[On clinical elites and their role in institutionalization of new national clinical disciplines (the second half of XX century)].

The development of national clinical medicine in Russia in XX century is related not only to evolution of scientific schools, but also to such historical phenomenon as clinical elites. In the article definition of therapeutic elites is proposed. The destiny of therapeutic elites and their role in institutionalization of national clinical disciplines is discussed.

[History of congresses of surgeons in Russia (1900-2022)]. / Istoriya s"ezdov khirurgov Rossii (1900­2022).

The authors describe a history of surgical congresses in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation from the I Congress of Russian Surgeons held on December 28-30, 1900 in Moscow in the building of the Moscow Meeting of Doctors to the XLVIII (XIV) Congress of Surgeons of Russia held on November 25-27, 2022 in Moscow in the hotel «Cosmos¼. The time and place of congresses, as well as chairmen are named. The main issues are listed. Scientific issues of congresses between 1900 and 1986 are summarized in tables. The authors present a brief history of Russian surgical societies including the current Russian Society of Surgeons. Surgical forums of the 21st century are considered in detail (Congresses of Surgeons of Russia, National Surgical Congresses, All-Russian Surgical Forums). Finally, the authors came to conclusion that 55 surgical forums have been held in Russia for more than 120 years. Surgeons presented all aspects of surgery in Russia. Their issues are essentially the history of Russian surgery, and their works are sources for analysis of the past and present of Russian surgery.

[By canceling out history of the Soviet medicine are we weather throwing the baby out with the bath water? (On the issue of how to study history of the USSR medicine)].

The article considers particular aspects of the problem of studying the history of medicine in the USSR as educational and scientific practical discipline. On one hand, the history of medicine as educational academic discipline can quite be "ideologized", since education implies not only learning but also education of young man as patriot and citizen. On the other hand, history of medicine as scientific practical discipline is to be delivered from politics and ideology. However, this is determined in greater degree not so much by totalitarian pressing or liberalism of social system as by professionalism and world view of researcher. The monograph by S. N. Zatravkin and E. A. Vishlenkova ""The Clubs" and "the ghetto" of the Soviet Health Care" (2022), dedicated to the Soviet health care and its ideological essence, also is considered. The high significance of the book for understanding of becoming of medicine in the USSR is emphasized. However, this scholar work does not consider medical care of population of the country in clinics of medical universities and academic research institutes of the USSR. Enough attention is not paid to the history of medicine in the USSR as a science. The role of scientific schools in creating foundation for development of medicine in Russia in the late XX and early XXI centuries.

[The Constituent and Second Sessions of the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944-1945) and tasks of the Soviet medicine in post-war period].

The article presents the materials of the 1st and 2nd sessions of the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944 and 1945). The comparative analysis of main tasks set at these sessions for the Soviet medical science and practical public health is implemented. It is demonstrated that if the 1st session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (December 20-22, 1944) was devoted, in addition to organizational tasks, to formulation of main directions in development of fundamental (morphology, physiology, biochemistry, etc.), and practical (surgery, therapy, obstetrics, etc.) medicine, then at the 2nd session (October 28 - November 2, 1945) scientists and medical workers of the USSR were tasked to eliminate sanitary consequences of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and to restore health of population of the country.

[Vladimir Nikititch Vinogradov (1882-1964): the leader of Soviet therapists].

The article reconstructs and describes, considering as a background the social political events that took place in the USSR during 1930s-1950s, the scientific biography and input into clinical medicine of professor V. N. Vinogradov (1882-1964), the prominent Soviet therapist, the Hero of Socialist Labor, the USSR State Prize winner (posthumously), the holder of five Orders of Lenin, the Honored Man of Science, the Head of the Chairs of Faculty Therapy of the I. V. Stalin Second Moscow State Medical Institute (1935-1942) and the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical (1943-1964), the full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The facts of participation of V. N. Vinogradov in the political trials on "The case of the Trotskyst block" (1938, on the side of the prosecution) and on "The case of physicians" (1952-1953, as the accused one) are presented. The issues of existence of the scientific clinical school of V. N. Vinogradov (in a sense, the united school of V. N. Vinogradov-V. G. Popov can be considered) and the phenomenon of leadership of V. N. Vinogradov among the therapeutic elite of the USSR are discussed. This phenomenon consists in dedication to the cause he served and in consecutive implementation of the priority directions of the clinic of internal diseases, developed by the teams of the departments and clinics headed by him in different years.

