Histidine availability is decisive in ROS-mediated cytotoxicity of copper complexes of Aß1-16 peptide.

The binding of metal ions to Aß peptide plays an important role in the etiology of AD. Copper coordinates chiefly to His residues and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon redox cycling. ROS builds enormous burden on the normal functioning of neuronal cells and results into deleterious effects. Recently, two structurally distinct copper binding sites with contrasting redox properties were characterized. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the effect of binding of two equivalents of Cu(2+) on redox properties and cytotoxicity of Aß peptide. Our electrochemical data and ascorbate consumption assay suggest that in the presence of two equivalents of copper; Aß peptide has higher propensity of H2O2 generation. The oxidation of Aß1-16 peptide due to both gamma radiolysis and metal catalyzed oxidation in the presence of two equivalents of copper is inhibited confirming the binding of both equivalents of copper to peptide. The electrochemical and cytotoxicity study shows that negative shift in the reduction potential is reflected as slightly higher cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell lines for Aß1-16-Cu(2+) (1:2) complex.

Mass spectral studies reveal the structure of Aß1-16-Cu2+ complex resembling ATCUN motif.

In Alzheimer's disease, copper binds to amyloid beta (Aß) peptide and generates oxidative stress. The coordination of histidine (His) residues to Cu(2+) is still uncertain. We studied Cu(2+) binding to Aß1-16 peptide using the diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) assay and mass spectrometry. Our results show that only one His is involved in Cu(2+) coordination, which is identified as His6 using mass spectral studies. Novel nickel displacement studies have further supported the proposal that the Cu(2+) binding site of Aß1-16 peptide resembles the ATCUN motif of human serum albumin.

Solution structure of physiological Cu(His)2: novel considerations into imidazole coordination.

A disagreement on the mode of histidine binding to copper and the structure of [Cu(2+)(His)(2)] in solution still exists. Spectroscopic data in solution support a six-coordinate species with N4O2 donor atoms, while X-ray crystallography reveals five-coordinate N(3)O(2) donor atoms. We modified [Cu(2+)(His)(2)] in solution using diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) and monitored the products spectrophotometrically and by mass spectrometry. Our spectrophotometric study indicates the presence of a free imidazole in the [Cu(2+)(His)(2)] complex in solution. Mass spectral characterization of a DEPC-modified [Cu(2+)(His)(2)] complex yielded a peak at 587.8 amu corresponding to three DEPC adducts. Taken together, our data indicate that the [Cu(2+)(His)(2)] complex in solution exists as a neutral five-coordinate structure with N3O2 donor atoms.