A Formal Approach to Xylosmin and Flacourtosides E and F: Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of the Hydroxylated Cyclohexenone Carboxylic Acid Moiety of Xylosmin.

The hydroxylated cyclohexenone carboxylic acid moiety of xylosmin was synthesized in eight steps from benzoic acid. The key steps in the synthesis involved the enzymatic dihydroxylation of benzoic acid by the whole cell fermentation with Ralstonia eutrophus B9, and Henbest epoxidation. Early attempts led to the synthesis of a C6 epimer of the methyl ester of the hydroxylated cyclohexenone carboxylic acid moiety. The absolute stereochemistry of an advanced intermediate was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Complete characterization of the previously reported but not fully characterized hydroxylated cyclohexenone carboxylic acid is provided.

Synthesis of Amaryllidaceae Constituents and Unnatural Derivatives.

This update covers the syntheses of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids since the publication of the last major review in 2008. A short summary of past syntheses and their step count is provided for the major constituents; pancratistatin, 7-deoxypancratistatin, narciclasine, lycoricidine, lycorine, and for other natural constituents, as well as for unnatural derivatives. Discussion of biological activities is provided for unnatural derivatives. Future prospects and further developments in this area are covered at the end of the review. The literature is covered to the end of August 2015.

Fully substituted pyranones via quasi-heterogeneous genuinely ligand-free Migita-Stille coupling of iodoacrylates.

Migita-Stille coupling of (Z)-ß-iodoacrylates with (E)-α-stannyl allylic alcohols to furnish 5-alkylidene-4-substituted-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones is efficiently catalyzed by 2% Pd black in DMF, while Pd(PPh3)4 is inactive. Heterogeneous Pd released in solution is most likely responsible for the catalysis. The reaction is applicable to other substrates, without having to resort to ligands, additives, and/or solid support for Pd. The resulting pyranones can be rearranged to fully functionalized pyranones in another single step.

Novel bronchodilatory quinazolines and quinoxalines: synthesis and biological evaluation.

A series of heterocyclic derivatives analogous to (-)vasicinone, in which the vasicinone C-ring was replaced with alkyl chain terminated by tertiary amine was prepared. N3, C4-O, C4-S or C4-N were used as the sites of attachment. The 4-[3-(1-piperidyl)propylsulfanyl]derivatives displayed bronchodilatory effect at low micromolar concentrations on isolated rat trachea, and low toxicity both on Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and in mice.