[The constituent session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The second day (December 21, 1944)].

The article describes and analyzes the second day of the Constituent Session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences held on December 21, 1944, during which the elections of academic - secretaries and members of the bureau of branches took place at three parallel meetings. I. P. Razenkov was elected the academician-secretary of the department of biomedical sciences (OMBN), V. F. Zelenin - оf the Department of Clinical Medicine (OKM) , F. G. Krotkov - of the Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Epidemiology (OGME). The surprise was the election of V. F. Zelenin as the OKM academician- secretary instead of N. I. Grashchenkov. Directors of 5 out of 8 OMBN institutes, 5 out of 10 OKM and 2 out of 7 OGME institutes were also approved. Total - 12 out of 25. The composition of the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR was also discussed, the election of which was postponed to December 22. The question of by-election of full members (40 people) and corresponding members (200 members) was resolved and postponed to the next session of the General Assembly of the Academy (1945).

[Two Concepts of Organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (January-February 1944)].

Two conceptions of organization of the USSR Academy of medical sciences existed in January-February 1944. The conception of N.N. Burdenko, the chairman of the Scientific medical council of the USSR Narkomzdrav reflected views of national scientific medical elite of those times about state of theoretical medicine of middle of XX century and exactly its development was considered as main strategic task of future Academy. N.N. Burdenko considered the Academy as a structure subordinated to the USSR Sovnarkom and having equal rights with the Narkomzdrav but as opposed to it in more degree developing theoretical than practical issues of medicine. The conception of G.A. Miterev, the Narkom of health care, substantiated necessity of organization of the Academy of medical sciences mainly by practical causes and concrete tasks of the Soviet health care. G.A. Miterev, as opposed to N.N. Burdenko, proposed organization subordinated to the USSR Narkomzdrav and resolving besides theoretical issues, merely practical ones according tasks of his department.

[The Organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences: Stage II. From the Decree of the USSR Council of People's Commissars «On Establishment of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences¼ to the Establishment Session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (July-December 1944)].

The second stage of organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences started in the end of July 1944 by establishment of the Academy and was over December 20 1944 when took place the First establishment session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The Decree of the USSR Council of People's Commissars of June 30 1944 the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was only established but not organized since documents once more presented November 14 1944 for approval to the USSR Council of People's Commissars were repeatedly revised. The maximal editing was applied to the listing of membership of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. No alterations were applied to listing of academic institutes since June 30 1944. However, their directors could become only full members of the Academy approved in November 1944.

Crab collagenase in wound debridement.

A comparative study was performed of the caseinolytic, necrolytic and fibrinolytic activities of a crab collagenase product prepared from the hepatopancreas of the king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) and four enzyme preparations (trypsin/chymotrypsin and protease complexes isolated from Aspergillus terricola, Carica papaya and pseudomonodaceae). This paper reports an in vitro investigation, an in vivo study with rats and a clinical evaluation. It was found that crab collagenase has the highest proteolytic activity measured with respect to fibrin clot and necrotic eschar in vitro although its caseinolytic activity is the lowest. A clinical trial involving 21 patients with leg ulcers confirmed the clinical efficiency of crab collagenase compared with trypsin/ chymotrypsin. The results suggest that crab collagenase is useful in wound debridement.

Crab collagenase in wound debridement.

A comparative study was performed of the caseinolytic, necrolytic and fibrinolytic activities of a crab collagenase product prepared from the hepatopancreas of the king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) and four enzyme preparations (trypsin/chymotrypsin and protease complexes isolated from Aspergillus terricola, Carica papaya and pseudomonodaceae). This paper reports an in vitro investigation, an in vivo study with rats and a clinical evaluation. It was found that crab collagenase has the highest proteolytic activity measured with respect to fibrin clot and necrotic eschar in vitro although its caseinolytic activity is the lowest. A clinical trial involving 21 patients with leg ulcers confirmed the clinical efficiency of crab collagenase compared with trypsin/chymotrypsin. The results suggest that crab collagenase is useful in wound debridement.