Syntaphilin: a syntaxin-1 clamp that controls SNARE assembly.

Syntaxin-1 is a key component of the synaptic vesicle docking/fusion machinery that forms the SNARE complex with VAMP/synaptobrevin and SNAP-25. Identifying proteins that modulate SNARE complex formation is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurotransmitter release and its modulation. We have cloned and characterized a protein called syntaphilin that is selectively expressed in brain. Syntaphilin competes with SNAP-25 for binding to syntaxin-1 and inhibits SNARE complex formation by absorbing free syntaxin-1. Transient overexpression of syntaphilin in cultured hippocampal neurons significantly reduces neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, introduction of syntaphilin into presynaptic superior cervical ganglion neurons in culture inhibits synaptic transmission. These findings suggest that syntaphilin may function as a molecular clamp that controls free syntaxin-1 availability for the assembly of the SNARE complex, and thereby regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis.

Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in hippocampal neurons by glutamate receptor activation.

Previous work from this laboratory has documented that glutamate receptor activation and extracellular calcium entry into hippocampal neurons caused a long-lasting down-regulation of ligatin mRNA and protein. Here, we investigated whether glutamate reduced ligatin mRNA levels by decreasing the transcriptional activity of the gene and/or by regulating post-transcriptional RNA processing steps including mRNA stability. Using nuclear run-on assays, it was demonstrated that transcriptional activity of the ligatin gene was not significantly decreased after glutamate receptor activation. Further, Northern analysis of RNA from neurons maintained in the presence of the transcription inhibitor, alpha-amanitin, showed that glutamate shortened the half life of the ligatin message from 10 h to 58 min. This post-transcriptional destabilization of ligatin mRNA was mimicked by NMDA, dependent on Ca2+, blocked by MK801, and not affected by AMPA and kainic acid, indicating that message stability was governed by changes in intracellular calcium. Moreover, using in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, we showed that glutamate and NMDA decreased ligatin message within dendritic and somal regions without increasing nuclear levels. These findings demonstrated that glutamate receptor activation altered neuronal gene expression posttranscriptionally by destabilizing mRNA. Our data suggest that post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression may be part of the normal receptor mediated regulatory program of plasticity and provides the first description of a glutamate receptor-modulated, calcium-dependent mechanism which rapidly destabilizes mRNA in neurons.

Glutamate receptor activation regulates mRNA at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that extracellular calcium entry through the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons selectively down-regulated ligatin gene expression in a rapid and long-lasting manner. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism that underlies this phenomenon. We demonstrate that glutamate receptor activation transiently increased the transcriptional activity of the ligatin gene and simultaneously shortened the half-life of its message. Using nuclear run-on assays and northern analyses of total RNA from alpha-amanitin-treated cells, we measured the effects of glutamate on the transcriptional activity and mRNA stability of the ligatin gene. The transcriptional activity of ligatin was found to be transiently increased (1.4-fold) 20 min after the addition of glutamate, with a return to basal levels by 60 min. Thus, the glutamate-dependent decrease in ligatin message could not be explained by a decline in its synthesis. Instead, concurrent with transcriptional up-regulation, glutamate shortened the half-life of the ligatin message from 10 h to 58 min, leading to a net decrease (0.7-fold) in its steady-state levels by 60 min. This posttranscriptional destablization of ligatin mRNA was mimicked by the translation inhibitor, cycloheximide, but not by puromycin. This finding indicated that the stability of ligatin mRNA was translation independent and distinguished this posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism from those previously described. Moreover, using in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, we showed that control of message stability occurred both in the cell body and in the dendritic regions distant from the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Kindling produces long-lasting and selective changes in gene expression of hippocampal neurons.

To test the hypothesis that repeated subconvulsive stimulations required to induce kindling can permanently alter gene expression of hippocampal neurons, we used Northern and in situ hybridization analyses to measure steady-state mRNA levels encoding several phenotypic proteins. mRNA encoding a membrane-bound protein, ligatin, was significantly reduced in kindled brains relative to naive and sham control animals. This change in gene expression persisted for over 4 months after kindling, was associated with a decrease in ligatin protein expression, was not produced by single or multiple seizures that did not induce the kindling phenomena, and was blocked by MK801. These results provide direct evidence that kindling can cause persistent changes in the expression of specific genes in hippocampal neurons and suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-activated changes in gene expression may be a basic molecular mechanism underlying some of the long-lasting plasticity changes seen in kindling or models of long-term memory.