less uniform dispersion on graphene. The electrocatalytic activity of Pt on graphene was verified by cyclic voltammetry. In addition, Raman scattering spectroscopy showed an increase in D- to G-peak ratio and an effect of surface-enhanced Raman scattering for the graphene decorated with Pt nanoparticles.

The effects of ionic liquid on the electrochemical sensing performance of graphene- and carbon nanotube-based electrodes.

The electrochemical sensing properties of graphene-based and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electrodes towards ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, and glucose are systematically compared. Nano-sized Pd catalyst particles are uniformly dispersed on both carbon supports using a supercritical fluid deposition technique to increase the sensing performance. The CNT/Pd electrode shows higher detection current than that of the graphene/Pd electrode, which is attributed to the three-dimensional architecture interwoven by the CNTs that creates a larger number of reaction sites. With the incorporation of ionic liquid (IL), the detection sensitivity of the IL/graphene/Pd electrode significantly increases, becoming noticeably higher than that of the IL/CNT/Pd counterpart. The synergistic interactions between graphene and IL that lead to the superior sensing performance are demonstrated and discussed.

Bulb-shaped field emission lamps using carbon nano-coil cathodes.

Bulb-shaped field emission lamps (FELs) using carbon nano-coil (CNC) cathodes were fabricated and their performances were characterized. A straight steel wire grown with CNCs was placed on the symmetry axis in the bulb as the cathode. The anode was defined by a Ni film deposited on the bottom hemisphere of a 60-mm-diameter glass bulb. And a phosphor layer was coated on the Ni film for light generation via cathodoluminescence. A numerical simulation model for this geometry also was constructed. The simulated current-voltage curves agree well with the experimental results and reproduce the trends observed in the experiment. The effects of varying the length and diameter of the cathode were studied. Both experiment and simulation showed that the total field emission current increases with the cathode length and decreases with the cathode diameter. Although the design is simple and inherently low-cost, good uniformity of light emission over the entire anode was demonstrated.